Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1. tangent line
2. secant line
f (c + h ) f ( c )
3.
h
4. average velocity
53
1. Slope = =4
2 32 Slope 1.5
64 5.
2. Slope = = 2
46
3.
5
Slope
2
Slope 2 6.
3
Slope
2
f (2 + h) f (2)
e. mtan = lim
h 0 h
[(2 + h)3 1] (23 1)
= lim
h 0 h
12h + 6h 2 + h3
= lim
h0 h
h(12 + 6h + h 2 )
c. m tan = 2 = lim
h0 h
(1.01)2 + 1.0 2 = 12
d. msec =
1.01 1 9. f (x) = x 2 1
0.0201
= f (c + h ) f (c )
.01 mtan = lim
h0 h
= 2.01
[(c + h)2 1] (c 2 1)
= lim
f (1 + h) f (1) h0 h
e. mtan = lim
h 0 h c 2 + 2ch + h 2 1 c 2 + 1
= lim
[(1 + h)2 + 1] (12 + 1) h0 h
= lim
h 0 h h(2c + h)
= lim = 2c
2 + 2h + h 2 2 h0 h
= lim At x = 2, m tan = 4
h 0 h
h(2 + h) x = 1, m tan = 2
= lim x = 1, m tan = 2
h 0 h
= lim (2 + h) = 2 x = 2, m tan = 4
h 0
10. f (x) = x 3 3x
3
8. y = x 1 f (c + h ) f (c )
mtan = lim
h0 h
a., b.
[(c + h)3 3(c + h)] (c3 3c)
= lim
h0 h
c3 + 3c 2 h + 3ch 2 + h3 3c 3h c3 + 3c
= lim
h0 h
h(3c 2 + 3ch + h 2 3)
= lim = 3c 2 3
h0 h
At x = 2, m tan = 9
x = 1, m tan = 0
x = 0, m tan = 3
x = 1, m tan = 0
c. m tan = 12 x = 2, m tan = 9
b. 16(22 ) 16(12 ) = 48 ft
144 64
c. Vave = = 80 ft/sec
32
16(3.01) 2 16(3)2
d. Vave =
3.01 3
0.9616
=
0.01
1 = 96.16 ft/s
f ( x) =
x +1
f (1 + h) f (1) e. f (t ) = 16t 2 ; v = 32c
mtan = lim v = 32(3) = 96 ft/s
h0 h
1 1
= lim 2+ h 2 (32 + 1) (22 + 1)
h 0 h 14. a. Vave = = 5 m/sec
3 2
2(2h+ h)
= lim [(2.003)2 + 1] (22 + 1)
h 0 h b. Vave =
1 2.003 2
= lim 0.012009
h0 2(2 + h) =
1 0.003
= = 4.003 m/sec
4
1 1
y = ( x 1) [(2 + h) 2 + 1] (22 + 1)
2 4 Vave =
2+h2
1 4h + h 2
12. f (x) = c. =
x 1 h
f (0 + h) f (0) = 4 +h
mtan = lim
h 0 h
1 +1 d. f (t ) = t2 + 1
= lim h 1 f (2 + h) f (2)
h 0 h v = lim
h 0 h
h
h 1 [(2 + h)2 + 1] (22 + 1)
= lim
h 0
h = lim
h 0 h
1
= lim 4h + h 2
h 0 h 1 = lim
h 0 h
= 1
y + 1 = 1(x 0); y = x 1 = lim (4 + h)
h 0
=4
1 1
b. =
2 + 1 2
2 + 1 = 2
3
2 + 1= 4; =
2
The object reaches a velocity of 1 ft/s when t = 3 .
2 2
1 2 b. f (x) = x 3
c. f (t ) = t +1
2 (3 + h)3 33
d = lim
1 (2 + h)2 + 1 1 22 + 1 h 0 h
r = lim 2
2
27 + 27h + 9h 2 + h3 27
h 0 h = lim
h0 h
2 + 2h + 12 h 2 + 1 2 1
= lim h(27 + 9h + h 2 )
h0 h = lim = 27 g/cm
h0 h
= lim
(
h 2 + 12 h )=2
h0 h
At t = 2, r = 2
= lim
1
3 3 (
( c + h ) + (c + h ) 1 c 3 + c
3
) 2. f (c )
h0 h
= lim
(
h c 2 + ch + 13 h 2 + 1 ) = c2 + 1 3. continuous; f ( x) = x
h0 h dy
When t = 3, the current =10 4. f '( x);
dx
c 2 + 1 = 20
2
c = 19
Problem Set 2.2
c = 19 4.4
A 20-amp fuse will blow at t = 4.4 s.
f (1 + h) f (1)
1. f (1) = lim
h 0 h
29. A = r 2 , r = 2t
(1 + h)2 12 2h + h 2
A = 4t2 = lim = lim
h0 h h 0 h
4(3 + h)2 4(3)2
rate = lim = lim (2 + h ) = 2
h 0 h h0
h(24 + 4h)
= lim = 24 km2/day f (2 + h) f (2)
h0 h 2. f (2) = lim
h 0 h
4 1 [2(2 + h)]2 [2(2)]2
30. V = r 3 , r = t = lim
3 4 h0 h
1
V = t3 16h + 4h 2
48 = lim = lim (16 + 4h) = 16
h0 h h 0
1 (3 + h)3 33 27
rate = lim = f (3 + h) f (3)
48 h0 h 48 3. f (3) = lim
9 h 0 h
= inch 3 / sec
16 [(3 + h)2 (3 + h)] (32 3)
= lim
h0 h
31. y = f ( x) = x 3 2 x 2 + 1 5h + h 2
= lim = lim (5 + h) = 5
h0 h h 0
a. m tan = 7 b. m tan = 0
f (4 + h) f (4)
c. m tan = 1 d. m tan = 17. 92 4. f (4) = lim
h 0 h
3(3+ h )
32. y = f ( x) = sin x sin 2 x 2 1
3+ h
1
41 3(3+ h ) 1
= lim = lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 3(3 + h)
a. m tan = 1.125 b. m tan 1.0315
1
=
c. m tan = 0 d. m tan 1.1891
9
s ( x + h) s ( x )
33. s = f (t ) = t + t cos 2 t 5. s ( x) = lim
h 0 h
At t = 3, v 2.818 [2( x + h) + 1] (2 x + 1)
= lim
h 0 h
(t + 1)3
34. s = f (t ) = 2h
t+2 = lim =2
h 0 h
At t = 1.6, v 4.277
2 x 2 + 2hx 9 x 8h + 4 (2 x 2 + 2hx 9 x h + 4) 1 7h 1
= lim = lim
h 0 ( x + h 4)( x 4) h h0 ( x + h 4)( x 4) h
7 7
= lim =
h0 ( x + h 4)( x 4) ( x 4)2
G ( x + h) G ( x )
18. G ( x ) = lim
h 0 h
2( x + h) 2x 1 (2 x + 2h)( x 2 x ) 2 x( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 x h) 1
= lim = lim
h0 ( x + h) 2 ( x + h) x 2 x h ( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 x h)( x 2 x)
h0 h
2h 2 x 2hx 2 1
= lim
h0 ( x + 2hx + h x h)( x x ) h
2 2 2
2hx 2 x 2
= lim
h0 ( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 x h)( x 2 x)
2 x 2 2
= =
2 2
( x x) ( x 1) 2
g ( x + h) g ( x )
19. g ( x) = lim
h 0 h
3( x + h) 3x
= lim
h0 h
( 3x + 3h 3x )( 3x + 3h + 3 x )
= lim
h0 h( 3 x + 3h + 3x )
3h 3 3
= lim = lim =
h0 h( 3 x + 3h + 3 x ) h 0 3x + 3h + 3x 2 3x
g ( x + h) g ( x )
20. g ( x) = lim
h 0 h
1 1 1
= lim
h0 3( x + h) 3 x h
3x 3x + 3h 1
= lim
h0 9 x ( x + h) h
( 3 x 3 x + 3h )( 3 x + 3 x + 3h ) 1
= lim
h0 9 x( x + h)( 3x + 3x + 3h ) h
3h 3 1
= lim = =
h0 h 9 x( x + h)( 3x + 3x + 3h ) 3x 2 3x 2 x 3x
H ( x + h) H ( x )
22. H ( x) = lim
h 0 h
( x + h) 2 + 4 x 2 + 4
= lim
h0 h
x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 4 x 2 + 4 x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 4 + x 2 + 4
= lim
h 0
h x + 2hx + h + 4 + x + 4
2 2 2
2hx + h 2
= lim
h0
h x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 4 + x 2 + 4
2x + h
= lim
h 0 x 2 + 2hx + h 2 + 4 + x 2 + 4
2x x
= =
2 x +4
2
x +4
2
f (t ) f ( x) f (t ) f ( x)
23. f ( x) = lim 24. f ( x) = lim
tx tx tx tx
(t 3t ) ( x 3 x)
2 2
(t + 5t ) ( x3 + 5 x)
3
= lim = lim
tx tx tx tx
t 2 x 2 (3t 3x) t 3 x3 + 5t 5 x
= lim = lim
tx tx tx tx
(t x)(t + x) 3(t x) (t x)(t 2 + tx + x 2 ) + 5(t x)
= lim = lim
tx tx tx tx
(t x)(t + x 3) (t x)(t 2 + tx + x 2 + 5)
= lim = lim (t + x 3) = lim
tx tx tx
tx tx
=2x3
= lim (t 2 + tx + x 2 + 5) = 3x 2 + 5
tx
f (t ) f ( x)
26. f ( x) = lim
tx tx
t + 3 x + 3 1
= lim
x t x
t x t
3x 3t 3 3
= lim = lim =
t x xt (t x ) t x xt x2
40. The derivative is negative until x = 1 , then
27. f (x) = 2 x 3 at x = 5 becomes positive.
