Foot Step Power Generation System Using

Piezoelectric.

A Project Submitted
By

1. Morshed Mir Md. Newaz ID: 13-24078-2

2. Roman Khairul Anam ID: 13-24081-2
3. Rahman Saidur ID: 13-24082-2
4. Mukul Habibur Rahman ID: 13-24087-2

Under the Supervision of

Kazi Firoz Ahmed

Assistant Professor
American International University - Bangladesh

Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering

Spring Semester 2016-2017,

May, 2017

American International University - Bangladesh

 Foot Step Power Generation System Using
Piezoelectric.

A project submitted to the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of the Engineering Faculty,
American International University - Bangladesh (AIUB) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

1. Morshed Mir Md. Newaz ID: 13-24078-2

2. Roman Khairul Anam ID: 13-24081-2
3. Rahman Saidur ID: 13-24082-2
4. Mukul Habibur Rahman ID: 13-24087-2

Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering

Spring Semester 2016-2017,

May, 2017
American International University -
Bangladesh
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that this project is our original work. No part of this work has been submitted elsewhere
partially or fully for the award of any other degree or diploma. Any material reproduced in this project has
been properly acknowledged.

Students names & Signatures

1. Morshed Mir MD. Newaz

___________________

2. Roman Khairul Anam

____________________

3. Rahman Saidur

____________________

4. Mukul Habibur Rahman

____________________

Faculty of Engineering, American International University- i

Bangladesh (AIUB)
 APPROVAL

The Project titled Foot Step Power Generation system using Piezoelectric has been
submitted to the following respected members of the Board of Examiners of the Faculty of Engineering in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of science in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering on May, 2017 by the following students and has been accepted as satisfactory.

1. Morshed Mir Md. Newaz ID: 13-24078-2

2. Roman Khairul Anam ID: 13-24081-2
3. Rahman Saidur ID: 13-24082-2
4. Mukul Habibur Rahman ID: 13-24087-2

__________________ _________________
Supervisor External Supervisor
Kazi Firoz Ahmed Assistant Shuvra Saha
Professor Assistant Professor
Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering
American International University- American International University-
Bangladesh Bangladesh
__________________ __________________
Prof. Dr. ABM Siddique Hossain Dr. Carmen Z. Lamagna
Dean Vice Chancellor
Faculty of Engineering
American International University-
American International University- Bangladesh
Bangladesh
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to express our gratitude to Almighty for giving us the chance, time, knowledge
and capability to complete this project successfully.

We would like to thank our honorable supervisor Kazi Firoz Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Faculty of
Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB), for his continuous supervision and
support. We are grateful to him for his kind advice. He helped us by giving various ideas and taught many
basics about power electronics.
We would like to acknowledge our respected external Shuvra Saha, Assistant Professor, Faculty of
Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) for his comments on our project.
We would also like to acknowledge Mr. Md. Saniat Rahman Jishan, Assistant Professor, Faculty of
Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) for his valuable review and comment
on our project.
We would like to thank our honorable Vice chancellor, Dr. Carmen Z Lamagna and our honorable Dean,
Prof. Dr. ABM Siddique Hossain for their inspiration.

Finally, we would like to thank to our respective families for their constant encouragement and support.

