University of El Salvador Advanced

English II
School of Arts and Science Unit 1
Foreign Language Department

1. Text Organization

Understanding how a text is organized can help with comprehension. A key part of text
organization is the way different parts of a text relate to each other. Within a paragraph,
we can usually see a logical continuation of a topic from one sentence to another.
Sometimes the connection between sentences is signaled by liking expressions such as
therefore and however, but often we have to look for other clues. If you dont understand
something in one sentence, it is helpful to look at the sentences immediately before and
after it, as the ideas will usually be connected.

a. Text organization:

Main idea,
paragraph structure,
topic sentences,
supporting details,
examples,
conclusion

b. Vocabulary

ecological destruction sweatshops factory farming organic farm orchard

washed-up cuttlefish bones and fennel seeds foraged food barter dumpsters a
drag start nuking

Questions:

1. Can people live without money?

2. Do you know of anyone who lives money-free?

3. Do you think it is a good or bad idea to live without money?

c. Reading: A free life is rich

'I gave up money for two-and-a-half years and I've never been happier and healthier. To
prepare, I wrote down everything I consumed, and the list was embarrassingly long, I did
it because I wanted to reconnect directly with the things I use. In my view, the key reason
for so many problems in the world today, such as ecological destruction, sweatshops, and
factory farming, is the fact that we no longer have to see the direct repercussions of our
actions. (1) ______
'To start my moneyless life, I got a trailer that somebody didn't want anymore. I also
decided to volunteer at an organic farm, and in return they allowed me to park my new
home in an orchard. (2) _______ When I went for a walk. I would go foraging for food.
Cooking was on a camping stove outside. I bathed in a river, and my toothpaste was
made from washed-up cuttlefish bones and fennel seeds. (3) ______ Washing clothes
was probably the only drag. Between making the detergent from a plant called soapwort
and hand-washing the clothes, it took much longer.

'To get around I had a bike and trailer, and the 36-mile round-trip to the city on my bike
acted as my gym membership. I grew almost all my own food and, depending on the
season, I would supplement it with a bit of foraged food and on rare occasions, some
bartering or looking in dumpsters. The most common item you find in dumpsters is bread
because it's not homemade anymore. If you make your own bread, you don't waste a
crumb. (4) _____

I had a normal upbringing. We didn't have lots of money, but I had everything I needed.
After studying business and economics, I spent five years managing organic food
companies. I thought this was creating a good livelihood, but I realized ethical business
would never be quite enough.

'The response to my experiments has been mixed. (5) _____ its up to the individual to
interpret what I'm doing any way they want. The way we now is so inherently
unsustainable that I think it will have to change at point. What I'm trying to do is explore
what could come next, that's all

*Could we all live moneyless tomorrow? Of course not. Our culture is addicted to money.
What we can do, however, is to start nuking a transition to a way of living where we're
less dependent on money, If you want to go moneylessor use less moneyyou need to
look,' at your life and decide whether you want to reestablish real relationships, either
with your environment or community.

d. Read the text again. Write the letter of each sentence (a- e) in the correct
blank (1-5).

a) I take my fair share of abuse, but that's fine.

b) I used beeswax candles for lighting.

c) The one thing I did buy was a solar panel because I needed a way to fuel my laptop to
write my first book, The Moneyless Man, and to communicate my experiment to the
world.

d) If you pick up a loaf cheaply at the supermarket, you don't care if it goes out of date
because it doesn't have any real value to you.

e) The degree of separation between the consumer and the consumed has increasingly
widened, to the point that we are now completely unaware of the problems caused in the
production of the food and other "stuff" we buy.
 e. Work in pairs. Decide what exactly gave you the answers in Exercise B.
Consider the topic, the vocabulary used, and any other aspect of the
language.

f. VOCABULARY: CONSUMERISM AND SUSTAINABILITY Match the words and

phrases (1-8) with the definitions (a-h).

1. consume a) to search in a wide area for something, especially food

2. sweatshop b) to use a supply of something such as time, energy, or fuel

3. factory farming c) a large metal container used in the building industry for waste

4. forage d) an intensive form of agriculture where animals have little space

5. barter e) (not) capable of continuing for a long time without harming the
environment

6. dumpster f) to exchange goods/services for other goods/services instead of

using money

7. livelihood g) something such as your work that provides the money that you
need

8. (un)sustainable h) a factory where the people very work hard in bad conditions and
earl

g. VOCABULARY: CONSUMERISM AND SUSTAINABILITY Work in groups.

