Sp 3 29! ‘STRUCTURE OF ATOM pugire Cathode ray discharge tube Discoverer of electron -J.J.Thomson Characteristics of cathode rays (observations and conclusions) 1. A stream of particles moves in the tube from the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive electrode (anode). (fig 1a) 2. Cathode rays produce fluorescence. Cathode rays themselves are not visible but a glow is seen when they hit some fluorescent material. (fig 1b) 3. Cathode rays travels in straight lines. When an object is placed in the path of cathode rays, a shadow is formed behind it. (fig 1¢) 4, Cathode rays consists of particles. When a mica wheel is placed in the path of cathode rays,, the mica wheel starts rotating, due to collisions of cathode ray particles with the mica wheel. (fig 1d) 5. Cathode rays consists of negatively charged particles. In the presence of an additional electrodes ,the cathode rays gets deflected towards the positive electrode (anode). (fig 1e) 6. In the presence of a magnetic field , the cathode rays get deflected. (fig 1f) 7. The properties of the particles in cathode rays are same for all the gases. This indicates that these particles are common constituents of all substances. JuJ.Thomson called these particles as ‘electrons’. | Se a Soon fe Foe esDiscovery of Protons > "They were cated a Anode rays Canal rays Character ics of Canal (anos: 1. Canal rays consists of positively charged particles. (because they get deflected towards a negatively charged plate.) 2. They travel in straight lines. (because they cast shadow, if an object is kept in their path) 3, They contain particles. {This can be proved by placing a mica wheel in their path) 4, They get deflected by electric and magnetic fields. 5. The charge and mass of these particles depend on the gas taken in the discharge tube. (The e/m values were different for anode rays when different gases were used. The smallest and lightest particles are obtained in the case of hydrogen and are called ‘proton’.) Be? + Het 5 C+ on! > Neutrons were discovered by Chadwick by bombarding a thin sheet of beryllium with, a-particles. > Electrically neutral particles were emitted. He named these particles as neutrons. Properties of Fundamental Particles: / Name ‘Absolute \] uaserue ‘charge/€ Trea Chadick Btectron |e | 1.602210" 9.109310" Proton, 1602215" 1672600167 Neutron 1674991077Atomic number (2): ‘The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is known as atomic number of the element. > Itis also equal to the number of electrons present ina neutral atom of the element. Mass number (A) or atomic mass ‘The sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of the atom is called mass number. [ mass number (A) = number of protons (2) + number of neutrons (n) ztn Example: Chlorine atom contains 17 protons and 18 neutrons . Its mass number is 35. Its represented as ,,Cl"® A=17418 A=35 > The protons and neutrons present in the nucleus are collectively known as nucleons Isotope: ‘Atoms having same atomic number but different mass numbers ere called isotopes. Example 1: zxCl* and y,Ct” Example2: HY aH? aH? Isobar ‘Atoms having same mass number but different atomic number are called isobars, Example1: «Cand yN™ Atomic models ‘Thomson Model of Atom ‘According to Thomson's model of atom, Eek -svery atom consists of a positively charged sphere, es [inwineh postive charg eunfermly detbuted) Te eteieon ‘and the negatively charged electrons are - embedded into the this positive sphere, pee teu esd na watermelon o plums ina psi Limitations of Thomson model of atom 7 tt could not satisfactorily explain the results of Rutherford’s a- ray scattering experiment.