1. Morshed Mir Md. Newaz

2. Roman Khairul Anam

3. Rahman,Saidur
4. Mukul Haibur Rahman

Faculty of Engineering, American International University- iii

Bangladesh (AIUB)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................................................... I
APPROVAL.................................................................................................................................................................................. II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................................................................... III
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................................................. VII
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................................................ IX
CHAPTER 1..................................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Historical Background................................................................................................................ 2
1.2.1. First Generation Applications With Natural Crystals.......................................................................... 2
1.2.2. Second Generation Applications With Piezoelectric Ceramics........................................................... 3
1.3. Earlier Research..........................................................................................................................4
1.4. Recent Research..........................................................................................................................5
1.4.1. One of worlds thinnest piezoelectric materials.................................................................................. 5
1.5. State of Art Technology.............................................................................................................. 6
1.6. Future Scope of This Study.........................................................................................................6
1.6.1. Future Scopes..................................................................................................................................... 7
1.7. Recommendation.........................................................................................................................7
1.8. Limitation of the Study............................................................................................................... 7
1.9. Advantage over Traditional Method........................................................................................... 7
1.10. Objective of this Work................................................................................................................ 7
1.10.1. Primary objectives.............................................................................................................................. 7
1.10.2. Secondary objectives.......................................................................................................................... 8
1.11. Introduction to this Project..........................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................................................9
THEORETICAL STUDY.................................................................................................................................9
2.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................9
2.2. Properties & Characteristics of Piezoelectric Materials..............................................................9
2.2.1. Piezoelectric effect............................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.2. Charge Generation.............................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.3. Materials........................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3.1. Quartz....................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3.2. Berlinite.................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3.3. Sucrose...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3.4. Potassium sodium tartrate......................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3.5. Topaz........................................................................................................................................ 12
2.2.3.6. Tourmaline................................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.3.7. Lead Titanate............................................................................................................................ 13
 2.2.3.8. Lanthanum Gallium Silicate..................................................................................................... 14
2.2.3.9. Gallium Phosphate.................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.3.10. Lithium Niobate........................................................................................................................ 15
2.2.3.11. Lithium Tantalate...................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.4. Applications...................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.4.1. Voltage and Power Sources....................................................................................................... 16
2.2.4.2. Sensors...................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.4.3. Actuators................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.4.4. Piezoelectric Motor................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.4.5. Photovoltaic.............................................................................................................................. 18
2.3. The Power and Potential of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting.................................................. 18
2.4. Simulation................................................................................................................................. 19
2.4.1. Rectifier............................................................................................................................................ 19
2.4.1.1. Active Rectifier......................................................................................................................... 19
2.4.1.2. Bridge Rectifier........................................................................................................................ 20
2.4.2. Active Rectifier with DC to DC Boost Converter............................................................................. 22
2.4.3. Active Rectifier with DC to DC Buck Converter.............................................................................. 23
2.5. Summary................................................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................................25
HARDWARE ANALOGY..............................................................................................................................25
3.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................25
3.2. List of Components...................................................................................................................25
3.2.1. Piezo Element................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.2. IRF3205............................................................................................................................................ 26
3.2.3. UC3843............................................................................................................................................ 26
3.2.4. Ceramic Capacitor 103..................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.5. 4.7uF 160V Capacitor....................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.6. Inductor............................................................................................................................................ 28
3.2.7. Diode................................................................................................................................................ 28
3.2.8. Wire.................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.2.9. Breadboard....................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.10. Rechargeable Battery........................................................................................................................ 30
3.3. Summary................................................................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................................................31
WORKING METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................31
4.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................31
4.2. Working Principle.................................................................................................................... 31
4.2.1. Piezoelectric Transducer................................................................................................................... 31
4.2.2. Active Rectifier................................................................................................................................ 31
4.2.3. DC to DC converter.......................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.4. PWM................................................................................................................................................ 33
4.2.5. Storage.............................................................................................................................................. 33
 4.3. Hardware Price..........................................................................................................................33
4.4. Summary................................................................................................................................... 33
CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................................................34
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................34
5.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................34
5.2. Discussion................................................................................................................................. 34
5.3. Using Boost Converter..............................................................................................................35
5.4. Using Buck Converter...............................................................................................................35
5.5. Piezoelements Arrange in parallel.............................................................................................35
5.6. Harvesting and storing Energy Using Super Capacitors...........................................................35
5.7. Piezoelectric Material................................................................................................................35
5.8. Cantilever Shaker......................................................................................................................36
5.9. Future Work.............................................................................................................................. 36
5.9.1. Incorporating Microcontroller Into The Energy Harvesting Circuit.................................................. 36
5.9.2. The Microcontroller.......................................................................................................................... 37
5.10. General Sources........................................................................................................................ 38
5.11. Alternative Sources...................................................................................................................38
5.12. Conclusions...............................................................................................................................38
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................39
APPENDIX A............................................................................................................................................. 41
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 2.1 QUARTZ CRYSTALS [11]...............................................................................................10

FIGURE 2.2 BERLINITE CRYSTAL [12]............................................................................................ 11

FIGURE 2.3 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE [13]...............12

FIGURE 2.4 TOPAZ CRYSTAL [14].....................................................................................................12

