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ANOVA Example 1:
Research question: Among university students, is the
average weight of students in university A different than
that in university B and that in university C? Is there an
association between weight and type of university?
2 LEVELS X2 X2 t-test N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
Regression
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 5414.963 2 2707.482 13.293 .000
Within Groups 401651.5 1972 203.677
Total 407066.5 1974
Comparison of means: F-test Comparison of means: F-test
This is the p-value for the F-test (testing of the null
If we want to know exactly what 2 means are different:
hypothesis of whether the mean of weight for A = mean of
need to ask for Post Hoc Test
weight for B = mean of weight for C).
If this p-value is > 0.05 then accept null hypothesis and Post Hoc Tests
conclude that the means of the 3 groups are equal. Multiple Comparisons
Since p-value is < 0.05 then reject null hypothesis (accept Mean
the alternative) and conclude that at least two means are (I) university (J) university
Difference
(I-J) Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
different. A B 2.135 .924 .063 -.08 4.35
C -2.144 1.137 .178 -4.87 .58
B A -2.135 .924 .063 -4.35 .08
C -4.279* .862 .000 -6.34 -2.21
C A 2.144 1.137 .178 -.58 4.87
BUT which of the B 4.279* .862 .000 2.21 6.34
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
means are different???
Comparison of means: F-test Comparison of means: F-test
Example 1: Post Hoc Tests (SPSS output): Example 2
Descriptives Descriptives
height height
95% Confidence Interval for 95% Confidence Interval for
Mean Mean
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
A 291 170.63 12.197 .715 169.22 172.03 72 194 A 291 170.63 12.197 .715 169.22 172.03 72 194
B 1339 169.47 9.446 .258 168.96 169.97 58 202 B 1339 169.47 9.446 .258 168.96 169.97 58 202
C 341 171.80 9.336 .506 170.80 172.79 150 201 C 341 171.80 9.336 .506 170.80 172.79 150 201
Total 1971 170.04 9.917 .223 169.60 170.48 58 202 Total 1971 170.04 9.917 .223 169.60 170.48 58 202
ANOVA
Ha : At least two averages are different There is a difference in average of height between B and C.
ANOVA ANOVA
height height
Sum of Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1589.713 2 794.856 8.140 .000 Between Groups 1589.713 2 794.856 8.140 .000
Within Groups 192172.9 1968 97.649 Within Groups 192172.9 1968 97.649
Total 193762.6 1970 Total 193762.6 1970
Ha : - 0
Interval of the
Confidence Interval: Estimation of the parameter is IF the confidence interval includes zero (for this
determining the difference in the means of weight for males &
females, in the population. example) then accept null hypothesis.
IF the confidence interval does not include zero,
Interpretation of 95% Confidence Interval: Difference in
the means of the two samples in this example is 19.4; In the then, reject the null hypothesis and accept the
population, we are 95% confident that the difference in the alternative.
means of weight for males and females is between 18.4 & 20.5.
Confidence Interval: Decision of whether to accept or not Decision of whether to accept or not the null hypothesis:
the null hypothesis.
The 95% CI = 18.4 - 20.5; does not include zero; hence reject
If the CI includes the value of the null hypothesis then accept
the null hypothesis and accept the alternative.
null hypothesis
If the CI does not include the value of the null hypothesis
then, reject the null hypothesis & accept the alternative.
CI: Decision on null hypothesis
Example 2: T-test
By looking at the 95% CI; would your decision be to accept
or reject the null hypothesis? Explain.
Group Statistics
Std. Error
gradf N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
weight undergraduate 1703 64.34 14.473 .351
graduate 248 65.62 13.517 .858