Discuss the questions.

1. Do you think people consume too much these days? Are most people's lifestyles
sustainable? Why or why not?

2. Do you think a system of bartering could work in your community? Or, would it
threaten some people's livelihoods?

3. If you were taking part in an experiment in living without money, would you prefer to
forage for naturally-growing food, or look in dumpsters for food people have thrown
away? Which method would be more successful?

4. In both sweatshops and factory farms, goods are produced using intensive methods,
and people or animals suffer. Why does this happen, and do you think it is justified? What,
if anything, should be done about it?

h. Reading: What is 'Consumerism'?

The theory that a country that consumes goods and services in large quantities will be
better off economically. Consumerism for example, is an industrial society that is
advanced, a large amount of goods is bought and sold.

Sometimes referred to as a policy that promotes greed, consumerism is also coined as a

movement towards consumer protection that promotes improvement in safety standards
and truthful packaging and advertisement. Consumerism seeks to enforce laws against
unfair practices implement product guarantees.

BREAKING DOWN 'Consumerism'

Over-consumption is sometimes negatively attributed to consumerism. For instance some

people might argue that Christmas holidays are a time of consumerism due to the large
amounts of goods that are purchased during this time. Consumers strive to find the
perfect gifts and this creates a demand for goods and promotes greed. Consumerism
causes a materialistic belief that the more materials acquired the better, implying an
increased value placed on material possessions.

What is Sustainability?

Sustainability has often been defined as how biological systems endure and remain
diverse and productive. But, the 21st-century definition of sustainability goes far beyond
these narrow parameters. Today, it refers to the need to develop the sustainable models
necessary for both the human race and planet Earth to survive.

Sustainability is a balancing act. The United Nations 1987 Report of the World
Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future noted that
sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the well-
being of future generations.

The concept continues to expand in scope. In 2000, the Earth Charter broadened the
definition of sustainability to include the idea of a global society founded on respect for
nature, universal human rights, economic justice, and a culture of peace.

To achieve these lofty goals, humans will have to re-examine their policies on:

Environmental protection.
Social responsibility.
Economic practice.

Old models of consumption and industrialization will not support the worlds growing
population. If humans wish to have the water, materials and natural resources needed to
thrive, a new approach to living is called for.

i. Video How to Live without Money

The Yamagishi movement

The Yamagishi movement is a network of egalitarian intentional communities which originated in Japan. People
in these communities live without money and with minimal personal possessions, but their needs are provided
for by the community. There are no bosses or set working hours. Their primary industries are farming and
ranching. The movement began in 1956, when Miyozo Yamagishi and a group of his followers pooled their
resources. In 2008, the group had about 1,200 members in Japan. The group also has communities in Australia,
Brazil, Thailand, South Korea, Switzerland and the United States.

What do they seek?

Do they need money?
Who are the members of this community?
What is Capitalism?
What is a pot or common account?
What kind of society do they have?
What happens if they need to but stuff?
Why were they sued in the past?
Who pays for their social security and health insurance services?
j. Wathc the video with the class: The Yamagishi movement

Group discussion

One member from each group move around to the next to explain his point of view to the
others

k. Video 1 (Master mind 2) Unit 1 Will Allen / Urban Farmer

Work in groups and discuss the following questions?

What is an Urban Farmer?

What do they produce?

How do they produce it?

Where do they get the electricity they need?

How do they grow soil?

What is the Growing power community food center?

Watch the video with the class

Group discussion

One member from each group move around to the next to explain his point of view to the
others

l. What is 'Barter'

Barter is the act of trading goods or services between two or more parties without the use
of money. Bartering can benefit individuals, companies and countries that see a mutual
benefit in exchanging goods and services rather than cash. It also enables those who are
lacking hard currency to obtain goods and services.

BREAKING DOWN 'Barter'

An example of a barter arrangement would be when an individual builds a fence for a

cattle farmer in exchange for food raised by the farmer. Instead of the farmer paying the
fence builder $1,000 in cash for labor and materials, the farmer could give the builder a
similar value in beef or corn in exchange for the fence. Virtually any good or service can
be bartered if the parties involved agree to the terms of the trade. For tax purposes,
barter arrangements are the same as cash payments. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
considers the value of barter arrangements taxable income.

