ABSTRACT

Recent advancements in miniature devices have fostered a dramatic growth

of interest of wearable technology. Wearable Bio-Sensors (WBS) will
permit continuous cardiovascular (CV) monitoring in a number of novel
settings. WBS could play an important role in the wireless surveillance of
people during hazardous operations (military , firefighting , etc) or such sensors
could be dispensed during a mass civilian casualty occurrence . They typically
rely on wireless, miniature sensors enclosed in ring or a shirt. They take
advantage of handheld units to temporarily store physiological data and then
periodically upload that data to a database server via wireless LAN or a cradle
that allow internet connection and used for clinical diagnosis.

1
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BREIF HISTORY

In 1916, first report on the immobilization of proteins adsorption of invertase

on activated charcoal was published. Then in 1922, first glass pH
electrode was introduced which was later leaded to the invention of oxygen
electrode by Clarke.

Later in 1962, first description of a biosensor as anamperometric enzyme

electrode for glucose was identified by Clark. In 1969, first potentiometric
biosensor was urease immobilized on an ammonia electrode to detect urea as
diagnose. Then Bergveld invented the Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor
(ISFET) which was one of the milestones in the history of Biosensors in
Computer Science.

In 1961 mathematicians Edward O. Thorp, and Claude Shannon built

some computerized timing devices to help them cheat at the game of roulette.
Thorp refers to himself as the inventor of the first "wearable computer". This
work was kept secret until it was first mentioned in Thorp's book Beat the Dealer
(revised ed.) in 1966 and later published in detail in 1969. In 1994 Edgar
Matias and Mike Ruicci of the University of Toronto, debuted a "wrist
computer." Their system presented an alternative approach to the emerging
head-up display plus chord keyboard wearable. The system was built from a
modified HP 95LX palmtop computer and a Half- QWERTY one-handed
keyboard. With the keyboard and display modules strapped to the operator's
forearms, text could be entered by bringing the wrists together and typing.
The same technology was used by IBM researchers to create the half-
keyboard "belt computer. Also in 1994, Mik Lamming and Mike Flynn at Xerox
EuroPARC demonstrated the Forget-Me-Not, a wearable device that would
record interactions with people and devices and store this information in a
database for later query. It interacted via wireless transmitters in rooms and with
equipment in the area to remember who was there, who was being talked to on
the telephone, and what objects were in the room, allowing queries like "Who
came by my office while I was on the phone to Mark?" As with the Toronto
system, Forget-Me-Not was not based on a head-mounted display.
In October 1997, Carnegie Mellon University, MIT, and Georgia Tech co-hosted
the IEEE International Symposium on Wearables Computers (ISWC) in Cambridge,
Massachusetts. The symposium was a full academic conference with
published proceedings and papers ranging from sensors and new hardware to
new applications for wearable computers, with 382 people registered for the event.

Another early wearable system was a camera-to-tactile vest for the blind,
published by C.C. Collins in 1977, that converted images into a 1024-point,
10-inch square tactile grid on a vest. In 2002, Dr. Bruce H Thomas and Dr.
Wayne Piekarski developed the Tinmith wearable computer system to support
augmented reality. This work was first published internationally in 2000 in
the ISWC conference. The worked was carried out of the Wearable Computer
Lab at the University of South Australia.In the late 2000s, various Chinese
companies began producing mobile phones in the form of wristwatches, the
descendants of which as of 2013 include the i5 and i6, which are GSM phones
with 1.8 inch displays, and the ZGPAX s5 Android wristwatch phone.
1.2. INTRODUCTION TO BIOSENSORS

Wearable sensors and systems have evolved to the point that they can be
considered ready for clinical application. The use of wearable monitoring
devices that allow continuous or intermittent monitoring of physiological
signals is critical for the advancement of both the diagnosis as well as
treatment of diseases.

Wearable systems are totally non-obtrusive devices that allow physicians to

overcome the limitations of ambulatory technology and provide a response to
the need for monitoring individuals over weeks or months. They typically
rely on wireless miniature sensors enclosed in patches or bandages or in items
that can be worn, such as ring or shirt. The data sets recorded using these
systems are then processed to detect events predictive of possible worsening of
the patients clinical situations or they are explored to access the impact of clinical
interventions.
 3. SMART SHIRT (WEARABLE MOTHERBOARD)

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Smart shirt developed at Georgia tech which represents the first

attempt at relying an unobtrusive, mobile and easy to use vital signs monitoring
system; presents the key applications of the smart shirt technology along with its
impact on the practice of medicine; and covers key opportunities to create the
next generation of truly adaptive and responsive medical systems.