FIGURE 2.5 TOURMALINE CRYSTAL [15].......................................................................................13

FIGURE 2.6 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF LEAD TITANATE [17].............................................14

FIGURE 2.7 GALLIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTAL [19].......................................................................15

FIGURE 2.8 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF LITHIUM NIOBATE [20]........................................ 15

FIGURE 2.9 LITHIUM TANTALITE [21]............................................................................................ 16

FIGURE 2.10 ACTIVE RECTIFIER........................................................................................................19

FIGURE 2.11 RECTIFIED OUTPUT...................................................................................................... 20

FIGURE 2.12 COMPARING INPUT VS OUTPUT................................................................................20

FIGURE 2.13 BRIDGE RECTIFIER....................................................................................................... 21

FIGURE 2.14 RECTIFIED OUTPUT...................................................................................................... 21

FIGURE 2.15 COMPARING INPUT VS OUTPUT................................................................................22

FIGURE 2.16 HARVESTING CIRCUIT WITH BOOST CONVERTER............................................... 22

FIGURE 2.17 COMPARING INPUT VS OUTPUT................................................................................23

FIGURE 2.18 OVERALL OUTPUT FROM THE HARVESTING CIRCUIT........................................23

FIGURE 2.19 HARVESTING CIRCUIT WITH BUCK CONVERTER................................................. 23

FIGURE 2.20 COMPARING INPUT VS OUTPUT................................................................................24

FIGURE 2.21 OVERALL OUTPUT FROM THE HARVESTING CIRCUIT........................................24

FIGURE 3.1 PIEZO ELEMENT............................................................................................................ 26

FIGURE 3.2 SYMBOL, RATINGS AND PICTURE OF IRF 3205[14]................................................26

FIGURE 3.3 PICTURE OF UC3843......................................................................................................27

FIGURE 3.4 A CERAMIC CAPACITOR..............................................................................................27

FIGURE 3.5 A GENERIC CAPACITOR...............................................................................................28

FIGURE 3.6 A GENERIC INDUCTOR.................................................................................................28

FIGURE 3.7 DIODE...............................................................................................................................29

FIGURE 3.8 MALE TO MALE JUMPER WIRE..................................................................................29

FIGURE 3.9 BREADBOARD................................................................................................................29

FIGURE 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORKING PRINCIPLE..........................................................31

FIGURE 4.2 PROTOTYPE OF HARVESTING CIRCUIT WITH BOOST CONVERTER.................32

FIGURE 4.3 PROTOTYPE OF HARVESTING CIRCUIT WITH BUCK CONVERTER...................32

FIGURE 5.1 PIEZOELECTRIC CANTILEVER [16]........................................................................... 36

 ABSTRACT

Ambient energy source is one of the main sources of energy harvesting. One of the most common
methods of obtaining the energy from the surrounding ambient source is to use piezoelectric materials.
Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure that provides a unique ability to convert an applied
mechanical strain into electrical current. A method of converting waste mechanical energy into electrical
energy and harvesting that using better and efficient rectifier is introduced in this project. Based on
experimental result, conventional bridge rectifier is less efficient. For rectification an active rectifier is
used instead of conventional bridge rectifier. Based on simulation and experimental work mechanical
energy was successfully and efficiently harvested than the conventional approach.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University- ix

Bangladesh (AIUB)
 Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1. Introduction

The depletion of fossil fuel have affected worldwide economics. Some even the recent collapse of few
financial institutions in countries such US and the UK. This shows that we are too dependent to fossil fuel
as a source of electrical power. Besides, fossil fuel as a source of electrical energy has contributed to
severe environment pollution problem. Therefore, an alternative method to produce electricity has to be
put in place.

One of most promising options is to harvest the electric energy from the ambient source. PZT can be used
as a mechanism to transfer ambient energy into electrical energy. This energy can be stored and used to
power up electrical and electronics devices. With the recent advancement in micro scale devices, PZT
power generation can provide a conventional alternative to traditional power sources used to operate
certain types of sensors/actuators, telemetry, and MEMS devices [6].