28. f (x) = x 2 + 2 x at x = 3
29. f (x) = x 2 at x = 2
30. f (x) = x 3 + x at x = 3
31. f (x) = x 2 at x
1 1
1+ 1 +
44. The derivative is 1 except at x = 2, 0, 2 where y x + x x
54. =
it is undefined. x x
1 1 x
x ( x + x )
= x + x x =
1
=
x x x ( x + x )
dy 1 1
= lim = 2
dx x 0 x ( x + x ) x
55.
x + x 1 x 1
45. y = [3(1.5) + 2] [3(1) + 2] = 1.5 y x + x + 1 x + 1
=
x x
46. y = [3(0.1) 2 + 2(0.1) + 1] [3(0.0) 2 + 2(0.0) + 1] ( x + 1)( x + x 1) ( x 1)( x + x + 1) 1
=
= 0.23 ( x + x + 1)( x + 1) x
y ( x + x) 2 x 2 2 xx + (x) 2
51. = = = 2 x + x ( x + x ) 2 1 x 2 1
x x x y
56. = x + x x
dy x x
= lim (2 x + x) = 2 x
dx x 0
=
(
x ( x + x )2 x ( x + x ) x 2 1 )
1
x ( x + x ) x
y [( x + x)3 3( x + x) 2 ] ( x3 3 x 2 )
52. =
x x
=
( ( )) (
x x + 2 xx + x x x + x 2 x x x
2 2 3
) 1
3 x 2 x + 3x(x)2 6 xx 3(x) 2 + x3 x 2 + x x x
=
x
x 2 x + x ( x ) + x
2
= 3x 2 + 3xx 6 x 3x + (x)2 1 x 2 + x x + 1
= = 2
x + x x
2 x x + x x
dy
= lim (3 x 2 + 3 xx 6 x 3x + (x)2 ) dy x 2 + xx + 1 x 2 + 1
dx x0 = lim = 2
dx x 0 x 2 + x x x
= 3x2 6 x
59.
f (t ) f ( x0 )
69. f ( x0 ) = lim , so
tx
0
t x0
f (t ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) = lim
t x t ( x0 )
0 8 8
a. 0< x< ; 0,
f (t ) f ( x0 ) 3 3
= lim
t x 0 t + x0
8 8
b. 0 x ; 0,
a. If f is an odd function, 3 3
f (t ) [ f ( x0 )]
f ( x0 ) = lim
t x0 t + x0 c. A function f(x) decreases as x increases when
f ( x ) < 0.
f (t ) + f ( x0 )
= lim .
t x0 t + x0 72.
Let u = t. As t x0 , u x 0 and so
f (u ) + f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) = lim
u x0 u + x0
f (u ) + f ( x0 ) [ f (u ) f ( x0 )]
= lim = lim
u x0 (u x0 ) u x0 (u x0 )
f (u ) f ( x0 ) a. < x < 6.8 b. < x < 6.8
= lim = f ( x0 ) = m.
u x0 u x0
c. A function f(x) increases as x increases when
f ( x ) > 0.
n 1 n 1
+ Dx ( x) + Dx (2 )
3. nx h ; nx
= 3(4 x3 ) 2(3 x 2 ) 5(2 x) + (1) + 0
4. kL(f); L(f) + L(g); Dx
= 12 x3 6 x 2 10 x +
2. Dx (3x3 ) = 3Dx ( x3 ) = 3 3x 2 = 9 x 2 = 7 x 6 10 x 4 + 10 x 3
3. Dx (x ) = Dx ( x) = 1 = 16. Dx ( x12 + 5 x 2 x 10 )
= Dx ( x12 ) + 5Dx ( x 2 ) Dx ( x 10 )
4. Dx (x ) = Dx ( x ) = 3 x = 3x
3 3 2 2
= 12 x11 + 5(2 x 3 ) (10 x 11 )
3
6. Dx (3 x 4 ) = 3Dx ( x 4 ) = 3(4 x 5 ) = 12 x 5 17. Dx + x 4 = 3Dx ( x 3 ) + Dx ( x 4 )
3
x
= 3(3 x 4 ) + (4 x 5 ) =
9
4 x 5
7. Dx = Dx ( x 1 ) = (1x 2 ) = x 2
x x4
= 2
x 18. Dx (2 x 6 + x 1 ) = 2 Dx ( x 6 ) + Dx ( x 1 )
= 2(6 x 7 ) + (1x 2 ) = 12 x 7 x 2
8. Dx = Dx ( x 3 ) = (3x 4 ) = 3 x 4
x3 2 1
19. Dx = 2 Dx ( x 1 ) Dx ( x 2 )
3 2
= x x
x4 2 2
= 2(1x 2 ) (2 x 3 ) = +
2
x x3
100
9. Dx = 100 Dx ( x 5 ) = 100(5 x 6 )
5
x 3 1
= 3 Dx ( x ) Dx ( x )
3 4
20. Dx
500 x 3
x4
= 500 x 6 =
x6 9 4
= 3(3 x 4 ) (4 x 5 ) = +
4
x x5
3 3 3
10. Dx = Dx ( x 5 ) = (5 x 6 )
5
4x 4 4 1 1
21. Dx + 2 x = Dx ( x 1 ) + 2 Dx ( x)
15 6 15 2x 2
= x =
4 4 x6 1 1
= (1x 2 ) + 2(1) = +2
2 2 x2
11. Dx ( x 2 + 2 x) = Dx ( x 2 ) + 2 Dx ( x ) = 2 x + 2
2 (5 x 2 1) Dx (2) (2) Dx (5 x 2 1)
34. Dx =
5 x 2 1 (5 x 2 1) 2
(5 x 2 1)(0) 2(10 x) 20 x
= =
2 2
(5 x 1) (5 x 2 1)2
8 x + 3
=
(4 x 2 3x + 9)2
4 (2 x3 3 x) Dx (4) (4) Dx (2 x3 3 x)
36. Dx =
2 x3 3x (2 x3 3 x)2
(2 x3 3 x)(0) 4(6 x 2 3) 24 x 2 + 12
= =
(2 x3 3 x)2 (2 x3 3x) 2
x 1 ( x + 1) Dx ( x 1) ( x 1) Dx ( x + 1)
37. Dx =
x +1 ( x + 1)2
( x + 1)(1) ( x 1)(1) 2
= =
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)2
2 x 1 ( x 1) Dx (2 x 1) (2 x 1) Dx ( x 1)
38. Dx =
x 1 ( x 1) 2
( x 1)(2) (2 x 1)(1) 1
= =
2
( x 1) ( x 1) 2
2 x 2 1 (3 x + 5) Dx (2 x 2 1) (2 x 2 1) Dx (3 x + 5)
39. Dx =
3x + 5 (3 x + 5)2
(3 x + 5)(4 x) (2 x 2 1)(3)
=
(3x + 5) 2
6 x 2 + 20 x + 3
=
(3x + 5)2
5 x 4 (3 x 2 + 1) Dx (5 x 4) (5 x 4) Dx (3x 2 + 1)
40. Dx =
3x2 + 1 (3 x 2 + 1) 2
(3 x 2 + 1)(5) (5 x 4)(6 x)
=
(3x 2 + 1)2
15 x 2 + 24 x + 5
=
(3x 2 + 1)2
2 x 2 3 x + 1 (2 x + 1) Dx (2 x 2 3x + 1) (2 x 2 3x + 1) Dx (2 x + 1)
41. Dx =
2x +1 (2 x + 1)2
(2 x + 1)(4 x 3) (2 x 2 3 x + 1)(2)
=
(2 x + 1)2
4 x2 + 4 x 5
=
(2 x + 1) 2
x 2 x + 1 ( x 2 + 1) Dx ( x 2 x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1) Dx ( x 2 + 1)
43. Dx =
x2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2
( x 2 + 1)(2 x 1) ( x 2 x + 1)(2 x)
=
( x 2 + 1)2
x2 1
=
( x 2 + 1)2
x 2 2 x + 5 ( x 2 + 2 x 3) Dx ( x 2 2 x + 5) ( x 2 2 x + 5) Dx ( x 2 + 2 x 3)
44. Dx =
x2 + 2 x 3 ( x 2 + 2 x 3) 2
( x 2 + 2 x 3)(2 x 2) ( x 2 2 x + 5)(2 x + 2)
=
( x 2 + 2 x 3) 2
4 x 2 16 x 4
=
( x 2 + 2 x 3) 2
At x = 1: mtan =