Research on the design and development of a smart shirt fort a combat

casualty care has led to the realization of the worlds first wearable motherboard or
an intelligent garment for the 21st century. The Georgia tech wearable
motherboard (GTWM) uses optical fibers to detect bullet wounds and
special sensors and interconnects to monitor the body vital signs during combat
conditions. This GTWM (smart shirt) provides an extremely versatile
framework for the incorporation of sensing, monitoring and information
processing devices. The principal advantage of smart shirt is that it provides for
the first time a very systematic way of monitoring the vital signs of humans in an
unobtrusive manner.

3.2. REQUIREMENTS OF SMART SHIRT

Casualties are associated with combat and sometimes are inevitable.

Since medical resources are limited in a combat scenario, there is critical need
to make optimum use of the available resources to minimize the loss of human
life, which has value that is priceless. In a significant departure from the past,
the loss of even a single soldier in a war can alter the nations engagement
strategy making it all the important to save lives.

Similarly on the civilian side, the population is aging and the cost of the
health care delivery is expected to increase at a rate faster than it is today.
With the decreasing number of doctors in rural areas, the doctor/patient ratio is
in certain instances reaching unacceptable levels for ensuring a basic sense of
security when
they leave the hospital because they feel cutoff from the continuous watch and
care
they received in the
hospital.

This degree of uncertainty can greatly influence their postoperative

recovery. Therefore there is a need to continuously monitor such patients and
give them the added peace of mind so that the positive psychological impact
will speed up the recovery process.

Mentally ill patients need to be monitored on a regular basis to gain a

better understanding of the relationship between their vital signs and their
behavioral
Fig 3.2 Requirements of Smart Shirt
patterns so that their treatments can be suitably modified. Such medical
monitoring of individuals is critical for the successful practice of telemedicine
that is becoming economically viable in the context of advancements in
computing and telecommunication, likewise continuous monitoring of astronauts
in space, of athletes during practice sessions and in competition, of law
enforcement personnel and combat soldiers in the line of duty are all extremely
important.

3.3.
ARCHITECTURE

The GTWM was woven into a single piece garment (an undershirt)
on a weaving machine to fit a 38-40 chest. The plastic optical fiber (POF)
is spirally integrated into the structure during the fabric production
process without any discontinuities at the armhole or the segms using a novel
modification in the weaving process.
 Fig 3.3 Block diagram of Wearable Motherboard

An interconnection technology was developed to transmit informatio n from (and

to) sensors mounted at any location on the body thus creating a flexible bus

structure. T-connectors similar to button clips used in clothing are attached to

the fibers that serve as a data bus to carry the information from the sensors (eg:

ECG sensors) on the body.

The sensors will plug into these connectors and at the other end
similar
Tconnector will be used to transmit their information for monitoring equipment
or
DARPS (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) personnel status
monitor. By making the sensors detachable from the garments, the versatility I\of
the Georgia

Tech Smart Shirt has been significantly enhanced. Since shapes and sizes of

humans will be different, sensors can be positioned on the right locations for

all users and

without any constraints being imposed by the smart shirt can be

truly customized. Moreover the smart shirt can be laundered without any
damage to the sensors themselves. The interconnection technology has been used to
integrate sensors for monitoring the following vital signs: temperature, heart
rate and respiration rate .In addition a microphone has been attached to
transmit the weavers voice data to monitoring locations. Other sensors can be
easily integrated into the structure. The flexible data bus integrated into the
stricture transmits the information from the suite of the sensors to the
multifunction processor known as the Smart shirt controller. This controller in
turn processes the signals and transmit them wirelessly to desired locations (eg:
doctors office, hospital, battlefield). The bus also serves to transmit information
to the sensors (and hence the weaver) from the external sources, thus making the
smart shirt a valuable information infrastructure.

A combat soldier sensor to his body, pulls the smart shirt on, and attaches the

sensors to the smart shirt. The smart shirt functions like a motherboard, with

plastic optical fibers and other special fibers woven throughout the actual

fabric of the shirt. To pinpoint the exact location of a bullet penetration, a

signal is sent from one end of the plastic optical fiber to a receiver at the other

end. The emitter and the receiver are connected to a Personal Status Monitor (psm)

worn at the hip level by the soldier. If

the light from the emitter does not reach the receiver inside the PSM, it signifies
that
the smart shirt has been penetrated (i.e.; the soldier has been shot). The

signal bounces back to the PSM forum the point of penetration, helping the

medical personnel pinpoint the exact location the solider wounds.