Benefits of Barter

Bartering allows individuals to trade items that they already have but are not using for
items that they need while also keeping their cash on hand for expenses that can't be
bartered for, such as a mortgage, health care expenses and utilities. Bartering can also
have a psychological benefit; it can create a deeper personal relationship between
trading partners than a typical purchase and sale transaction. Bartering can also help
people build professional networks and market their businesses.

Planning to Barter

When you think about what you can barter to obtain a good or service you want, consider
personal possessions that others might value as well as special skills that you have to
offer. If you are a licensed professional, you can arrange to barter what you do
professionally. For example, you can trade accounting or legal services for professional
services of equal value. You can also barter any other activity you're proficient at, such as
cleaning, babysitting, yard work or baking. You could even trade the use of personal
possessions for a service. For example, if you know a professional editor who needs to
move furniture, you can trade the use of your truck in exchange for the editor's help with
proofreading your new marketing newsletter.

Limitations of Barter

One limitation of bartering is that you can only exchange goods and services with people
who want them. In many cases, bartering is limited to people in your local area. If you
don't know anyone who is offering what you want, you might have a hard time getting it
through bartering. However, you can find more people to trade with through bartering
groups and bartering websites.

m. Offer and wanted adds

WANTED: second-hand dresser for college student. Condition doesnt matter. I dont
have a car, so Id appreciate it if you could drop it off.

OFFER: several stuffed animal up for grabs. As an added incentive, Ill throw in a basket
to keep them in. Email me if youd like to see some pictures.

OFFER: DVE payer in good working order. I dont need it because I bought another one.
You must be able to pick it up before the weekend.

n. Write an underline word or phrase from above next to each definition

1. _________________________________ : used previously, not new.

2. __________________________________: deliver it.

3. __________________________________: the physical state of something.

4. __________________________________: available; being offered for free.

5. __________________________________: able to be used successfully, not broken.

6. __________________________________: add to something for no additional charge.

o. When we make a statement, we often use phrases that make the statement
less forceful or which make it clear that this is a personal opinion, and there is
room for disagreement. This is known as hedging. We do this to be polite and to
show that we respect differences of opinion.

1. theyre _____________________________________________a wasted of time.

2. Im _________________________________ a site like that..

3. it _____________________________ not everyone is on there for the right reasons.

4. but _____________________________ theyre generally a good thing.

5. ________________________________ theyre one of the most useful things on the internet.

6. and I _______________________________they might do some good.

p. Choose the correct option to the explanation

 q. A radio interview

Listen to the BBC 1 interview with Britney Spears

What can you see, he asks?

Is there a noisy neighbor?

What did the interviewer come to see?

What happens when things get to intense?

What about Hawaii?

What about the album?

Is it easy for her to get along with others?

Is she working with Justin Bieber?

Grammar

An adverb may be a single word, such as quickly, here or yesterday. However, adverbs
can also be phrases, some made with prepositions, others made with infinitives. This
page will explain the basic types of adverb phrases (sometimes called "adverbial
phrases") and how to recognize them.

Basic types of adverbs

In the section on adverbs, you learned about three basic types of adverb: manner, place
and time adverbs. There are at least two more that are important. Frequency adverbs
answer the question "How often?" about an action. Purpose adverbs answer the question
"Why?". Here are some examples:

Type Adverb Example

Frequency usually Mika usually gets up early.
Purpose for fun I write computer programs for fun.

While the first example, usually, is a single word, the second example (for fun) is a phrase
consisting of a preposition and a noun in other words; it is a prepositional phrase which
functions as an adverb phrase.

Adverb phrases made with prepositions

All kinds of adverb phrases can be made with prepositions. Here are some examples:

Type Adverb phrase Example

Manner with a hammer The carpenter hit the nail with a
hammer.
Place next door The woman who lives next door is a
doctor.
Time before the holidays We must finish our project before
the holidays.
Frequency every month Jodie buys two CDs every month.
Purpose for his mother Jack bought the flowers for his
mother.

When (Adverbial Phrase of Time)

An adverbial phrase of time states when something happens or how often. For example:

I'll do it in a minute.