2(1)
=
2
F '( x) = lim
[ f ( x + h) g ( x + h) ] [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ]
(1 + 4) 2 2 25
h 0 h
1 2
Tangent line: y = ( x 1) f ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x + h ) g ( x )
5 25 = lim
h 0 h h
2 7 = f '( x) g '( x)
y = x+
25 25
cos x
cos x Dx (sin x) sin x Dx (cos x) sin 2 x sin x 1 cos 2 x
= = sin x
cos 2 x cos x cos x cos x sin 2 x
2
cos x 11. Dx ( sin x cos x ) = sin xDx [ cos x ] + cos xDx [sin x ]
8. Dx (cot x) = Dx
sin x = sin x ( sin x ) + cos x ( cos x ) = cos 2 x sin 2 x
sin x Dx (cos x) cos x Dx (sin x)
=
sin 2 x 12. Dx ( sin x tan x ) = sin xDx [ tan x ] + tan xDx [sin x ]
sin x cos x (sin x + cos x)
( )
2 2 2 2
= = = sin x sec2 x + tan x ( cos x )
2 2
sin x sin x
1 sin x
=
1
= csc2 x
= sin x + ( cos x )
2 cos 2 x cos x
sin x
= tan x sec x + sin x
sin x + cos x
9. Dx sin x xDx ( sin x ) sin xDx ( x )
cos x 13. Dx =
cos x Dx (sin x + cos x) (sin x + cos x) Dx (cos x) x x2
= x cos x sin x
cos 2 x =
x2
cos x(cos x sin x) ( sin 2 x sin x cos x)
=
cos 2 x 1 cos x xDx (1 cos x ) (1 cos x ) Dx ( x )
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
14. Dx =
= =
1
= sec2 x x x2
cos2 x cos 2 x x sin x + cos x 1
=
x2
x cos x + sin x
16. Dx
x2 + 1
( x 2 + 1) Dx ( x cos x + sin x) ( x cos x + sin x) Dx ( x 2 + 1)
=
( x 2 + 1) 2
( x 2 + 1)( x sin x + cos x + cos x) 2 x( x cos x + sin x)
=
( x 2 + 1)2
x3 sin x 3 x sin x + 2 cos x
=
( x 2 + 1) 2
28. f ( x) = x sin x
22. Dx cos 2 x = Dx (2 cos x 1) = 2 Dx cos x Dx 1
2 2
f '( x) = 1 cos x
= 2sin x cos x f '( x) = 0 when cos x = 1 ; i.e. when x = 2k
where k is an integer.
23. Dt (30sin 2t ) = 30 Dt (2sin t cos t )
f '( x) = 2 when x = (2k + 1) where k is an
(
= 30 2sin 2 t + 2 cos 2 t ) integer.
= 60 cos 2t
29. The curves intersect when 2 sin x = 2 cos x,
30sin 2t = 15
sin x = cos x at x = for 0 < x < .
1 4 2
sin 2t =
2
Dx ( 2 sin x) = 2 cos x ; 2 cos = 1
4
2t = t=
6 12
Dx ( 2 cos x) = 2 sin x ; 2 sin = 1
4
At t = ; 60 cos 2 = 30 3 ft/sec 1(1) = 1 so the curves intersect at right angles.
12 12
The seat is moving to the left at the rate of 30 3 30. v = Dt (3sin 2t ) = 6 cos 2t
ft/s. At t = 0: v = 6 cm/s
24. The coordinates of the seat at time t are t = : v = 6 cm/s
2
(20 cos t, 20 sin t).
t = : v = 6 cm/s
a. 20 cos , 20sin = (10 3, 10)
6 6
(17.32, 10)
1. Dt u; f ( g (t )) g (t )
2. Dv w; G ( H ( s )) H ( s )
3. ( f ( x)) 2 ;( f ( x)) 2
b. f(x) = 0 has 6 solutions on [ , 6 ]
f (x) = 0 has 5 solutions on [ , 6 ]
4. 2 x cos( x );6(2 x + 1)
2 2
3. y = u5 and u = 3 2x
Dx y = Du y Dx u
= (5u 4 )(2) = 10(3 2 x) 4
3x 2
15. y = cos u and u =
x+2
( x + 2) Dx (3 x 2 ) (3x 2 ) Dx ( x + 2)
Dx y = Du y Dx u = ( sin u )
( x + 2) 2
3x 2 ( x + 2)(6 x) (3x 2 )(1) 3 x 2 + 12 x 3x 2
= sin = sin
x+2
( x + 2)2 ( x + 2)2 x+2
x2
16. y = u 3 , u = cos v, and v =
1 x
(1 x) Dx ( x 2 ) ( x 2 ) Dx (1 x)
Dx y = Du y Dv u Dx v = (3u 2 )( sin v)
(1 x) 2
x 2 x 2 (1 x)(2 x) ( x 2 )(1) 3(2 x x 2 ) x2 x2
= 3cos 2 sin = cos 2 sin
1 x 1 x (1 x)2 (1 x)2 1 x 1 x
2 x 3 ( x 2 + 4) 2 Dx (2 x 3) (2 x 3) Dx ( x 2 + 4)2
20. Dx =
( x + 4) ( x 2 + 4) 4
2 2
(
)( ) ( )
21. y = 2 x 2 + 4 x 2 + 4 = 2 x 2 + 4 (2 x ) = 4 x x 2 + 4 ( )
22. y = 2(x + sin x )(x + sin x ) = 2(x + sin x )(1 + cos x )
3 2
3t 2 3t 2 (t + 5) Dt (3t 2) (3t 2) Dt (t + 5)
23. Dt ` = 3
t + 5 t +5 (t + 5)2
2
3t 2 (t + 5)(3) (3t 2)(1) 51(3t 2)2
= 3 =
t +5 (t + 5)2 (t + 5) 4
s 2 9 ( s + 4) Ds ( s 2 9) ( s 2 9) Ds ( s + 4) ( s + 4)(2s ) ( s 2 9)(1) s 2 + 8s + 9
24. Ds = = =
s+4 ( s + 4)2 ( s + 4) 2 ( s + 4)2
d d
(t + 5) (3t 2)3 (3t 2)3 (t + 5)
d (3t 2)3 dt dt (t + 5)(3)(3t 2)2 (3) (3t 2)3 (1)
25. = =
dt t + 5 (t + 5) 2 (t + 5)2
(6t + 47)(3t 2)2
=
(t + 5) 2
d
26. (sin 3 ) = 3sin 2 cos
d
d d
3 2 2 (cos 2 x) (sin x) (sin x) (cos 2 x)
dy d sin x sin x d sin x sin x dx dx
27. = = 3 = 3
dx dx cos 2 x cos 2 x dx cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 2 x
2
sin x cos x cos 2 x + 2sin x sin 2 x 3sin x cos x cos 2 x + 6sin x sin 2 x
2 3
= 3 =
cos 2 x cos 2 2 x cos 4 2 x
3(sin 2 x)(cos x cos 2 x + 2sin x sin 2 x)
=
cos 4 2 x
2 2
x 2 + 1 ( x + 2) Dx ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1) Dx ( x + 2) x 2 + 1 2 x 2 + 4 x x 2 1 3( x 2 + 1)2 ( x 2 + 4 x 1)
29. f ( x) = 3 = 3 =
x+2 ( x + 2) 2 x+2 ( x + 2) 2 ( x + 2)4
f (3) = 9.6
30. G (t ) = (t 2 + 9)3 Dt (t 2 2)4 + (t 2 2) 4 Dt (t 2 + 9)3 = (t 2 + 9)3 (4)(t 2 2)3 (2t ) + (t 2 2) 4 (3)(t 2 + 9)2 (2t )