The soldiers vital signs heart rate, temperature, respiration rate etc. are
monitored in two ways: through the sensors integrated into the T-shirt: and
through the sensors on the soldiers body, both of which are connected to
the PSM. Information on the soldiers wound and the condition is
immediately transmitted electronically from the PSM to a medical triage
unit somewhere near the battlefield. The triage unit them dispatches the
approximate medical personnel to the scene .The Georgia tech smart shirt can
help a physician determine the extent of a soldiers injuries based on the strength
of his heart beat and respiratory rate. This information is vital for accessing
who needs assistance first during the so-called Golden Hour in which there
are numerous casualties.
4. DEVELOPEMENT OF BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES FOR
ABCI APPLICATIONS

4.1. INTRODUCTION TO ABCI

APPLICATIONS

As the proliferation of technology dramatically infiltrates all aspects of social

life, the development of strategies and techniques to enhance humancomputer
interfaces is becoming increasingly important. Recent developments in neuro-
technologies are addressing these issues through novel concepts that directly
link brain activity to computers. Major forerunners in this area are brain
computer interfaces (BCIs), which are based on a direct communication pathway
between the human brain and an external device and have been primarily applied in
laboratory and clinical settings. As bio sensing technologies continue to progress
in the upcoming decades, the ability to image brain activity will move away
from traditional BCI settings and into everyday environments. Such
capabilities will enable the development of potentially revolutionary
approaches that will alter the nature of how people interact with technology
in their everyday environments through novel augmented BCIs (ABCIs), which
are BCIs that can be used by individuals for everyday use.
4.2.2 DRY SENSORS

With proper skin preparation and the use of conductive gels, the EEG signal
quality from wet sensors is excellent. However, the skin preparation processes used
to reduce the skin-electrode contact interface impedance can be time-consuming
and uncomfortable for the user, making them impractical for everyday use.
Furthermore,

as the EEG signal quality may degrade over time as the skin regenerates and/or
the conductive gel dries, these electrodes require repeated skin preparations and gel
applications, which may also cause allergic reactions or infections. Issues also
arise when measuring a location of interest that is covered with hair, which
can lead to insufficient skin-electrode contact area, especially for long-term
applications.
To overcome these problems, dry-contact- and noncontact-type EEG sensors
have been developed to improve EEG measurements. Dry contact sensor corneum
and sometimes live skin layers, possibly resulting in pain or infection. These
dry MEMS sensors can perform well in measuring EEG signals when applied to
the forehead or other hairless sites; however, evidence regarding the quality of
the EEG signals at sites covered with hair using dry MEMS-based EEG sensors is
less convincing.

Recently, fabric-based sensors were proposed for measuring biopotential signals.

Beckmannet al.have conducted detailed investigations of the characterization of
fabric materials with different fabric specifications for electrocardiography
(ECG) measurements. Baeket al. contact probe EEG sensor for measuring
EEG signals, especially at sites covered with hair. Each of the spring-loaded
probes is used to attach the sensors tightly to the scalp surface. These probes
were designed to be inserted into a thin plate for additional conductivity. Most
importantly, this thin plate is flexible so that it will fit the scalp surface well when
applying force to the sensor.

The spring-loaded probes and thin plate serve as a buffer to avoid causing pain
when force is applied to the sensor and to improve the skin-electrode contact
impedance. An injection molding process is used to package the sensors, which
can decrease the fabrication cost of the entire acquisition system, depending
on the cost of the electrodes. Test results have demonstrated the feasibility
of using dry spring-loaded probe electrodes for measuring EEG signals at sites
covered with hair. Noncontact (capacitive) sensors with spaces between the electrode
and the body and without skin preparation also have the potential to acquire EEG
signals. However, dry capacitive sensors are sensitive to motion artifacts, and
Gertet al. indicated that designing an amplifier to acquire signals with such
high source impedance remains a challenging issue. Because of these issues, dry
capacitive sensors require further improvement.
 Fig.4.2.2 Several types of EEG sensors: (a) wet sensors (b) water-
based EEG sensors proposed by Volosyak (c)(g) dry EEG sensors developed
by Yu et al., Liao et al., Matthews et al., Grozea et al., and Liao et al. and (h)
noncontact EEG sensors

