Question 1 (13 marks)

1a) A soccer ball weighing 0.43 kg was travelling at 15.4 m.s-1 until it was kicked in
the opposite direction by the goalie. If the ball was in contact with the goalies foot
for 13.2 ms, and the ball velocity immediately after contact was 33.7 m.s-1, what was
the average force applied to the ball? (5 marks)

Initial momentum (Gi) = 0.43 -15.4 = -6.62 kg.m.s-1 (1 mark)

Final momentum (Gf) = 0.43 33.7 = 14.49 kg.m.s-1 (1 mark)

G = Gf Gi = 14.49 + 6.62 = 21.1 kg.m.s-1 (1 mark)

Ft = G F 0.0132 = 21.1 kg.m.s-1 (1 mark)

F = 21.1 0.0132 = 1599 N (1 mark)

Note to markers: Signs of G & F are defined arbitrarily for this question and not
important (although 1 must be negative). Give partial marks if student is on the right
track but makes early error.

1b) Briefly describe what happened to acceleration for each of the traces below
(4 marks)

1c) List 4 factors that affect the magnitude and shape of the ground reaction force
during running. (4 marks)

Any 4 of the following:

Running speed
Footwear stiffness
Leg stiffness
Surface stiffness

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 Slope of running surface
Change in running speed (i.e., accelerating or decelerating)
Change in direction (e.g., side-stepping)
Relative air speed/wind
Injury
Mass
Posture

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Question 2 (12 marks)

A motion capture system was used to examine the running pattern of a healthy 33
year old male. From force plate and 2D coordinate data collected, an inverse
dynamics analysis was performed on the subjects left leg (Figure 1) and a free body
diagram of the foot segment was created (Figure 2). Answer the following questions
using the below figures and the additional information on mass, moment of inertia,
and instantaneous position and acceleration of the foot in Table 1.

Figure 1. Three link segment model of leg

Hip joint

COM = centre of mass

Thigh COM

Table 1
Knee joint
Foot mass (kg) 1.1
Foot length (m) 0.28
foot (rad) 0.8
Foot COM (% from proximal end) 41
Shank COM Foot I about COM (kg.m2) 0.004
Horizontal foot acceleration (m.s-2) -0.8
Vertical foot acceleration (m.s-2) 0.4
Foot angular acceleration (rad.s-2) 6.2
Ankle joint
Foot COM

Force Plate

JRFy
Figure 2. Foot segment
JRFx Mankle

foot

Toe Fw
135 N

1245 N

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2a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the ankle joint reaction force. (6 marks)

Fx = max
Fank_x + F grf_x = max
Fank_x -135 = 1.1 -0.8
Fank_x = -0.88 + 135
Fank_x = 134.1 N (1.5 marks)

Fy = may
Fank_y + Fgrf_y + Fw = may
Fank_y + 1245 - 10.79 = 1.1 0.4
Fank_y = 0.44 - 1245 + 10.79
Fank_y = -1233.8 N (1.5 marks)

|Fank| = sqrt(Fank_x2 + Fank_y2)

|Fank| = sqrt(1540152) = 1241.0 N (1.5 marks)

= tan-1 (Opp/Adj)
= tan-1 (Fank_y/ Fank_x)
= tan-1 (-1233.8/ 134.1)
= -1.46 (4.82) rad (with respect to RHH)
or -84 (276) deg (with respect to RHH) (1.5 mark)

Note to markers: Angles are assumed to be reported relative to RHH unless otherwise
stated. Subtract half a mark if maths is correct but angle incorrectly reported

2b) Calculate the net ankle joint internal (muscle) moment. (3 marks)

dgrf_x = sin(0.8) 0.165 = 0.119

dgrf_y = cos(0.8) 0.165 = 0.115
dank_x = sin(0.8) 0.115 = 0.082
dank_y = cos(0.8) 0.115 = 0.080 (2 mark)