= 2t (7t 2 + 30)(t 2 + 9)2 (t 2 2)3
G (1) = 7400
32. g ( s ) = (cos s ) Ds (sin 2 s ) + (sin 2 s ) Ds (cos s ) = (cos s )(2sin s )(cos s )() + (sin 2 s )( sin s )()
= sin s[2 cos 2 s sin 2 s ]
1
g =
2
34. Dt [cos5 (4t 19)] = 5cos 4 (4t 19) Dt cos(4t 19) = 5cos 4 (4t 19)[ sin(4t 19)]Dt (4t 19)
= 5cos 4 (4t 19) sin(4t 19)(4) = 20 cos (4t 19) sin(4t 19)
4
35. Dt [sin 3 (cos t )] = 3sin 2 (cos t ) Dt sin(cos t ) = 3sin 2 (cos t ) cos(cos t ) Dt (cos t )
= 3sin 2 (cos t ) cos(cos t )( sin t ) = 3sin t sin (cos t ) cos(cos t )
2
u + 1 3 u +1 u +1 3 u +1 u + 1 u + 1
36 . Du cos4 = 4 cos Du cos = 4 cos sin Du
u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1
u + 1 u + 1 (u 1) Du (u + 1) (u + 1) Du (u 1) 8 u +1 u +1
= 4 cos3 sin = cos3 sin
u 1 u 1 (u 1) 2
(u 1) 2 u 1 u 1
37. D [cos 4 (sin 2 )] = 4 cos3 (sin 2 ) D cos(sin 2 ) = 4 cos3 (sin 2 )[ sin(sin 2 )]D (sin 2 )
= 4 cos3 (sin 2 ) sin(sin 2 )(cos 2 ) D ( 2 ) = 8 cos3 (sin 2 ) sin(sin 2 )(cos 2 )
38. Dx [ x sin 2 (2 x)] = x Dx sin 2 (2 x) + sin 2 (2 x) Dx x = x[2sin(2 x) Dx sin(2 x)] + sin 2 (2 x)(1)
= x[2sin(2 x ) cos(2 x) Dx (2 x)] + sin 2 (2 x) = x[4sin(2 x) cos(2 x)] + sin 2 (2 x) = 2 x sin(4 x) + sin 2 (2 x)
39. Dx {sin[cos(sin 2 x)]} = cos[cos(sin 2 x)]Dx cos(sin 2 x) = cos[cos(sin 2 x)][ sin(sin 2 x)]Dx (sin 2 x)
= cos[cos(sin 2 x)]sin(sin 2 x)(cos 2 x) Dx (2 x) = 2 cos[cos(sin 2 x)]sin(sin 2 x)(cos 2 x)
40. Dt {cos 2 [cos(cos t )]} = 2 cos[cos(cos t )]Dt cos[cos(cos t )] = 2 cos[cos(cos t )]{ sin[cos(cos t )]}Dt cos(cos t )
= 2 cos[cos(cos t )]sin[cos(cos t )][ sin(cos t )]Dt (cos t ) = 2 cos[cos(cos t )]sin[cos(cos t )]sin(cos t )( sin t )
= 2sin t cos[cos(cos t )]sin[cos(cos t )]sin(cos t )
42. (f 2g ) ( 2) = f ( 2) ( 2g ) ( 2) 54.
d
cos ( F ( x ) ) = sin ( F ( x ) ) F ( x )
d
dx dx
= f ( 2) 2g ( 2)
= F ( x ) sin ( F ( x ) )
= 1 2 ( 0) = 1
55. Dx tan ( F ( 2 x ) ) = sec 2 ( F ( 2 x ) ) Dx F ( 2 x )
43. ( fg ) (2 ) = ( fg + gf )(2) = 2(0) + 1(1) = 1
= sec2 ( F ( 2 x ) ) F ( 2 x ) Dx [ 2 x ]
44. ( f g )(2) =
g (2) f (2) f (2) g (2) = 2 F ( 2 x ) sec2 ( F ( 2 x ) )
2
g (2)
d d
(1)(1) (3)(0)
=1 56. g ( tan 2 x ) = g ' ( tan 2 x ) tan 2 x
(1) 2 dx dx
(
= g ' ( tan 2 x ) sec2 2 x 2 )
45. ( f D g )(6) = f ( g (6)) g (6)
= 2 g ' ( tan 2 x ) sec2 2 x
= f (2) g (6) (1)(1) = 1
( ) (1 + sec F ( 2 x ) )
2
2 yF y 2
= 2 y F y2 ( ) dyd y 2
= 2y
(1 + sec F ( 2 x ) ) 2 xF ( 2 x ) sec F ( 2 x ) tan F ( 2 x )
( F ( y ))
2
2
=
(1 + sec F ( 2 x ) )
2
= 2 y 1
F y2 ( )
G ( 0) =
1 + sec F ( 0 ) 0
=
1 + sec F ( 0 )
2
( ( )) (1 + sec F ( 0 ) ) (1 + sec F ( 0 ) )
2 2
F y2
1 1
= = 0.713
1 + sec F ( 0 ) 1 + sec 2
( ) ( ) ( )
d [n] d [ n 1]
80. a. Dx L x 2 = L ' x 2 Dx x 2 =
1
2x =
2 f ( x) = f '( f [ n 1] ( x)) f ( x)
x 2 x dx dx
f ( x) 1
83. Dx = Dx f ( x )
g ( x) g ( x)
1
( 1
) 1
= Dx f ( x) ( g ( x)) = f ( x) Dx ( g ( x)) + ( g ( x)) Dx f ( x) ( )
= f ( x) (1)( g ( x)) 2 Dx g ( x) + ( g ( x)) 1 Dx f ( x) = f ( x)( g ( x)) 2 Dx g ( x) + ( g ( x))1 Dx f ( x)
f ( x) Dx g ( x) Dx f ( x ) f ( x ) Dx g ( x ) g ( x ) Dx f ( x ) f ( x ) Dx g ( x ) g ( x ) Dx f ( x )
= 2
+ = + = +
g ( x) g ( x) g 2 ( x) g ( x) g ( x) g 2 ( x) g 2 ( x)
g ( x) Dx f ( x) f ( x) Dx g ( x)
=
g 2 ( x)
( (
84. g ( x ) = f f f ( f ( x ) ) )) f ( f ( f ( x ))) f ( f ( x )) f ( x )
g ( x ) = f ( f ( f ( f ( x )))) f ( f ( f ( x ))) f ( f ( x )) f ( x )
1 1 1 1 1
( )
= f f ( f ( x2 ) ) f ( f ( x2 ) ) f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) = f ( f ( x1 ) ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
= f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
2 2
( (
g ( x2 ) = f f f ( f ( x2 ) ) ) ) f ( f ( f ( x2 ) ) ) f ( f ( x2 ) ) f ( x2 )
( )
= f f ( f ( x1 ) ) f ( f ( x1 ) ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) = f ( f ( x2 ) ) f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
= f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) = g ( x1 )
2 2
f (t ) > 0
dy
3. 4. = 5(3 5 x)4 (5) = 25(3 5 x)4
dx
4. 0; < 0 d2y
= 100(3 5 x)3 (5) = 500(3 5 x)3
dx 2
Problem Set 2.6 d3y
= 1500(3 5 x) 2 (5) = 7500(3 5 x)2
3
dx
dy
1. = 3x2 + 6 x + 6
dx dy
2
5. = 7 cos(7 x)
d y dx
= 6x + 6
dx 2 d2y
= 7 2 sin(7 x)
d3y dx 2
=6
dx3 d3y
= 73 cos(7 x) = 343cos(7 x)
3
dx
dy
2. = 5 x 4 + 4 x3
dx
d2y
= 20x 3 +12 x 2
dx 2
d3y
= 60 x 2 + 24 x
3
dx
dy
6. = 3x 2 cos( x3 )
dx
d2y