After the game, the king and pawn go into the same box. (Italian Proverb)

Do not wait for the last judgment. It takes place every day. (Albert Camus)

Where (Adverbial Phrase of Place)

An adverbial phrase of place states where something happens. For example:

I used to work in a fire-hydrant factory. You couldn't park anywhere near the place.
(Steven Wright)

Opera is when a guy gets stabbed in the back and, instead of bleeding, he sings. (Ed
Gardner)

How (Adverbial Phrase of Manner)

An adverbial phrase of manner states how something is done. For example:

He would always talk with a nationalistic tone.

He sings in a low register.

People who say they sleep like a baby usually don't have one. (Leo J. Burke)

Vocabulary Unit 1

Word / Phrase Part of Speech Phonetic Spelling Definition Sample Sentence

acquaintance noun /o'kweintons/ someone you know a He recognized Mr. Hunter
little, who is not a close as an old business
friend acquaintance from his
years in banking.
barter verb fbartor/ to exchange goods or We barter our home-
services for other goods or grown fruit and vegetables
services instead of using for other things that we
money need.
bring phrase /'brig to imarkot/ to begin selling a product We're bringing our new
(something / or offering a service to product to market, it will be
a product) to consumers in stores by the spring.
market
community noun /koimjunoti/ the people who live in an Rock Creek is a close-knit
area; a group of people in community of several
a larger society who are hundred people.
the same in some way
consume verb /kon'sum/ to use a supply of The new light bulbs
something such as time, consume less electricity.
energy, or fuel
consumer noun /kon'sumor/ someone who buys and The store has always shown
uses goods and services a shrewd understanding of
what consumers want.
consumerism noun [non-count] /kon'sumoinzom/ the belief that it is good These policies simply
for a country if people buy promote greed and
and use a lot of goods and uncontrolled consumerism.
services
dumpster noun fdAmpstor/ a very large metal The dumpster was full
container used for waste of garbage.
enthusiast noun hn'Auziwst/ someone who is very The company was
interested in something or started ten years ago by
excited by it, and spends two young computer
time doing it or learning enthusiasts.
about it
ethical adjective fahk(o)1/ morally right Is it really ethical to
keep animals in zoos?
exchange verb hksitfeind3/ to give someone something The vouchers can be
in return for something that exchanged for goods in any
they give you of their stores.
factory noun ffwkt(a)ri larmn3/ a system in which animals Many animal welfare
farming or birds are kept inside in organizations are
small spaces and made to against factory
grow or produce eggs farming.
very quickly
forage verb ffond3/ to search in a wide area They spend their days
for something, foraging for food around
especially food the city.
get phrase /get of of 'graund/ if you get a project off the My team are all working
(something) ground, you start it and hard to get the project off
off the ground make it successful the ground.
hold a phrase /hould a imitig/ to schedule and take part We held a meeting
meeting in a meeting yesterday to brief the
team about the new
client.

Vocabulary

Grammar
Complete the checklist.

1 = I can do this with a lot of help from my teacher.

2 = I can do this with a little help.
3 = I can do this fairly well.
4 = I can do this really well.
5 = I can do this almost perfectly.
If your score is 1-3, check the Review Suggestions

Competences Skill Your score Review Suggestions

I can use adverb Grammar 1 2 3 4 5 SB Grammar page 12
phrases
appropriately. SB Language wrap-up page
18 SB Grammar reference
page 164 WB Grammar page

I can form and 1 2 3 4 5 5

SB Grammar page 14
use negative
questions SB Language wrap-up page
correctly. 18 SB Grammar reference
page 164 WB Grammar page
7
I can talk about Vocabulary 1 2 3 4 5
SB Vocabulary page 11
consumerism
SB Language wrap-up page 18
and
WB Vocabulary page 5
sustainability.
I can use words 1 2 3 4 5
SB Vocabulary page 13
and phrases to
SB Language wrap-up page
describe used
items. 18 WB Vocabulary page 6
Pronunciation 1 2 3 4 5 SB Pronunciation page 11
I can use different
types of intonation to
show attitude.

I can analyze a Reading 1 2 3 4 5 SB Reading pages 10-

text to understand 11 WB Reading page
how different 4
sentences are
connected to one
another.
I can understand Listening 1 2 3 4 5 SB Listening page 15
radio interviews on
concrete topics,
including
discussions outside
my field of interest.
I can use hedging Speaking 1 2 3 4 5
SB Speaking page 13
phrases to make
WB Communication strategy
my opinion less
pages 6-7
forceful.
Writing 1 2 3 4 5 SB Writing page 13
I can write an ad for
an offer post and a
wanted post.