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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013)
301
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013)
A. Value of symmetrical short-circuit current
For three-phase transformers with two separate
windings, the r.m.s value of the symmetrical short-circuits
current I shall be calculated as in equation (i) [1].
(i)
U: is the rated voltage of the winding under The mechanical strength of the transformer windings
consideration, in Kilovolts should be such that it shall withstand the highest short-
Zt: is the short-circuit impedance of the transformer circuit forces generated which correspond to the first
referred to the winding under consideration, in ohms per current peak in the figure above, since this current peak has
phases the highest magnitude due to presence of DC component in
the current pattern.
Zs: is the short-circuit impedance of the system, in ohms
per phase C. Thermal withstand during short-circuit
As mentioned above, due to addition of more and more During short-circuit, a very high current flows within the
generating stations within an interconnected system, the windings of the transformer. However, the duration of
source impedance Zs is very small and generally neglected short-circuit is very small, the temperature of the windings
for calculations purpose. generally do not rise high enough to damageable values.
Hence, this effect can generally be neglected.
B. Nature of short-circuit current
IEC 60076-5 however, gives a formula for the
Consider the circuit given alternate voltage source. calculation of temperature rise during short-circuits. This
Assuming that the below with an switch is closed at t=0 formula assumes that all the heat produced by the winding
instant, which simulates the short-circuit, the expression for during short-circuits stays in it and none is dissipated. This
the current i(t) can be written as follows: is a poor assumption, but since the limit of allowable
temperature rise is high (250oC), almost all the
transformers qualify this requirement during short-circuit
testing.
According to IEC 60076-5, the average temperature
1attained by the winding after short circuit is calculated
by the equation (ii) [2].
Fig 1A Sinusoidal voltage source switched on to an RL network
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013)
III. SHORT-CIRCUIT FORCES Position of tank causes the leakage flux pattern to
When a current carrying conductor lies in a magnetic change which is again ignored in the analytical
field, a force is produced upon that current carrying formula of short-circuit forces calculations.
conductor, whose magnitude is given by equation (iii). Portion of windings under the yoke have a different
leakage field pattern compared to portion outside the
F=B.I.L sin (iii) window. Again this phenomenon is ignored in the
Where: analytical formula.
Effect and presence of mechanical bracings of the
B: flux density, in Tesla windows is ignored in the analytical formula.
I: Current in the conductor, in Amps Combined (axial and radial) forces at the winding
L: length of current carrying element, in meters ends which are the major cause of tilting of the
: angle between flux density vector and current vector conductors are neglected in analytical formula.
Axial imbalance of windings during manufacturing is
This force is called the electromagnetic force because
neglected in the analytical method of forces
it is produced both by combined effect or electric current
calculation. This imbalance usually occurs during
and magnetic flux. [12] The direction of this force can be
shifting over of windings over the core where the
easily computed using the well-Known Left-hand rule.
centerline of windings is not exactly the same.
A. Electromagnetic Forces Axial imbalance within the winding (which is
In transformers, electromagnetic forces may have three normally due to presence of radial spacers in the
components if we model it in 3D cylindrical coordinates. windings) is ignored. During manufacturing of
winding on the winding machines, height of windings
r-component has to be maintained by placement of radial spacers
z-component within it. The position of placement of these
-component stabilization spacers can shift the centerline of the
The r-component of the electromagnetic forces results in winding which cannot be ignored.
the radial forces that act on the windings [8]. The z-
component is the originator of the axial forces that act on IV. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
the windings. Finally, the -component can cause twisting
motion of the windings, but it is never present because the A. Introduction to finite element method
center axis of the windings is always coinciding with each Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical method
other. mainly used for solving Differential and Integral Equations.
