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Next step is selecting the components to our required circuit.

Let us take one example is


designing of 38 kHz frequency generator by using 555 timer IC. The circuit diagram is shown in
below image.

In the above circuit the required components are 555 timer IC, 470 and 22K resisters,
10K Variable resister, 0.001f capacitor and one IR LED. So select the components from library.
In menu bar library > pick device/ symbol. Then one window will open that shown in
below.There is another way to select the components. In work space left side there is a tool bar.
In that tool bar click the component mode button or pick from library.

Select the all components from library, that components are added to devices list. Click
on the device and change the angle of the device by using rotate buttons. Then click in the work
space then the selected component is placed in work space. Place all the devices in work space
and put the curser at the component pin end then draw the connections with that pen symbol.
Connect all the components according to circuit then that designed circuit is show in below
image.

If any modifications want to do to the component place the mouse point and click on
right button then option window will open. That is shown in below figure.

After completion of designing save with some mane and debug it. This is virtual
simulation means without making circuit we can see the result in virtually through this software
and we can design the PCB layout to our required circuit with this software.
5.3 PCB LAYOUT DESIGNING
Now we are going to design a PCB layout for the above circuit. Proteus has the integrated
ARES PCB designing suit.
By using this we can easily develop the PCB layout. After simulation save the circuit
designing and click on tools then select net list to ARES. Then a window will open with list of
component packages. That is shown in below image.

Then next step is creating a board edge by selecting 2D graphics box mode. Next click on
the select layer at bottom left corner and select the board edge option. The image is shown in
below figure.
Then next click on work space then a green line will appear. With that draw a box and
click again once. Then the box is fixed and turn into yellow color layout. This box is same like in
above ISIS professional blue line. The circuit should be inside of the yellow box. If the circuit is
more complex and big in size, the there is a chance to expand the box by clicking on the select
mode. Then next click on the component name and change the angle of the component by using
rotation arrow options if required. Then place the component on the work space. After adding the
all components to the work space, arrange the position of the components properly in the
workspace.
To move component one place to another place click on selection mode and click on
component then it change color with white and hold the component and moved to required place
within the yellow box.
After placing the all components in correct position, next thing is tracking. Tracking
means establishing the connection between the components with copper layer. First select the
track mode by clicking the track mode button, and change the track width by clicking C create
or E edit buttons shown in the below image. When we click the button C or E immediately a
window will open. Select the width of the track from given list. It is better to select between 25,
40. Electronic hobbyists made their required PCBs at their home or lab. At that time track width
in case less than 25, there is a chance of occur cuts in tracks.
The less width is useful in computer based PCB layering. So hobbyists are making their
PCBs their own. So the width should be greater than 25. My suggestion is the width should be
35.

Then next thing is create tracks between components. Connection representation in green
line and yellow line shows the direction. After setting the track width click at the component one
end with pen and follow the green line. When two components are successfully connected then
green line will removed automatically.Another main thing is there are several PCBs are
available. Those are single layer PCB, duel layer PCB, multi layer PCB. In single layer PCB
components are placed at one side and connections (tracking) done in another side. Coming to
duel layer PCB, tracking is done in two sides and components are placed in two sides also. In
this type mostly SMD components are used. Next finally multi layered PCBs, in these many
layers are used. In this two are top and bottom layers and remaining all are inner layers.
In Proteus we can design up to 16 layers PCB. One is top layer, another one is bottom
layer and remaining all are inner layers. The layer selection in Proteus is at left down corner.
Each layer will represent in different color. For example bottom layer represented in blue color,
top layer represented in red and inner layers are represented in different colors. The image shown
in below figure.
In the above image, it shows that track is placed between R1-2 pin and RV1-1pin. Another
thing is placing the track from 6th pin to 3rd pin. The direction is indicating in white arrow mark.
Connection is indicating in green line and blue line indicates the track. If any contact errors
occurred while tracking, those are represented in red circles and the image shown in below
figure.