Energy harvesting usually means the conversion of natural energy sources into usable electrical energy,
such as, solar, thermal, wind or vibration energy, etc. In the last few years, scientists and engineers have
struggled to realize the energy harvesting from ambient vibration energy using a piezoelectric devices,
which generates electrical charges at the surface due to applied a strain/stress/force. It is well known that
mechanical energy is one of the important source of energies that can be recycled in our surroundings. The
sources of mechanical energy can be a vibrating structure, or a moving object. The main challenges to
generate electrical energy for low power electronic devices are i) nature of mechanical vibration and mode
of linking with piezoelectric structure, ii) finding the suitable cost-effective piezoelectric materials, and
iii) storing electrical charges/energy more efficiently. To recover ambient vibrations surrounding a system,
the piezoelectric based energy harvester are generally used.

Faculty of Engineering, American International University- 1

Bangladesh (AIUB)
 1.2. Historical Background
1.2.1. Discovery And Insights (1880 1882)

The first demonstration of the direct piezoelectric effect was in 1880 by the brothers Pierre Curie and
Jacques Curie. They combined their knowledge of piezoelectricity with their understanding of the
underlying crystal structures that gave rise to piezoelectricity to predict crystal behavior, and demonstrated
the effect using crystals of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt (sodium potassium
tartrate tetra-hydrate).

Figure 1.1 Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie.

The Curie brothers did not, however, predict that crystals exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect
(electricity from applied stress) would also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect (stress in response to
applied electric field). This property was mathematically deduced from fundamental thermodynamic
principles by Lippmann in 1881. The Curies immediately confirmed the existence of the "converse effect,"
and continued on to obtain quantitative proof of the complete reversibility of electro-deformations in
piezoelectric crystals.
Laboratory Curiosity-Mathematical Challenge (1882 1917)
At this point in time, after only two years of interactive work within the European scientific community,
the core of piezoelectric applications science was established: the identification of piezoelectric crystals on
the basis of asymmetric crystal structure, the reversible exchange of electrical and mechanical energy, and
the usefulness of thermodynamics in quantifying complex relationships among mechanical, thermal and
electrical variables.
The first serious applications work on piezoelectric devices took place during World War I. In 1917, P.
Langevin and French co-workers began to perfect an ultrasonic submarine detector. Their transducer was a
mosaic of thin quartz crystals glued between two steel plates (the composite having a resonant frequency
of about 50 KHz), mounted in a housing suitable for submersion.

FIRST GENERATION APPLICATIONS WITH NATURAL CRYSTALS

1920 - 1940
The success of sonar stimulated intense development activity on all kinds of piezoelectric devices, both
resonating and non-resonating. Some examples of this activity include:
Megacycle quartz resonators were developed as frequency stabilizers for vacuum-tube oscillators,
resulting in a ten-fold increase in stability.
Also, new ranges of transient pressure measurement were opened up permitting the study of explosives
and internal combustion engines, along with a host of other previously unmeasurable vibrations,
accelerations, and impacts.

SECOND GENERATION APPLICATIONS WITH PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

1940 - 1965
During World War II, in the U.S., Japan and the Soviet Union, isolated research groups working on
improved capacitor materials discovered that certain ceramic materials (prepared by sintering metallic
oxide powders) exhibited dielectric constants up to 100 times higher than common cut crystals.
Furthermore, the same class of materials (called ferroelectrics) were made to exhibit similar improvements
in piezoelectric properties. The discovery of easily manufactured piezoelectric ceramics with astonishing
performance characteristics naturally touched off a revival of intense research and development into
piezoelectric devices.

The advances in materials science that were made during this phase fall into three categories:
1. Development of the barium titanate family of piezoceramics and later the lead zirconate titanate
family.
2. The development of an understanding of the correspondence of the perovskite crystal structure to
electro-mechanical activity.
3. The development of a rationale for doping both of these families with metallic impurities in order to
achieve desired properties such as dielectric constant, stiffness, piezoelectric coupling coefficients, ease of
poling, etc.
All of these advances contributed to establishing an entirely new method of piezoelectric device
development - namely, tailoring a material to a specific application. Historically speaking, it had always
been the other way around.

From a business perspective, the market development for piezoelectric devices lagged behind the technical
development by a considerable margin. Even though all the materials in common use today were
developed by 1970, at that same point in time only a few high volume commercial applications had
evolved (phono cartridges and filter elements, for instance). Considering this fact with hindsight, it is
obvious that while new material and device developments thrived in an atmosphere of secrecy, new
market development did not - and the growth of this industry was severely hampered.