The conventional way to calculate the short-circuit Essence of this method is to divide the application
forces is by solving equation (iii), using data of the domain in very small sub domain elements called as finite
transformer from the design calculation sheets. This elements. Problem is subdivided into Finite size sub
calculation, however, assumes a lot of data which can problems and is independently dealt to find complete
sometimes result in a very safe calculation and, else wise, problem solution.
could result in unsafe margins during calculations. There are many software commercially available
incorporating the Finite Element Method Solution. In this
B. Approximations in analytical formula thesis, a software tool titled meshing and finite element
The analytical method of calculating the short-circuit solver has been used [3]. The model has been drawn using
forces assumes certain data, most prominent of which are: MATLAB with complete computation of leakage flux and
Conductors are tightly wound radially on top of each therefore short-circuit forces.
other and thus the radial short-circuit forces act over B. Finite element method in transformer
the average circumference of the windings.
In transformers, finite element method can be used to
Presence of axial cooling ducts can result in
calculate the following quantities:
appreciable error in the short-circuit forces
calculations which is ignored in the analytical formula Eddy currents and winding stray losses
[8]. Electric field analysis
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013)
Temperature gradient calculations
Short-circuit stresses
Stress-strain analysis of the clamping structure
C. Steps of finite element modeling.
Finite Element modeling is a highly accurate method of
calculating the transformer parameters. The FEM formation
makes use of the fact that poisons partial-differential
equation is satisfied when total magnetic energy function is
a minimum [4].
1- The geometry to solve (which is basically the core
and set of transformer winding represented simple as
rectangular blocks) can be drawn using most CAD
programs. In this work, Auto Cad 2010 is used to
drawn the geometry in .dxf format.
2-
Fig. 4 Meshing of the transformer geometry
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013)
V. ANALYSIS ON STRESSES BASED ON VERTICAL The geometries are solved in the FEM solver software
MOVEMENT and the flux leakage plots obtained as in fig.8.
Analysis of HV winding in vertical of power transformer
performed.
The winding rotation steps were chosen arbitrary as per
design approach. The movement step is 0-mm, 2-mm, 5-
mm, 10-mm, 15-mm is chosen for vertical respectively.
The results and geometry model for these movements
are given as below in fig.6.
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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013)
A. x-axis forces at winding The accumulated force increases from zero to a constant
The comparison plot of LV forces at bottom of windings maximum value earlier at winding having less
at different displacement is given below in fig. 14. displacement and decreases from maximum value to zero
late in bottom turns and vice versa for windings with more
displacement.
This force applied on winding pattern is same for the
displacements of 0-mm, 2-mm and 15-mm. The forces plot
when high voltage winding displaced at 5-mm and 10-mm,
it is clear that in early turns the positive forces are
dominant and the middle turn negative forces are dominant,
and in the last turns forces are approaches to zero.
The Fig.16 and Fig.17 shows the individual plots of
forces at winding on different displacements 0-mm, 2-mm,
Fig. 14 Comparison of LV forces At windings
5-mm, 10-mm and 15-mm.
From the above plot it is clear that accumulated forces
are minimal in upper and bottom turns. Whereas
accumulated force is maximum at middle turns of
windings. The accumulated force increases from zero to a
constant maximum value earlier at winding having less
displacement and decreases from maximum value to zero
late in bottom turns and vice versa for windings with more
displacement. This force applied on winding pattern is
same for the displacements of 0-mm, 2-mm and 15-mm. Fig.16 Individual LV forces in winding at different displacement
The forces plot when high voltage winding displaced at 5-
mm and 10-mm, it is clear that in early turns the positive
forces are dominant and the middle turn negative forces are
dominant, and in the last turns forces are approaches to
zero and saturated
The comparison plot of HV forces at bottom of windings
at different displacement is given below in fig.15.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
The results of mechanical forces generated due to
prolonged high currents in power transformer windings
have been evaluated. High temperatures generated inside
transformer may puncture its insulation which causes
breakdown. As Power transformer is very expensive power
system apparatus which is needed to be protected with first
priority. That is why its failure avoided and comprehensive
analysis is done to cater all drastic situations which may
Fig. 15Comparison of HV forces at windings
cause its complete failure. This research will enable the
transformer manufacturers for careful design of transformer
From the above plot it is clear that accumulated forces and the power utility authorities to ensure its safe operation
are minimal in upper and bottom turns. Whereas in power system.
accumulated force is maximum at middle turns of
windings.
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013)
REFERENCES [8] Kojima, H., Miyata, H., Shida, S., and Okuyama, K. Buckling
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