4
(STNOs). These devices are being actively studied
as a technology for magnetic.2.3 NANO AND MICRO
TECHNOLOGY SENSORS

Nano electronic device technology holds promise for the next generation
of electronics, leading to advancement through the development of novel
sensors, flexible, transparent, and wearable high-performance electronics, smart
bandages, optoelectronics, on-chip electronic-optical coupling, radiation hard
electronics, and communications and processing electronics for deployable
sensor platforms. For example, researchers in Spain and the United Kingdom
have developed a new method for measuring electrical activity in the brain that uses
sensors constructed from carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Ruffiniet al. also
demonstrated the use of carbon-nanotube-based dry sensors in bio potential
signal studies. In the future, active, short-range communication of
information between body worn sensors may be enabled by spin- torque nano
oscillators memory applications, and may also be used as miniature frequency-
agile radio frequency (RF) sources and sensitive magnetic field detectors. For
example, the extremely low-power (250 pW) transmission of microwave radiation
through air has been demonstrated from a discrete 50-nm device, with
broadband frequency agility over at least four octaves of frequency without
conjugate matching, enabling a new class of low-power wireless communications for
wearable sensor technologies. Bio-inspired nanotechnologies mimicking gecko
foot structures are being developed as engineered reversible adhesive devices to
enable mm- to cm-scale robotic platforms to crawl on surfaces and may be
applicable to future biocompatible dry electrode adhesives for EEG
sensors. Maturing micro- and nano electromechanical system
(MEMS/NEMS) technologies also hold promise for novel actuation devices, tractors
and state-measurement devices. In the future, carbon-based or other
biocompatible nano scale sensing technologies may be envisioned that could be
injected into blood vessels, cross the blood-brain barrier, attach to specific
neurons or cells, sense the desired signals and transmit to an external receiver
though the intact skull. While a very high spatial temporal resolution of the
EEG signals could potentially be provided in this manner, the resolution of
many significant technical and ethical considerations will be required to facilitate
the use of such technologies, similar to the existing drug-development protocols.
Fig 4.2.3 Wearable EEG devices: (a) Emotiv (b) NeuroSky (c) Zeo (d)
StarLab (e) EmSense (f) nia Game Controller (g) Mindo 4 with dry
foam electrodes and (h) Mindo 16 with dry spring-loaded probe sensors

4.2.4. MULTIMODALITY
SENSORS

In addition to those sensors that are only used to measure EEG signals,
the simultaneous recording of hemodynamic responses using NIRS and neural
activity using EEG through multimodality sensors while users receive
stimulation is also a critical issue in the neuroscience domain. NIRS and EEG
techniques are based upon different imaging principles, and therefore, cross-
validation can improve our understanding of both the relationship between
hemodynamic responses and neural activity underlying cortical activation and
the biophysics behind the measurement techniques themselves. Furthermore
and critical to ABCIs, simultaneous NIRS and EEG imaging can provide
novel insight into the phenomenon of neurovascular coupling changes for
studying human brain mapping in everyday environments. Takeuchi et al.
developed a head cap for both NIRS and EEG whole-brain imaging, and neuro
hemodynamic changes have been addressed in detail. Cooperet al. also
proposed a novel probe design for simultaneous EEG and NIRS imaging of cortical

activation in the human brain. To accomplish this imaging, anBopto-electrode

probe was designed to house both an EEG electrode and an optical fiber bundle.
This

probe illustrates the potential applications of simultaneous NIR and EEG

imaging. Although such novel ABCIs could provide simultaneous EEG and
NIRS imaging, conductive gels and proper skin preparation are still required on
the scalp skin surface at the electrode sites. In the future, we envision that dry
EEG sensors will be integrated into simultaneous EEG and NIRS imaging.
5. WEARABLE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR E-
HEALTH

5.1.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

Non-contact wireless ECG sensors based on the principle of capacitive coupling

are now becoming washable and fully integrated with clothing and wearable
accessories. These wireless sensors overcome the shortcomings of traditional
wet adhesive electrodes and can operate without directly contacting the skin
surface. The sensors can be manufactured in the form of fabric by weaving
or knitting conductive yarn/rubber/ink electrodes. In addition to arrhythmia, HR
and heart rate variability (HRV) are also indicators of health. HR and HRV data
can be extracted from ECG, PPG, remotely by microwave radar sensors based
on the doppler effect and most recently by applying independent component
analysis (ICA), a blind source separation method, on video images of peoples
faces.

