1) apply empirical research and theories of lifespan development to enhance interpersonal,

community, and organizational relationships

2) apply knowledge of lifespan development to inform personal growth and communicate

effectively

3) use critical and creative thinking and the scientific approach to make ethical and logical
decisions related to lifespan development

Learning Outcome 1
: Children have a strong sense of identityhighlights the significance of identity in
relation to childrens strong futures and general wellbeing.

Learning Outcome 2: Children are connected with and contribute to their

worldacknowledges how the experience of participating in communities contributes
to childrens sense of self and agency. This Learning Outcome has to do with children
learning how to:

be members of a community

get along with other people

read others feelings and feel empathy

resolve conflicts

understand their own and others rights

and responsibilities.

Outcomes
Children need to develop a sense of personal
control over physical skills and a sense of
independence. Success leads to feelings of
autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and
doubt.
Psychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocia

l development takes place during early
childhood and is focused on children developing a g
reater sense of personal control.

Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training w

as a vital part of this process. However,
Erikson's reasoning was quite different then that o
f Freud's. Erikson believe that learning to
control ones body functions leads to a feeling of
control and a sense of independence.

Other important events include gaining more control

over food choices, toy preferences, and
clothing selection.

Children who successfully complete this stage feel

secure and confident, while those who do
not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-do
ubt.

Early Childhood Development

Pre academic skills
Motor/Physical skills
Self-expression skills
Language skills
Social skills
Self-sufficiency skills
Self-assessment
skills
Children require protection from violence, trauma and unsafe
environments. ECD is largely dependent on love, physical and verbal
stimulation and play - often termed psychosocial development. In its
broadest sense, the term psychosocial refers to the social, emotional,
mental and motor domains. Practically, this means touching, talking, caring
for and playing with children. Breastfeeding for example, provides nutrition
and antibodies essential to the development of childrens immune systems
in a process where a child is held, stroked and emotionally nurtured.
Psychosocial development is difficult to measure because it does not
necessarily produce physical, tangible results. Therefore, stunting (low
height for weight) is commonly used as a proxy indicator for ECD. However
some believe that the development and demonstration of certain skills sets
are indicative of levels of psychosocial development. Some of these
aspects of psychosocial development are presented below.

Learn basic concepts

Improve small muscle coordination
Begin to master skills necessary for reading writing and arithmetic
Improve coordination, balance, agility through large muscle activity
Learn to express themselves creatively through arts and crafts, music, dance
and imaginative play.
Learn to express thoughts and feelings in a verbally appropriate manner
Learn to share, cooperate, and empathize with other children. Learn to respect,
listen to and cooperate with adults.
Learn to be independent and care for their belongings in a responsible manner
Learn to assess own behaviours and abilities, begin to take pride in
accomplishments.
Piagets Cognitive-Developmental
Perspective: Preoperational Reasoning

Vygotskys Sociocultural Perspective

Information Processing Perspective

Theory of Mind and Metacognition