In the above image red color represented circles are errors occurred while tracking. To
avoid such errors change the track path. Like this arrange the tracks between the all pins without
errors.
If you are planning for duel layer PCB, there is short cut for changing the track layers
from one layer to another that is press the mouse left button two times immediately turned into
another layer. In above image there is an orange circle. That represents the via means placing
connection between one layer to another layer. There is an advantage in Proteus. That is auto-
router. This is special tool to arrange tracks automatically without errors. But this tool creates
duel layer PCB. When we select this tool, automatically shape based auto router window will
open. This window having the execution mode, design rules and grid width changing options. By
changing all options according to our requirement and click the button begin routing
automatically routing will start.

In above second image red tracks indicate top copper and blue tracks indicate bottom
tracks. This is duel layer PCB designing. If we want single layer PCB, we can place tracks out
own. The given below image shows the single layer PCB design of our required circuit. After
completion of tracking save the project in same folder where the above Proteus project saved. In
Proteus we have one other tool that how the circuit is been looking like after completion.
To see the final circuit, click on output in menu bar and then select 3D visualization.
Then the circuit visualization will open in other window. It is having the features of all angles
visualization, components less board view and back layer view. That is shown in below figure.

Next this is the final step of PCB layer designing, which is layout printing. Taking prints
of board layer is the final step. So to take print of the circuit layout, click on output in menu bar
and click on print. Then print layout setup window will open.
In that window all layer selection options, modes, path, rotation options, scale, reflection
and image preview available. Coming to modes it is having the four modes those are artwork,
solder resist, SMT mask and drill plot. In artwork mode all our work means tracks and
components view means in above images yellow color module view can take print. While
printing the bottom copper layer one important thing is there, that is reflection selection. That
should be selected in mirror mode.
5.3.1 PCB LAYOUT PRINTING

1. Top copper layer printout. It is no need to this because this is single layer PCB. It is only
for duel layer PCB.

2. Bottom copper layer printout. While printing this layer except bottom copper and board
edge remaining all boxes will unselect position in layers/artwork part. Next select the
scale as 100%, select the rotation as X horizontal and the important thing is reflection
should be select mirror.

3. Because after printing this layer on paper it is placed on the copper board in opposite
direction means the printed side should be faced to copper layer. Thats why we are
selecting reflection as mirror.
4. Top silk layer printout. This combination with bottom copper. In single layer PCB we are
using only bottom copper. That means components are present in top side. So top silk
layer prints the components view. This will prints the place of the components. While
printing this layer except top silk and board edge remaining all boxes will unselect
position in layers/artwork part. Remaining all selections is same except reflection.
Reflection should be selected in normal mode.

5. Bottom silk layer printout. This is for duel layer PCB.

6. Solder resist layer printout. This is for preventing from short circuits. To print this layer
select the mode as solder resist and click the bottom resist box and board edge and
reflection mirror mode. Because this is also same like bottom copper layer printing.
7. SMT mark is not for this because in our circuit we dont use the SMT modules.

8. Drill plot layer printing. This layer indicates the drill place and drill hole size. While
printing this layer only drill and board edge boxes is in selected position. Reflection is
normal mode.

After printing the all layers next thing is PCB itching. That means copper tracks
designing with layer printed paper.
1. Take the copper layered PCB board and cut the board according to our requirements.
2. Place the bottom copper layer printed paper on the copper PCB board by facing the
printed surface to copper layer. The example shown in below figure.

3. Fix the paper and board without moving.


4. Apply heat by iron box or any other sources to the white printed paper.
5. At the printing machine carbon powder sprayed on white paper and applying heat, the
model is scanned, according to that model carbon powder is stick on the paper and remaining
powder on the paper is cleaned.
6. Here we are applying same process. Place the face of printed paper to copper layer and
applying heat to it then the carbon power stick to copper layer. So the paper is merged with
board.
7. Drop the board into water and remove paper slowly then the carbon layer fixed on
copper board. That example image shown in below figure.

Then drop the board into ferric-chloride liquid. Then the copper react with ferric-chloride
and the copper which is not having carbon layer is dissolved in ferric-chloride and remaining
part which is having the carbon layer that is not dissolved in ferric-chloride. That example image
shown in below figure.

9. Next clean the board with sand paper. Erase or remove the carbon layer by scratching the
board with sand paper. Then the carbon layer completely removed and copper layer
shown out.
10. Make the holes by drilling according to drill position layer.
11. Then finally place the proper components in correct places and by using soldering kit fix
the components to the board.
12. Then finally cut the extra pins come from holes by cutter. Then our circuit is ready.

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