5.2.
RESPIRATION

Respiration is most commonly measured by sensors integrated into a belt or

garment. The types of sensors used include impedance pneumo graphic,
inductive plethysmo graphic, piezo resistive piezoelectric and textile-based
capacitive sensors Respiration rate can also be extracted from other
physiologicasignals such as ECG and PPG.

5.3. SpO

The most popular method for non-invasive estimation of SpO is by means of

photoplethysmography. The method is based on the difference in absorption of
two wavelengths of light by the pulsatile arteriolar blood flow. Sensors
have been integrated into finger rings, earlobe devices, foreheads, wristworn
devices and shirts

in wearable application. A wearable imaging device is also able to detect SpO2

and blood volume non-invasively by functional near-infrared (fNIR) spectroscopy.
5.4. BLOOD
GLUCOSE

Diabetes is a common disease in the elderly population. In particular, sufferers of

type I diabetes require daily BG measurements followed by insulin
injections. These patients quality of life can be greatly improved by using
feedback system with a small insulin pump to regulate the insulin delivery based
on the measured BG levels. The system requires the patients glycemia to
be measured accurately and continuously such that the insulin infusion rate
and dosage can be adjusted accordingly. In recent years, several approaches for
continuous monitoring have been

developed, such as the subcutaneous needle sensor. It shows a needle-type

glucose sensor used for a wearable artificial endocrine pancreas. This sensor is
placed in the

subcutaneous tissue and measures subcutaneous glucose concentration

continuously.

Another study reported a wearable glucose monitor based on SC open-flow

microper fusion techniques, including handling of liquids, glucose sensors and
electronics for motor control, sensor read-out, and communication. Nevertheless,
the above methods

are invasive. Advanced technologies for BG monitoring focus on needle

free, transcutaneous measurements. A number of methods have been demonstrated
to have

great potential for the noninvasive and continuous monitoring of BG, e.g., by
reverse

iontophoresis, impedance spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, near infrared

spectroscopy, electrophoresis, enzyme-based direct electron transfer, some of
which have been implemented in watch-like wrist-worn devices.

5.5. OTHER BIOCHEMICAL

MEASUREMENTS
In addition to BG, biochemical measurements of other body fluids, such as
blood, sweat and urine, are also under active development. Real-time monitoring
of the pH of sweat is usually performed using wearable micro-fluidic devices.
The microchip was fabricated using polymer and can also be manufactured in
textile form.
5.6. BLOOD PRESSURE

Hypertension is another common disease found in the elderly population.

Elevated BP increases the workload of the heart and scars the artery walls.
Increases in either BP or BP variability (BPV) are partly responsible for various
cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, most individuals with hypertension
experience no symptoms, which often make them overlook their ailment.
Thus, early detection of BP for health condition assessment by wearable
devices before a severe event occurs is very important.

Technologies advanced in wearable BP monitoring focuses on continuous

and noninvasive measurement without using a cuff. Cuff-less BP can be
measured from the radial pulse waveform by arterial tonometry. Another
promising technique for cuff-less BP is based on the estimation of PTT. Such
technologies can be integrated with a personal capable of vital signs monitoring
without causing deterioration of fabric behavior.
 6. APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS

6.1. RING BIOSENSOR

1) In Catastrophe Detection:
operations Eg: military,
firefighting.

2) In chronic medical condition

disease.

6.2. SMARTSHIRT

Combat casualty
care.

Medical
monitoring.

Sports/ Performance
monitoring.

Space
experiments.

Mission critical/ hazardous

application.

Fire-
fighting.

Wearable mobile information

infrastructure.

The vital signs information gathered by the various sensors on the bo dy

travels through the smart shirt controller for processing, from these, the
computed vital signals are wirelessly transmitted using the
communication information infrastructure in place in that application
(e.g.: the firefighters, communication systems, battlefield communication
infrastructure, the hospital network) to the monitoring station. There, the
back-end Data display and Management system with
a built in knowledge based decision support system- in reverse these vital signs
ask in real-time and provide the right response to the situation.