JAPANESE DEVELOPMENTS
1965 - 1980
In contrast to the "secrecy policy" practiced among U.S. piezoceramic manufacturers at the outset of the
industry, several Japanese companies and universities formed a "competitively cooperative" association,
established as the Barium Titanate Application Research Committee, in 1951. This association set an
organizational precedent for successfully surmounting not only technical challenges and manufacturing
hurdles, but also for defining new market areas.

Beginning in 1965 Japanese commercial enterprises began to reap the benefits of steady applications and
materials development work which began with a successful fish-finder test in 1951. From an international
business perspective they were "carrying the ball," i.e., developing new knowledge, new applications, new
processes, and new commercial market areas in a coherent and profitable way.

SEARCH FOR HIGH VOLUME MARKETS

1980 - Present
The commercial success of the Japanese efforts has attracted the attention of industry in many other
nations and spurred a new effort to develop successful piezoceramic products. If you have any doubts
about this, just track the number of piezo patents granted by the U.S. Patent Office every year - there has
been a phenomenal rise. Another measure of activity is the rate and origin of article publication in the
piezo materials/applications area - there has been a large increase in publication rate in Russia, China and
India.

1.3. Earlier Research

In contrast to the "secrecy policy" practiced among U.S. piezoceramic manufacturers at the outset of the
industry, several Japanese companies and universities formed a "competitively cooperative" association,
established as the Barium Titanate Application Research Committee, in 1951. This association set an
organizational precedent for successfully surmounting not only technical challenges and manufacturing
hurdles, but also for defining new market areas [5].

Beginning in 1965 Japanese commercial enterprises began to reap the benefits of steady applications and
materials development work which began with a successful fish-finder test in 1951. From an international
business perspective they were "carrying the ball," i.e., developing new knowledge, new applications, new
processes, and new commercial market areas in a coherent and profitable way.

Persistent efforts in materials research had created new piezoceramic families which were competitive
with Vernitron's PZT, but free of patent restrictions. With these materials available, Japanese
manufacturers quickly developed several types of piezoceramic signal filters, which addressed needs
arising in television, radio, and communications equipment markets; and piezoceramic igniters for natural
gas/butane appliances.

As time progressed, the markets for these products continued to grow, and other similarly valuable ones
were found. Most notable were audio buzzers (smoke alarms, TTL compatible tone generators), air
ultrasonic transducers (television remote controls and intrusion alarms) and SAW filter devices (devices
employing Surface Acoustic Wave effects to achieve high frequency signal filtering).

By comparison to the commercial activity in Japan, the rest of the world was slow, even declining.
Globally, however, there was still much pioneering research work taking place as well as device invention
and patenting.

1.4. Recent Research

The field of piezoelectricity has pioneered the exploration high strain piezoelectric single crystals, new
high transition temperature morphotropic phase boundaries, high strain polymer piezoelectric, copper
metallization for piezoelectric fuel injectors and thin flim piezoelectric for micro electromechanical
system (MEMS).
1.4.1. One of worlds thinnest piezoelectric materials

The M.D. Anderson Chair Professor and mechanical engineering department chairman at the
University Of Houston Cullen College Of Engineering, Pradeep Sharma, and his doctoral student,
Matthew Zelisko, in collaboration with scientists at Rice University and University of Washington,
have identified one of the thinnest possible piezoelectric materials on the planet graphene nitride.
The material measures just one atomic layer, which is about one-thousand times thinner than a
single strand of human hair. Interestingly, the material isn't supposed to be piezoelectric at all. But
the simulation and calculation showed it should be piezoelectric.
Experimental collaborators at Rice University, led by engineering professor Pulickel Ajayan,
fabricated the graphene nitride sheet devices. Another group of collaborators, led by Professor
 Jiangyu Li at the University of Washington in Seattle, tested the material using a state of the art
apparatus and proved it was, indeed, piezoelectric [7].
The reason for graphene nitride's unexpected piezoelectricity that pure graphene with triangular
holes can effectively become piezoelectric. Through this latest research it was that any
semiconducting material can be made piezoelectric by cutting triangle holes pointing in the same
direction on the material.
Another unique factor about graphene nitride's piezoelectricity is that the material can be stacked
on top of itself (one atomic layer on top of another) without losing its piezoelectricity. Most other
atomically thin materials with piezoelectric properties don't maintain their piezoelectricity when
stacked [7].