M = I
Ma (Fgrf_x dgrf_x) (Fgrf_y dgrf_y) (Fank_x dank_x) (Fank_y dank_y) = I
Ma - (1350.119) - (12450.115) - (134.10.082) - (1233.80.080) = 0.004 6.2
Ma 16.0 143.3 11.0 98.7 = 0.025
Ma = = 0.025 + 16.0 + 143.3 + 11.0 + 98.7
Ma = 269.0 N.m (3 marks)

2c) Is this a plantar flexion or a dorsiflexion moment? (1 mark)

Plantar flexion moment (1 mark)

Note to markers: Students should not be recurrently penalised for initial errors. E.g.,
If a student uses mass instead of weight in calculation of Fy this will carry forward to
|Fank| and Fank and Mank. If all remaining procedures are correct, the student should
lose mark for Fy calculations but get full marks for remaining sections.
_____________________________________________________________________

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 Question 3 (9) marks

3a) The architecture of a muscle defines its functional characteristics. Sketch the
force-length and force-velocity relationships for the contractile element of pennate
and fusiform muscles of equivalent size and shape. Draw the curves for the fusiform
muscle as solid lines () and the curves for the pennate muscle as dotted lines ( ).
Ensure that all axes are clearly labelled. (6 marks)

Force-length Force-velocity

Force (N) Force (N)

Length (m) Velocity (m/s)

Lose marks for:

Incorrect overall shape(s)

Incorrect depiction of event(s)/region(s) between curves

Incorrect/missing axis label(s)

Different muscle types not identifiable

3b) The musculotendinous unit can be modelled as a 3-component model, which is

comprised of a series elastic component (SEC), parallel elastic component (PEC) and
a contractile element (CE). What anatomical structure(s) do each of these three
components represent? (3 marks)

SEC: Tendon

PEC: Endomysium, perimysium; i.e. CT sheath surrounding muscle fascicles and

fibres, respectively).

CE: Actin and myosin OR Cross bridges OR sarcomeres OR muscle fibres

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Question 4 (8) marks

4a) Describe two advantages and two limitations of surface electrodes compared with
fine-wire electrodes. (4 marks)

Advantages:

Non-invasive
Not painful
Easy to apply
Measured activity is more representative of whole muscle activity
More reliable signal from day-to-day

Limitations:

Susceptible to cross-talk from neighbouring muscles

Cannot measure activity from deep muscles
Unable/very difficult to measure an individual MUs APs
Signal amplitude and frequency content attenuated by tissue between
muscle and electrode
Poorer/lower signal-noise ratio; more noise relative to measured signal

4b) List two sources of noise that may contaminate a surface EMG signal and
describe how you would go about reducing these sources of noise prior to, during
and/or after EMG data collection. (4 marks)

Any 2 of following:

Motion artefact: Tape leads to subject to minimise movement

Motion artefact: High pass filter to remove low frequency movement
artefact noise from acquired signal
Cross talk: Place electrodes over are of greatest muscle bulk away from
edge of muscle
Electrical noise*: Use differential amplifier

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 Electrical noise*: Use Faraday cage
Electrical noise*: Minimise skin impedance through proper skin
preparation
Electrical noise*: Use band-stop filter to remove narrow bandwidth noise

Note to markers accept anything reasonable here (e.g., fluorescent lighting, PCs,
electrical equipment in lab).

Question 5 (14) marks

5a) An AFL ball was kicked straight up and reached a peak height of 31 m in an
indoor stadium. If we assume that the effects of air resistance were negligible, how
fast was the ball going when it hit the ground? (4 marks)

Vyf2 = Vyf2 + 2as (0.5 mark)

Vyf2 = 0 + -19.62 * -31 (1 mark)
Vyf2 = 608.22 (1 mark)
Vyf = sqrt (608.22) (0.5 mark)
Vyf = 24.66 m/s (1 mark)

5b) Describe two execution differences between throw-like and push-like movement
patterns. (4 marks)

Any two of the following:

Throw-like movements have sequential (proximal-to-distal) sequence of

joint/segment velocities while, in push-like movement patterns, peak
segment/joint velocities occur simultaneously
The endpoint follows a curvilinear path for throw-like movements
compared to a rectilinear path for push-like movement patterns
Throw-like movements take place in multiple planes while push-like
movements are typically constrained to a single plane
In a push-like movement, the involved segments are positioned behind or
in front of object to be projected, while in a throw-like movement the
segments start above, to the side or below the object

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5c) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of lever rotations compared to wheel-
axle rotations. Hint: Refer to both kinematic and kinetic levels of analysis.
(6 marks)

From a kinematic point of view, the longer the lever, the greater the endpoint
linear velocity will be for any given angular velocity (linear velocity = angular
velocity length).
(1 mark)
However, from a kinetic perspective, an axle-like object, such as a limb segment,
it is requires a much greater moment to cause an equivalent angular acceleration
its lever axes (i.e., flex/ext, abd/add), than it long axis (i.e., int/ext rot) because
of the relationship (angular acceleration = Moment / Moment of inertia).
(1 mark)

As such, there is a trade-off between the optimal configuration to generate linear

velocity from a kinematic perspective and the optimal configuration to bring
about a change in angular velocity from a kinetic perspective.
(1 mark)
Note to markers: Does not have to be in this structure give marks if they allow as
long as there is reasonable theoretical/experimental evidence / argument

Question 6 (6 marks)

6a) Describe how a swimsuit designed to reduce drag may influence: i) profile drag,
ii) surface drag, and iii) wave drag? (3 marks)

Profile drag (one of the following):

Prolong boundary layer separation

Reduce frontal plane cross-sectional area by compression of tissue
Reduce frontal plane cross-sectional area by increase in buoyancy

Surface drag:

Increased smoothness, low surface-boundary layer friction

Reduce friction through increased proportion of body in air via increased

Wave drag:

Reduce muscle/adipose tissue oscillations

Note to markers: Could be a number of other mechanisms allow as long as there is
reasonable theoretical/experimental evidence / argument

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6b) A new swimsuit is promoted as reducing total resistive drag by 8%. Predict the
decrease this would have on a freestyle swimmers personal best 100 m time given
their current personal best time (without a suit) of 48.2 s. (3 marks)

FD v2 v FD 0.5

Reduce FD by 8%, increase v by sqrt(8%) = 2.8%

Cover distance in 97.2% of original time, delta time = -1.35 s or time = 46.85s

Note to markers: As long as final answer correct, give full marks. If not, give partial
marks as above

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 Equation sheet

Linear velocity d Angular velocity

v= =
t t
Linear acceleration v Angular acceleration
a= =
t t
Equations of motion v f = vi + at Weight W = mg

2 2
v f = vi + 2as Newtons 2nd law
F = ma
1
s = vi t + at 2
Newtons 2nd law
= I
2
Length of arc l = r Moment of inertia I = mr 2

Tangential velocity v = r Torque = Fd

Radial acceleration v2 Friction force F = R
aR =
r
Tangential a = r Elastic force F = kx
acceleration
Segment angle y 2 y1 Angular momentum H = I
= tan 1
x 2 x1
First derivative x xi 1 Mechanical advantage FA
(velocity) x& (t ) = i +1 MA =
2dt RA
Second derivative x 2 xi + xi 1 Fluid force F f = kAv 2
(acceleration) &x&(t ) = i +1
(dt )2
Impulse I = Ft Reynolds number Re = 640vd
(smooth sphere)
Momentum G = mv Work U = Fd

Gravitational EGPE = mgh Power U

potential energy P=
t
Strain energy 1 2 Stress/pressure F
E = kx =
2 A
Kinetic energy 1 Strain l
E KE = mv 2 =
2 l0
Froude number v2 Elastic modulus
Fr = E=
gl
Butterworth filter
NX (i ) = a 0 X (i ) + a1 X (i 1) + a 2 X (i 2) + b1 NX (i 1) + b2 NX (i 2)

*** END OF EXAM ***

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