Fig. 6.2. Applications of Smart Shirt

29
6.3. APPLICATIONS OF ABCIs
everyday use is important. Devices with dry electrodes are more convenient
and comfortable than traditional EEG systems with wet electrodes and are,
thus, more practical for use in everyday applications. Although dry/noncontact
EEG devices have not been proposed or used for clinical applications, many
commercial devices use EEG measurements for entertainment (Neurosky,Emotiv,
StarLab, EmSense, and nia Game Controller) and for monitoring personal
sleeping status (MyZeo). Devices with dry electrodes has become an important
goal for mobile human brain imaging. Recently, Lin et al. proposed a
wearable, wireless EEG device (Mindo) for everyday use. The Mindo 4 EEG
device with 4-channel foam electrodes has proven to be reliable for controlling
games according to the users mental focusing state based on signals from
forehead sensor sites. It also has the potential to acquire the EEG status during
sleep. Another multichannel EEG device, Mindo 16, which has spring-loaded
probe electrodes, was designed by Lin et al. for wirelessly measuring EEG
signals, especially at sites with hair, as the corresponding dry sensors have the
potential to properly reach the scalp skin through the hair. In addition to
wireless EEG devices with dry contact electrodes, Gert et al. designed a
wireless device with non-contact electrodes for measuring both EEG and ECG.
There is no doubt that developing a truly wearable, wireless EEG device using
dry/noncontact electrodes and extending the limitations of this technique from
basic research to clinical applications are important goals. Highly desirable
characteristics of future devices include a minimized readout circuit size
and easy preparation when using dry electrodes.

30
 6. FUTURE TRENDS

6.1. FUTURE TRENDS IN PERCEPTION OF

SMARTSHIRT

By providing the platform for a suite of sensors that can be utilized to monitor

an individual unobtrusively. Smart Shirt technology opens up existing

opportunities to develop adaptive and responsive systems that can think

and act based on the users condition, stimuli and environment. Thus, the rich

vital signs delta steam from

the smart shirt can be used to design and experiment real-time feedback
mechanism (as part of the smart shirt system) to embrace the quality of care for
this individual by providing appropriate and timely medical inspections.

Certain individuals are susceptible

to anaphylaxis reaction (an allergic reaction) when stung by a bee or spider and

need a

shot of epinephrine (adrenaline) immediately to prevent above illness or

even fatalities. By applying advancement in MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical
Systems) technology, a feedback system including a dry delivery system-can be
integrated in to the smart shirt. Of course mechanism to guard against
inadvertent administration of dry can be built as a part of the control system.

Likewise, the Smart shirts delta

acquisition

capabilities can be used to detect the condition when an individual is lapsing

into a diabetic shock and this integrated feedback mechanism can provide the
appropriate response to prevent a fatality. Thus, the smart shirt represents yet
another significant milestone in the endeavor to save and enhance the quality of
human life through the use of advanced technologies.
 7. CONCLUSION

We have studied a wide range of approaches to ABCIs and explored their

applications to neuro scientific questions and cognitive engineering. We have
provided insights into the fundamental basis of many ABCI techniques and
highlighted important considerations for their practical implementation. The
miniaturization of sensors, electronics, and power sources; the design of power-
efficient information processing; and the emergence of flexible electronics and
display technologies have the potential to radically enhance future ABCI
capabilities. We hope that these details will help those who are interested in
using or developing bio sensing techniques for ABCIs to understand the key
aspects that should be considered when acquiring measurements or analyzing
data. We have surveyed the large body of literature that discusses studies in
which bio sensing technologies and devices have been successfully used
for ground-breaking and important research on ABCIs and their
applications. The development of ABCIs is a rapidly expanding field that is
continually evolving to embrace new technologies and real-life applications.

The ring sensor and smart shirt are an effective and comfortable, and
mobile information infrastructure that can be made to the individuals
requirements to take advantage of the advancements in telemedicine and
information processing. Just as special-purpose chips and processors can be
plugged into a computer motherboard to obtain the required information
processing capability, the smart shirt is an information infrastructure into which
the wearer can plug in the desired sensors and devices, thereby creating a
system for monitoring vital signs in an efficient and cost effective manner with
the universal interface of clothing.

The ring sensor is an effective, comfortable

and mobile information infrastructure that can be made to the individuals
requirements to take advantage of the advancements in telemedicine and
information processing. Wearable systems are totally non-obtrusive devices that
allow physicians to overcome the limitations of ambulatory technology and
provide a response to the need for monitoring individuals over weeks or
months. Just as special-purpose chips and processors can be plugged into a
computer motherboard to obtain the required information processing capability,
the ring sensor is an information infrastructure into which one can plug in the
desired sensors and devices, thereby creating a system for
 8. REFERENCES

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http://www.smartshirt.gatec h.edu

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