1.5. State of Art Technology

Over the past two decades, several advances have been made in micromachined sensors and actuators. As
the field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has advanced, a clear need for the integration of
materials other than silicon and its compounds into micromachined transducers has emerged. Piezoelectric
materials are high energy density materials that scale very favorably upon miniaturization and that has led
to an ever-growing interest in piezoelectric films for MEMS applications. At this time, piezoelectric
aluminum-nitride-based film bulk acoustic resonators (FBAR) have already been successfully
commercialized. Future innovations and improvements in inertial sensors for navigation, high-frequency
crystal oscillators and filters for wireless applications, microactuators for RF applications, chip-scale
chemical analysis systems and countless other applications hinge upon the successful miniaturization of
components and integration of piezoelectrics and metals into these systems.

1.6. Future Scope of This Study

This system can harvest a little amount of electrical energy from mechanical energy so there is lots of
scopes to develop the system in future. Any energy harvesting system are built in different way which is
necessary in different situation. With the help of future research it can be possible that this harvesting
system can be the heart and soul of green energy. Future scopes are given below
 1.6.1. Future Scopes

There is some possible developments for these types of harvesting system such as-
1. This kind of system have to be installed in very harsh environments.
2. Charging system of this kind of system can be improved with the help of the bigger ratting
battery for making the system more efficient.

1.7. Recommendation

As the system is able harvest only a small amount of energy, a hybrid system can introduced. For storing
the energy super capacitors can be used instead of batteries.

1.8. Limitation of the Study

There are some limitations such as there is no water protection for the system. Fast charging feature could
be added for rapid harvesting. If the active rectifier and boost converter circuit could be introduced in a
single form it would become more efficient.

1.9. Advantage over Traditional Method

Generally this type of harvesting system is made of diodes. This system is advantageous over
conventional ways. We investigated the previous journal paper and thesis books and found some
advantages with traditional method for harvesting purpose.

1.10. Objective of this Work

Main task of this project to introduce a harvesting system which will convert the mechanical energy into
electrical energy and harvesting it in an efficient way.

1.10.1. Primary objectives

Primary objective of this system is to convert the wasted mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 1.10.2. Secondary objectives

The secondary objective of this system is to harvest the electrical energy as much as efficient way
as possible. By using active components such as power MOSFETs the efficiency will be
considerably higher.

1.11. Introduction to this Project

Energy demand is increasing day by day worldwide and near future it will be near to impossible spend
electricity for any usage other than essential purpose. This study will help and enthuse the future
researchers who are willing to develop any electrical energy harvesting system. This whole book is
subdivided into 5 chapters all in one its actually a model book for.
Chapter 1
This is based on the whole scenario of the harvesting system. By reviewing some journal the history of
this types of research is demonstrate on this chapter. Earlier research and present research investigation is
an important part of this chapter. Future scopes have made this chapter wealthy in structure. Main
objectives and limitation also described in this chapter.
Chapter 2
This is based on the theoretical study, mainly the characteristics of the piezoelectric materials are
described in this chapter. Also the generation of electricity and the general application is described in this
chapter. The detailed overlook on piezoelectricity have made this chapter successful.
Chapter 3
This chapter is about the description of the hardware. Which types of component are used in the project
and their ratings is described in this chapter. Advantages of those component over other component are
also described here.
Chapter 4
This chapter describes working principle of the prototype harvesting system. Equipment wise working
principle and application of every equipment is described. Whole prototype model is described here.
Chapter 5
This chapter describes the whole project objectives and thoroughly discussion about the project. In this
project. This model achieved primary (electrical energy harvesting) and secondary objective (efficiently
compare to compare to conventional way) successfully. In this chapter also discuss about the suggestion
of future work. By improving protection system, capacity and hybrid system.
 Chapter 2

Theoretical Study

2.1. Introduction

This chapter describes about piezoelectric materials and their properties. Different types of piezoelectric
materials are described in this chapter. From the theoretical studies one can able to know about making
different way of harvesting and give the proper overview of a design.