= 3 x 2 [3x 2 sin( x3 )] + 6 x cos( x3 ) = 9 x 4 sin( x3 ) + 6 x cos( x3 )
dx 2
d3y
= 9 x 4 cos( x3 )(3 x 2 ) + sin( x3 )(36 x3 ) + 6 x[ sin( x3 )(3 x 2 )] + 6 cos( x3 )
3
dx
= 27 x 6 cos( x3 ) 36 x3 sin( x3 ) 18 x3 sin( x3 ) + 6 cos( x3 ) = (6 27 x 6 ) cos( x3 ) 54 x3 sin( x3 )
14. f (t ) = t cos + sin = cos + sin
t t
2 t t t t
2
f (t ) = sin + cos + cos = sin
t t t t
2 2 t t 2 t t 3 t
2 2
f (2) = sin = 1.23
8 2 8
( x 1)2( x + 1) ( x + 1)2 x2 2 x 3
16. f ( x) = =
( x 1)2 ( x 1)2
( x 1) 2 (2 x 2) ( x 2 2 x 3)2( x 1) ( x 1)(2 x 2) ( x 2 2 x 3)(2) 8
f ( x) = = =
4 3
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1)3
8
f (2) = =8
13
21. f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 6 x 45 = 3( x + 5)( x 3)
3(x + 5)(x 3) = 0
x = 5, x = 3 ds
25. a. v(t ) = = 3t 2 18t + 24
f ( x) = 6 x + 6 dt
f (5) = 24 d 2s
a(t ) = = 6t 18
f (3) = 24 dt 2
d. 12t < 0
t<0
ds The acceleration is negative for negative t.
24. a. v(t ) = = 3t 2 12t
dt
d 2s
a(t ) = = 6t 12
dt 2
a. 4 6t = 2t 2
8t = 6
ds 4
28. a. v(t ) = =1 3
dt t2 t = sec
4
d 2s 8
a(t ) = =
dt 2
t3 b. 4 6t = 2t 2 ; 4 6t = 2t + 2
1 3
4 t= sec and t = sec
b. 1 >0 2 4
t2
t2 4 c. 4t 3t 2 = t 2 2t
> 0; (2, )
t2 4t 2 6t = 0
2t(2t 3) = 0
4 3
c. 1 < 0; (0, 2) t = 0 sec and t = sec
2 2
t
8 ds1
d. < 0; The acceleration is not negative for 32. v1 (t ) = = 9t 2 24t + 18
3 dt
t
any positive t. ds
v2 (t ) = 2 = 3t 2 + 18t 12
dt
e.
9t 2 24t + 18 = 3t 2 + 18t 12
12t 2 42t + 30 = 0
2t 2 7t + 5 = 0
(2t 5)(t 1) = 0
5
t = 1,
2
5. x(2 y ) Dx y + y 2 = 1
1 y2
Dx y =
2 xy
b. f (2.13) 1. 2826 6. 2 x + 2 x 2 Dx y + 4 xy + 3 x Dx y + 3 y = 0
42. a. Dx y (2 x 2 + 3 x) = 2 x 4 xy 3 y
2 x 4 xy 3 y
Dx y =
2 x2 + 3x
7. 12 x 2 + 7 x(2 y ) Dx y + 7 y 2 = 6 y 2 Dx y
12 x 2 + 7 y 2 = 6 y 2 Dx y 14 xyDx y
12 x 2 + 7 y 2
Dx y =
b. f (2.13) 0.0271 6 y 2 14 xy
8. x 2 Dx y + 2 xy = y 2 + x(2 y ) Dx y
2.7 Concepts Review
x 2 Dx y 2 xyDx y = y 2 2 xy
9 y 2 2 xy
1.
3
x 3 Dx y =
x 2 2 xy
dy
2. 3 y 2 1
dx 9. (5 x Dx y + 5 y ) + 2 Dx y
2 5 xy
3. x(2 y )
dy
+ y2 + 3y2
dy dy
= 3x2 = 2 y Dx y + x(3 y 2 ) Dx y + y 3
dx dx dx 5x
Dx y + 2 Dx y 2 y Dx y 3 xy 2 Dx y
p p q 1 5 2 2 5 xy
4. x ; ( x 5 x)2 / 3 (2 x 5) 5y
q 3 = y3
2 5 xy
Problem Set 2.7 y3
5y
2 5 xy
1. 2 y Dx y 2 x = 0 Dx y =
5x + 2 2 y 3 xy 2
2 5 xy
2x x
Dx y = =
2y y
1
10. x Dx y + y + 1 = x Dx y + y
2. 18 x + 8 y Dx y = 0 2 y +1
18 x 9x x
Dx y = = Dx y x Dx y = y y + 1
8y 4y 2 y +1
y y +1
3. x Dx y + y = 0 Dx y =
x x
y 2 y +1
Dx y =
x
y ( x3 + 3xy 2 ) = 3 x 2 y y 3 1
18. y + 2 xyy + y 2 = 0
2 3 2 y
3 x y y
y =
x3 + 3 xy 2 1
y + 2 xy = y 2
36 9 2 y
At (1, 3), y = =
28 7
y2
9 y =
Tangent line: y 3 = ( x 1) 1 + 2 xy
7 2 y
1 2
At (4, 1), y = =
14. x 2 (2 y ) y + 2 xy 2 + 4 xy + 4 y = 12 y 17 17
2
y (2 x 2 y + 4 x 12) = 2 xy 2 4 y 2
Tangent line: y 1 = ( x 4)
2 xy 2 4 y xy 2 2 y 17
y = =
2 x 2 y + 4 x 12 x 2 y + 2 x 6
dy 1
At (2, 1), y = 2 19. = 5x2 / 3 +
dx 2 x
Tangent line: y 1 = 2( x 2)
dy 1 2 / 3 1
15. cos( xy )( xy + y ) = y 20. = x 7 x5 / 2 = 7 x5 / 2
dx 3 3 2
y [ x cos( xy ) 1] = y cos( xy ) 3 x
y cos( xy ) y cos( xy )
y = = 21.
dy 1 2 / 3 1 4 / 3
= x x =
1
1
x cos( xy ) 1 1 x cos( xy ) dx 3 3 3 3
3 x2 3 x4
At , 1 , y = 0
2 dy 1 1
22. = (2 x + 1) 3 / 4 (2) =
dx 4
Tangent line: y 1 = 0 x 2 (2 x + 1)3
4
2
y=1 dy 1
23. = (3 x 2 4 x) 3 / 4 (6 x 4)
dx 4
16. y + [ sin( xy 2 )][2 xyy + y 2 ] + 6 x = 0
6x 4 3x 2
= =
y [1 2 xy sin( xy 2 )] = y 2 sin( xy 2 ) 6 x 2 3
4
4 (3 x 4 x) 2 (3 x 2 4 x)3
4
y 2 sin( xy 2 ) 6 x
y =
1 2 xy sin( xy 2 ) 24.
dy 1 3
= ( x 2 x) 2 / 3 (3 x 2 2)
6 dx 3
At (1, 0), y = = 6
1
dy d
Tangent line: y 0 = 6(x 1) 25. = [( x3 + 2 x)2 / 3 ]
dx dx
2 6 x2 + 4
= ( x3 + 2 x) 5 / 3 (3 x 2 + 2) =
3 3 3 ( x 3 + 2 x )5
dy 1
28. = [ x 2 ( sin x) + 2 x cos x]
dx 2 x 2 cos x 5 5 x
2 x cos x x 2 sin x
=
2 x 2 cos x 5
dy d dy
29. = [( x 2 sin x) 1/ 3 ] 2x + 4 + 2 y =0
dx dx dx
1 dy 2x + 4 x+2
= ( x 2 sin x) 4 / 3 ( x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x) = =
3 dx 2y y
x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x The tangent line at ( x0 , y0 ) has equation
=
2
33 ( x sin x) 4 x +2
y y0 = 0 ( x x0 ) which simplifies to
y0
dy 1 2 x0 yy0 2 x xx0 + y02 + x02 = 0. Since
30. = (1 + sin 5 x) 3 / 4 (cos 5 x)(5)
dx 4
( x0 , y0 ) is on the circle, x0 2 + y02 = 3 4 x0 ,
5cos 5 x
= so the equation of the tangent line is
4 4 (1 + sin 5 x)3 yy0 2 x0 2 x xx0 = 3.