2.2. Properties & Characteristics of Piezoelectric Materials

2.2.1. Piezoelectric effect

Piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate electric charge in response to
mechanical pressure or stress. One of the unique characteristics of the piezoelectric effect is that it
is reversible, meaning that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the generation of
electricity when stress is applied) also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect (the generation of
stress when an electric field is applied). When piezoelectric material is placed under mechanical
stress, a shifting of the positive and negative charge centers in the material takes place, which then
results in an external electrical field. When reversed, an outer electrical field either stretches or
compresses the piezoelectric material [1].

2.2.2. Charge Generation

Normally, the charges in a piezoelectric crystal are exactly balanced, even if they're not
symmetrically arranged. The effects of the charges exactly cancel out, leaving no net charge on the
crystal faces. If any stress or pressure applied upon the crystal, the force the charges out of
balance, the effects of the charges no longer cancel one another out and net positive and negative
charges appear on opposite crystal faces. By applying stress or pressure upon the crystal produces
a voltage across its opposite faces and that is known as piezoelectricity [1].
The importance for the piezoelectric effect is the change of polarization, when applying
a mechanical stress. This might either be caused by a reconfiguration of the dipole-inducing
surrounding or by re-orientation of molecular dipole moments under the influence of the external
stress. Piezoelectricity is generated in a variation of the polarization strength, its direction or both,
with the details depending on:
1. The orientation of charge within the crystal;
2. Crystal symmetry; and
3. The applied mechanical stress [3].
The change in stress appears as a variation of surface charge density upon the crystal faces, i.e. as
a variation of the electric field extending between the faces caused by a change in dipole density in
the bulk. For example, a 1 cm3 cube of quartz with 2 kN (500 lbf) of correctly applied force can
produce a voltage of 12500 V.

2.2.3. Materials

There are both naturally occurred and laboratory synthesized materials. Some are described briefly
here:-

2.2.3.1. Quartz

Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, after feldspar. Its
crystal structure is a continuous framework of SiO 4 siliconoxygen tetrahedra, with each
oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2 [11].

Figure 2.1 Quartz crystals [11]

2.2.3.2. Berlinite

Berlinite (AlPO4) is a rare phosphate mineral. It has the same crystal structure as quartz with a
low temperature poly type iso structural with quartz and a high temperature poly type iso
structural with quartz. Berlinite can vary from colorless to greyish or pale pink and has
translucent crystals [12].

Figure 2.2 Berlinite Crystal [12]

2.2.3.3. Sucrose

Sucrose is a common, naturally occurring carbohydrate found in many plants and plant parts.
Sucrose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose. The molecule is
a disaccharide combination of the mono-saccharides glucose and fructose with
the formula C12H22O11.

2.2.3.4. Potassium sodium tartrate

Potassium sodium tartrate tetra-hydrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a double salt of tartaric
acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France.
Potassium sodium tartrate and mono-potassium phosphate were the first materials discovered
to exhibit piezoelectricity [13]. This property led to its extensive use in
"crystal" gramophone (phono) pick-ups, microphones and earpieces during the post-World War
II consumer electronics boom of the mid-20th Century. Such transducers had an exceptionally
high output with typical pick-up cartridge outputs as much as 2 volts or more. Rochelle salt
is deliquescent so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp
conditions.

Figure 2.3 Molecular Structure of Potassium sodium tartrate [13]

2.2.3.5. Topaz

Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminum and fluorine with the chemical formula
Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and its crystals are mostly
prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces [14].

Figure 2.4 Topaz crystal [14]

2.2.3.6. Tourmaline

Tourmaline is a crystalline boron silicate mineral compounded with elements such as

aluminum, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. Tourmaline is classified as a
semi- precious stone and the gemstone comes in a wide variety of colors.