3
dy [1 + cos( x 2 + 2 x)]3 / 4 [ sin( x 2 + 2 x)(2 x + 2)] If (0, 0) is on the tangent line, then x0 = .
31. = 2
dx 4 Solve for y0 in the equation of the circle to get
( x + 1) sin( x 2 + 2 x)
= y0 =
3
. Put these values into the equation of
2 [1 + cos( x + 2 x )]
4 2 3
2
the tangent line to get that the tangent lines are
dy (tan 2 x + sin 2 x) 1/ 2 (2 tan x sec 2 x + 2 sin x cos x) 3 y + x = 0 and 3 y x = 0.
32. =
dx 2
tan x sec2 x + sin x cos x 36. 16( x 2 + y 2 )(2 x + 2 yy ) = 100(2 x 2 yy )
=
tan 2 x + sin 2 x 32 x3 + 32 x 2 yy + 32 xy 2 + 32 y 3 y = 200 x 200 yy
ds y (4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 + 25 y ) = 25 x 4 x3 4 xy 2
33. s 2 + 2 st + 3t 2 = 0
dt 25 x 4 x3 4 xy 2
ds s 3t 2
s + 3t
2 2 2 y =
= = 4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 + 25 y
dt 2 st 2 st
1
dt dt The slope of the normal line =
s 2 + 2st + 3t 2 =0 y
ds ds
4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 + 25 y
dt 2
( s + 3t 2 ) = 2 st =
ds 4 x3 + 4 xy 2 25 x
dt 2 st 65 13
= At (3, 1), slope = =
ds s + 3t 2
2 45 9
13
Normal line: y 1 = ( x 3)
9
1 3 1 1
At , : m1 = , m2 =
2 2 3 3
1 1 2
tan = 3 3
= 3
= 3
1+ 1
( )( )
3
1
3
2
3
2
=
3
dV dh dr
8. = 4 ft3/h; V = hr 2 ; = 0.0005 ft/h 13. A = r 2 ; = 0.02
dt dt dt
V dA dV V dh dA dr
A = r 2 = = Vh 1 , so = h 1 . = 2r
h dt dt h 2 dt dt dt
When h = 0.001 ft, V = (0.001)(250) 2 = 62.5 When r = 8.1,
dA
= 2(0.02)(8.1) = 0.324
dA dt
and = 1000(4) 1, 000, 000(62.5)(0.0005) 1.018 in.2/s
dt
= 4000 + 31,250 94,175 ft2/h. dx dy
(The height is decreasing due to the spreading of 14. s 2 = x 2 + ( y + 48) 2 ; = 30, = 24
dt dt
the oil rather than the bacteria.)
ds dx dy
2s = 2 x + 2( y + 48)
1 d r dt dt dt
9. V = r 2 h; h = = , r = 2h
3 4 2 ds dx dy
s = x + ( y + 48)
1 4 dV dt dt dt
V = (2h) 2 h = h3 ; = 16
3 3 dt At 2:00 p.m., x = 3(30) = 90, y = 3(24) = 72,
dV dh so s = 150.
= 4h 2 ds
dt dt (150) = 90(30) + (72 + 48)(24)
dt
dh
When h = 4, 16 = 4(4) 2 ds 5580
dt = = 37.2 knots/h
dt 150
dh 1
= 0.0796 ft/s
dt 4
dx
10. y 2 = x 2 + (90)2 ; =5
dt
dy dx
2y = 2x
dt dt
When y = 150, x = 120, so
dy x dx 120
= = (5) = 4 ft/s
dt y dt 150
23. Let P be the point on the ground where the ball 26. The amount of water used by Webster City can
hits. Then the distance from P to the bottom of be found by:
the light pole is 10 ft. Let s be the distance usage = beginning amount + added amount
between P and the shadow of the ball. The height remaining amount
of the ball t seconds after it is dropped is
Thus the usage is
64 16t 2 .
(20)2 (9) + 2400(12) (20)2 (10.5) 26,915 ft 3
over the 12 hour period.
dy 216(4 3)
When the ladder makes an angle of 60 with the ground, x = 4 3 and = 2 = 1.125 ft/s.
dt (144 + 48)3 / 2
d2y
216(144 + x 2 )3 / 2 dx + 216 x 3
= dt 2 ( ) 144 + x 2 (2 x) dx
dt dx
dt 2 (144 + x )
2 3 dt
2 2
216(144 + x 2 ) + 648 x 2 dx 432 x 2 31,104 dx
= =
(144 + x 2 )5 / 2 dt (144 + x 2 )5 / 2 dt
When the ladder makes an angle of 60 with the ground,
d 2 y 432 48 31,104 2
= (2) 0.08 ft/s2
dt 2 (144 + 48)5 / 2
31. Let l be the distance along the ground from the 4. dy = 2(3 x 2 + x + 1) 3 (6 x + 1)dx
brother to the tip of the shadow. The shadow is = 2(6 x + 1)(3x 2 + x + 1) 3 dx
3 5
controlled by both siblings when = or
l l+4
5. dy = 3(sin x + cos x)2 (cos x sin x) dx
l = 6. Again using similar triangles, this occurs
y 6
when = , so y = 40. Thus, the girl controls 6. dy = 3(tan x + 1) 2 (sec2 x)dx
20 3
the tip of the shadow when y 40 and the boy = 3sec2 x(tan x + 1)2 dx
controls it when y < 40.
Let x be the distance along the ground from the 3
dx 7. dy = (7 x 2 + 3x 1) 5 / 2 (14 x + 3)dx
light pole to the girl. = 4 2
dt 3
4 = (14 x + 3)(7 x 2 + 3 x 1) 5 2 dx
20 5 2
When y 40, = or y = x.
y yx 3
1
When y < 40,
20
=
3
or y =
20
( x + 4). 8. dy = 2( x10 + sin 2 x )[10 x9 + (cos 2 x )(2)]dx
y y ( x + 4) 17 2 sin 2 x
x = 30 when y = 40. Thus, cos 2 x 10
= 2 10 x9 + ( x + sin 2 x )dx
4 sin 2 x
3 x if x 30
y= 3 2
20 ( x + 4) if x < 30 9. ds = (t cot t + 2)1/ 2 (2t + csc2 t )dt
17 2
and 3
= (2t + csc2 t ) t 2 cot t + 2dt
4 dx 2
if x 30
dy 3 dt
= 10. a. dy = 3 x 2 dx = 3(0.5)2 (1) = 0.75
dt 20 dx
if x < 30
17 dt
Hence, the tip of the shadow is moving at the rate b. dy = 3x 2 dx = 3(1)2 (0.75) = 2.25
4 16
of (4) = ft/s when the girl is at least 30 feet 11.
3 3
from the light pole, and it is moving
20 80
(4) = ft/s when the girl is less than 30 ft
17 17
from the light pole.
1. f ( x)dx
2. y; dy dx 0.5
12. a. dy = = = 0.5
2
x (1)2
3. x is small.
dx 0.75
4. larger ; smaller b. dy = = = 0.1875
2
x (2)2
4 3
21. V = r ; r = 5, dr = 0.125
3
dV = 4r 2 dr = 4(5)2 (0.125) 39.27 cm3
14. a. y = (1.5)3 (0.5)3 = 3.25
22. V = x3 ; x = 3 40, dx = 0.5
b. y = (0.25)3 (1)3 = 0.984375 dV = 3 x 2 dx = 3( 3 40)2 (0.5) 17.54 in.3
1 1 1 4 3
15. a. y = = 23. V = r ; r = 6 ft = 72in., dr = 0.3
1.5 1 3 3
dV = 4r 2 dr = 4(72)2 (0.3) 19,543
1 1
b. y = + = 0.3 4
1.25 2 V (72)3 19,543
3
16. a. y = [(2.5) 2 3] [(2) 2 3] = 2.25 1,543,915 in 3 893 ft 3
dy = 2xdx = 2(2)(0.5) = 2
24. V = r 2 h; r = 6 ft = 72in., dr = 0.05,
b. y = [(2.88) 3] [(3) 3] = 0.7056
2 2
h = 8ft = 96in.
dy = 2xdx = 2(3)(0.12) = 0.72 dV = 2rhdr = 2(72)(96)(0.05) 2171in.3
About 9.4 gal of paint are needed.
17. a. y = [(3) 4 + 2(3)] [(2)4 + 2(2)] = 67
dy = (4 x3 + 2)dx = [4(2)3 + 2](1) = 34 25. C = 2 r ; r = 4000 mi = 21,120,000 ft, dr = 2
dC = 2 dr = 2 (2) = 4 12.6 ft
b. y = [(2.005)4 + 2(2.005)] [(2)4 + 2(2)]
L
0.1706 26. T = 2 ; L = 4, dL = 0.03
32
dy = (4 x3 + 2)dx = [4(2)3 + 2](0.005) = 0.17
2 1
dT = dL = dL
1 2 L 32 32 L
18. y = x ; dy = dx; x = 400, dx = 2 32
2 x
1 dT = (0.03) 0.0083
dy = (2) = 0.05 32(4)
2 400 The time change in 24 hours is
402 400 + dy = 20 + 0.05 = 20.05 (0.0083)(60)(60)(24) 717 sec
1 4 3 4
19. y = x ; dy = dx; x = 36, dx = 0.1 27. V = r = (10)3 4189
2 x 3 3
1 dV = 4r 2 dr = 4(10) 2 (0.05) 62.8 The
dy = (0.1) 0.0083
2 36 volume is 4189 62.8 cm3.
35.9 36 + dy = 6 0.0083 = 5.9917 The absolute error is 62.8 while the relative
error is 62.8 / 4189 0.015 or 1.5% .
1 1 4
30. A = ab sin = (151)(151) sin 0.53 5763.33 35. V = r 2 h + r 3
2 2 3
22,801 4
A= sin ; = 0.53, d = 0.005 V = 100r 2 + r 3 ; r = 10, dr = 0.1
2 3
22,801 dV = (200r + 4r 2 )dr
dA = (cos )d
2 = (2000 + 400)(0.1) = 240 754 cm3
22,801
= (cos 0.53)(0.005) 49.18
2 dm
A 5763.33 49.18 cm2 36. The percent increase in mass is
m
.
The absolute error is 49.18 while the relative 3 / 2
error is 49.18 / 5763.33 0.0085 or 0.85% . m v2 2v
dm = 0 1 2 dv
2 c 2 c
31. y = 3 x 2 2 x + 11; x = 2, dx = 0.001 3 / 2
dy = (6x 2)dx = [6(2) 2](0.001) = 0.01 m v v2
= 0 1 dv
d2y c 2 c 2
= 6, so with x = 0.001,
dx 2 dm v v 2
1
v c2
1 = 1 dv = dv
y dy (6)(0.001) 2 = 0.000003 m c 2 c 2 c 2 c 2 v 2
2
v
= dv
32. Using the approximation c v2
2
f ( x + x) f ( x) + f '( x)x v = 0.9c, dv = 0.02c
we let x = 1.02 and x = 0.02 . We can rewrite dm 0.9c 0.018
the above form as = (0.02c) = 0.095
m c 2 0.81c 2 0.19
f ( x) f ( x + x) f '( x)x
The percent increase in mass is about 9.5.
which gives
f (1.02) f (1) f '(1.02)( 0.02)
= 10 + 12(0.02) = 10.24
40. F ( x ) = 3x + 4; F '( x) = 3; a = 3
38. g ( x) = x cos x; g '( x) = x sin x + 2 x cos x
2 2 The linear approximation is then
L( x) = 13 + 3( x 3) = 13 + 3 x 9
a = /2
The linear approximation is then = 3x + 4
2
L( x) = 0 + x
2 2
2 3
= x+
4 8
2
L( x) = 0 + x
4 2
2 3
= x+
4 8
( )
2
x a
= 0
2 a
48. f (x ) = (1 + x ) , f (x ) = (1 + x ) 1 , a = 0
The linear approximation is then
L(x ) = 1 + (x ) = x + 1
y
5
= 2
y
5
= 1
(h) f ( x + h) f ( x)
b. lim = lim f ( x )
h0 h
5 5 x
h
= f ( x) f ( x) = 0
5
= 0.5
y
2.10 Chapter Review
5 Concepts Test
8. False: f ( x) = ax 2 + b, g ( x) = ax 2 + c,
5
b c . Then f ( x) = 2ax = g ( x), but
f(x) g(x).
5 5
9. True: Dx f ( g ( x)) = f ( g ( x)) g ( x); since
x
g(x) = x, g ( x) = 1, so
Dx f ( g ( x)) = f ( g ( x)).
5
=1 10. False: Dx y = 0 because is a constant, not
y a variable.
5
11. True: Theorem 3.2.A
5 5 x 13. False: ( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) + g ( x) f ( x)
( 2 )
dV dr
= 4r 2
sin x sin
dt dt
22. True: f = lim
2 x x 2 dV dr 3
2 If = 3, then = so
sin x 1 dt dt 4r 2
= lim
x x 2 dr
> 0.
2 dt
d 2r 3 dr d 2r
23. True: D 2 (kf ) = kD 2 f and = so <0
dt 2 2r 3 dt dt 2
D2 ( f + g ) = D2 f + D2 g
d 2h
24. True: h( x) = f ( g ( x)) g ( x) 34. True: When h > r, then >0
dt 2
h(c) = f ( g (c)) g (c) = 0
4 3
25. True: ( f D g )(2) = f ( g (2)) g (2) 35. True: V= r , S = 4r 2
3
= f (2) g (2) = 2 2 = 4
dV = 4r 2 dr = S dr
If r = dr, then dV = S r
26. False: Consider f ( x) = x . The curve
always lies below the tangent. 36. False: dy = 5 x 4 dx, so dy > 0 when dx > 0,
27. False: The rate of volume change depends but dy < 0 when dx < 0.
on the radius of the sphere.
37. False: The slope of the linear approximation
dr is equal to
28. True: c = 2 r ; =4 f '(a ) = f '(0) = sin(0) = 0 .
dt
dc dr
= 2 = 2(4) = 8
dt dt
1 31x
3( x + h ) h 1 1 1
c. f ( x) = lim = lim = lim 3x( x + h) = 2
h 0 h h 0 3( x + h) x h h 0 3x
1 1 1 3x 2 + 2 3( x + h) 2 2 1
d. f ( x) = lim = lim
h 0 3( x + h) 2 + 2 3 x 2 + 2 h
h0 (3( x + h) + 2)(3x + 2) h
2 2
6 xh 3h 2 1 6 x 3h 6x
= lim = lim =
h0 (3( x + h) + 2)(3 x + 2) h
2 2 (3( x + h) + 2)(3x + 2)
2 2
(3 x + 2)2
2
h 0
3( x + h) 3 x ( 3x + 3h 3x )( 3x + 3h + 3 x )
e. f ( x) = lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h( 3 x + 3h + 3x )
3h 3 3
= lim = lim =
h 0 h( 3 x + 3h + 3 x ) h 0 3x + 3h + 3x 2 3x
( x + h) 2 + 5 x 2 + 5 ( x + h) 2 + 5 + x 2 + 5
( x + h) 2 + 5 x 2 + 5
g. f ( x) = lim = lim
h 0 h h 0
h ( x + h)2 + 5 + x 2 + 5
2 xh + h 2 2x + h 2x x
= lim = lim = =
h0
h ( x + h) 2 + 5 + x 2 + 5 h0 ( x + h) + 5 + x + 5 2 x +5 x +5
2 2 2 2
cos[( x + h)] cos x cos(x + h) cos x cos x cos h sin x sin h cos x
h. f ( x) = lim = lim = lim
h 0 h h0 h h0 h
1 cos h sin h
= lim cos x lim sin x = ( cos x)(0) ( sin x) = sin x
h0 h h0 h
2t 2 2 x 2 2(t x)(t + x)
2. a. g ( x) = lim = lim
tx tx tx tx
= 2 lim (t + x) = 2(2 x) = 4 x
tx
3
b. f (6)
2
1
d = ( x 2 + 4) 3 / 2 (2 x)
f. ( f ( f (t ))) = f ( f (t )) f (t ) 2
dt
x
At t = 2, f ( f (2)) f (2) = f (2) f (2) =
3 3 9 ( x + 4)3
2
=
4 4 16
d x2 1 d 1 d 1 2 1
14. = = x =
5. Dx (3x ) = 15 x
5 4
dx x x3 dx x dx 2 x3 2
d
20. [sin 2 (cos 4t )] = 2sin(cos 4t ) ( cos(cos 4t ) ) ( sin 4t )(4) = 8sin(cos 4t ) cos(cos 4t ) sin 4t
dt
d sin 3 x (cos 5 x 2 )(cos 3 x)(3) (sin 3 x)( sin 5 x 2 )(10 x ) 3cos 5 x 2 cos 3 x + 10 x sin 3x sin 5 x 2
22. = =
dx cos 5 x 2 cos 2 5 x 2 cos 2 5 x 2
d cot x (sec x 2 )( csc 2 x) (cot x)(sec x 2 )(tan x 2 )(2 x) csc2 x 2 x cot x tan x 2
25. = =
dx sec x 2 sec 2 x 2 sec x 2
4t sin t (cos t sin t )(4t cos t + 4sin t ) (4t sin t )( sin t cos t )
26. Dt =
cos t sin t (cos t sin t )2
4t cos 2 t + 2sin 2t 4sin 2 t + 4t sin 2 t 4t + 2sin 2t 4sin 2 t
= =
(cos t sin t ) 2 (cos t sin t )2
30. f (t ) = h( g (t )) g (t ) + 2 g (t ) g (t )
dy d
e. x sec 2 ( xy ) x + y + tan( xy ) = 0 b. [ f ( x) g ( x)] = f ( x) g ( x) + g ( x) f ( x)
dx
dx
f (2) g (2) + g (2) f (2) = (3)(5) + (2)(4) = 23
dy
x 2 sec2 ( xy ) = [tan( xy ) + xy sec2 ( xy )]
dx d
c. [ f ( g ( x))] = f ( g ( x)) g ( x)
dy tan( xy ) + xy sec ( xy )
2
dx
=
dx x 2 sec2 ( xy ) f ( g (2)) g (2) = f (2) g (2) = (4)(5) = 20
d. Dx [ f 2 ( x)] = 2 f ( x) f ( x)
42. 2 yy1 = 12 x 2
Dx2 [ f 2 ( x)] = 2[ f ( x) f ( x) + f ( x) f ( x)]
6x 2
y1 =
y = 2 f (2) f (2) + 2[ f (2)]2
At (1, 2): y1 = 3 = 2(3)(1) + 2(4)2 = 26
4 x + 6 yy2 = 0
dx
2x 46. (13) 2 = x 2 + y 2 ; =2
y2 = dt
3y
dx dy
1 0 = 2x + 2 y
At (1, 2): y2 = dt dt
3 dy x dx
Since ( y1 )( y2 ) = 1 at (1, 2), the tangents are =
dt y dt
perpendicular.
When y= 5, x = 12, so
43. dy = [ cos( x) + 2 x]dx ; x = 2, dx = 0.01 dy 12 24
= (2) = = 4.8 ft/s
dt 5 5
dy = [ cos(2 ) + 2(2)](0.01) = (4 + )(0.01)
0.0714 y dx
47. sin15 = , = 400
x dt
dy dy y = x sin15
44. x(2 y ) + y 2 + 2 y[2( x + 2)] + ( x + 2)2 (2) =0
dx dx
dy dx
dy = sin15
[2 xy + 2( x + 2) 2 ] = [ y 2 + 2 y (2 x + 4)] dt dt
dx
dy
dy ( y 2 + 4 xy + 8 y ) = 400sin15 104 mi/hr
= dt
dx 2 xy + 2( x + 2) 2
2
x 2( x ) 2x2
y 2 + 4 xy + 8 y 48. a.
2
Dx ( x ) = 2 x = = = 2x
dy = dx x x x
2 xy + 2( x + 2)2
x x x
When x = 2, y = 1 x
xx
Dx2 x = Dx =
x
b. = =0
2
x x x2
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x + 1)1/ 2 ; a = 3
1
50. a. f ( x) = x + 1; f '( x) =
2
4. x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x 0
L( x) = f (3) + f '(3)( x 3)
1 (
x x 2 + 3x + 2 0 )
= 4 + (4) 1/ 2 ( x 3)
2 x ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) 0
1 3
= 2 x+ = x+
1 11 x ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) = 0
4 4 4 4
x = 0, x = 1, x = 2
b. f ( x) = x cos x; f '( x) = x sin x + cos x; a = 1 The split points are 0, 1 , and 2 . The
expression on the left can only change signs at
L( x) = f (1) + f '(1)( x 1) the split points. Check a point in the intervals
= cos1 + ( sin1 + cos1)( x 1) ( , 2 ) , ( 2, 1) , ( 1, 0 ) , and ( 0, ) . The
= cos1 (sin1) x + sin1 + (cos1) x cos1 solution set is { x | 2 x 1 or x 0} , or
= (cos1 sin1) x + sin1
[ 2, 1] [0, ) .
0.3012 x + 0.8415
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Review and Preview Problems
x ( x 2)
5. 0
1. ( x 2 )( x 3) < 0 x2 4
( x 2 )( x 3) = 0 x ( x 2)
0
x = 2 or x = 3 ( x 2 )( x + 2 )
The split points are 2 and 3. The expression on The expression on the left is equal to 0 or
the left can only change signs at the split points. undefined at x = 0 , x = 2 , and x = 2 . These
Check a point in the intervals ( , 2 ) , ( 2,3) , are the split points. The expression on the left can
only change signs at the split points. Check a
and ( 3, ) . The solution set is { x | 2 < x < 3} or
point in the intervals: ( , 2 ) , ( 2, 0 ) , ( 0, 2 ) ,
( 2,3) .
and ( 2, ) . The solution set is
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 { x | x < 2 or 0 x < 2 or x > 2} , or
( , 2 ) [0, 2 ) ( 2, ) .
2. x2 x 6 > 0
( x 3)( x + 2 ) > 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
( x 3)( x + 2 ) = 0
x = 3 or x = 2
The split points are 3 and 2 . The expression on
the left can only change signs at the split points.
Check a point in the intervals ( , 2 ) , ( 2,3) ,
and ( 3, ) . The solution set is
{ x | x < 2 or x > 3} , or ( , 2 ) ( 3, ) .
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
18. Length: 24 2x
11. f ' ( x ) = 2 ( tan 3 x ) sec 2 3 x 3
Width: 9 2x
( )
= 6 sec 2 3 x ( tan 3 x ) Height: x
Volume: l w h = ( 24 2 x )( 9 2 x ) x
= x ( 9 2 x )( 24 2 x )
( )
1 1/ 2
12. f '( x) = 1 + sin 2 x ( 2sin x )( cos x )
2
sin x cos x 19. Consider the diagram:
=
1 + sin 2 x 1
b. f = cos =
2 2 2 2
f ' ( x ) = 1 + sin x
f ' = 1 + sin = 1 + 1 = 2
2 2
The slope of the tangent line is m = 2 at the
point , . Therefore,
2 2
y = 2 x or y = 2 x .
2 2 2
c. 2x = 0.
2
2x =
2
x=
4
The tangent line will intersect the x-axis at
x= .
4