Figure 2.5 Tourmaline crystal [15]

2.2.3.7. Lead Titanate

Lead (II) titanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PbTiO3. It is
the lead salt of titanic acid. Lead (II) titanate is a yellow powder that is insoluble in water. At
high temperatures, lead titanate adopts a cubic perovskite structure. At 760 K, the material
undergoes a second order phase transition to a tetragonal perovskite structure which exhibits
ferro electricity. Lead titanate is one of the end members of the lead zirconate titanate system,
which is technologically one of the most important ferroelectric and piezoelectric ceramics
[17].
 Figure 2.6 Molecular Structure of Lead Titanate [17]

2.2.3.8. Lanthanum Gallium Silicate

LGS is a piezoelectric material with no phase transitions up to its melting point of 1470 C.
Single crystal LGS can be grown via the Czochralski method, in which crystallization is
initiated on a rotating seed crystal lowered into the melt followed by pulling from the melt. The
growth atmosphere is usually argon or nitrogen with up to 5% of oxygen. The use of oxygen in
the growth environment is reported to suppress gallium loss from the melt; however, too high
an oxygen level can lead to platinum (crucible material used for the melt) dissolution in the
melt. The growth of LGS is primarily along the z direction. Currently the 3-inch (76 mm)
langasite boules produced commercially have growth rates of 1.5 to 5 mm/h. The quality of the
crystals tends to improve as the growth rate is reduced [18].

2.2.3.9. Gallium Phosphate

Gallium phosphate (GaPO4 or gallium orthophosphate) is a colorless trigonal crystal with a

hardness of 5.5 on the Mohs scale. GaPO4 is isotopic with quartz, possessing very similar
properties, but the silicon atoms are alternately substituted with gallium and phosphorus,
thereby doubling the piezoelectric effect. GaPO4 has many advantages over quartz for
technical applications, like a higher electromechanical coupling coefficient in resonators, due
to this doubling. Contrary to quartz, GaPO4is not found in nature. Therefore, a hydrothermal
process must be used to synthesize the crystal.
 Figure 2.7 Gallium phosphate Crystal [19]

2.2.3.10. Lithium Niobate

Lithium niobate is a colorless solid insoluble in water. It has a trigonal crystal system, which
lacks inversion symmetry and displays ferro-electricity, Pockels effect,
piezoelectric effect, photo-elasticity and nonlinear optical polarizability. Lithium niobate has
negative uniaxial birefringence which depends slightly on the stoichiometry of the crystal and
on temperature. It is transparent for wavelengths between 350 and 5200 nanometers [20].

Figure 2.8 Molecular Structure of Lithium niobate [20].

2.2.3.11. Lithium Tantalate

Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), is a crystalline solid which possesses
unique optical, piezoelectric and pyro-electric properties which make it valuable for nonlinear
optics, passive infrared sensors such as motion detectors, terahertz generation and
 detection, surface acoustic wave applications, cell phones and possibly pyro-electric nuclear
fusion. Considerable information is available from commercial sources about this salt [21].

Figure 2.9 Lithium tantalite [21]

2.2.4. Applications

Currently, industrial and manufacturing is the largest application market for piezoelectric devices,
followed by the automotive industry. Strong demand also comes from medical instruments as well
as information and telecommunications. The global demand for piezoelectric devices was valued
at approximately US$14.8 billion in 2010. The largest material group for piezoelectric devices is
piezocrystal, and piezo-polymer is experiencing the fastest growth due to its low weight and small
size.

2.2.4.1. Voltage and Power Sources

In cigarette lighter by pressing a button causes a spring-loaded hammer to hit a piezoelectric

crystal, there by producing a high voltage. Most types of gas burners and ranges have a built-in
piezo based injection systems. [2]
A piezoelectric transformer is a type of AC voltage multiplier. This type of transformer
uses acoustic coupling instead of magnetic coupling between input and output. An input
voltage is applied across a short length of a bar of piezoceramic material such as PZT, creating
an alternating stress in the bar by the inverse piezoelectric effect and causing the whole bar to
vibrate. The vibration frequency is chosen to be the resonant frequency of the block, typically
in the 100 kilohertz to 1 megahertz range. A higher output voltage is then generated across
another
section of the bar by the piezoelectric effect. Step-up ratios of more than 1,000:1 have been
demonstrated. An extra feature of this transformer is that, by operating it above its resonant
frequency, it can be made to appear as an inductive load, which is useful in circuits that require
a controlled soft start. These devices can be used in DCAC inverters to drive cold cathode
fluorescent lamps. Piezo transformers are some of the most compact high voltage sources.

2.2.4.2. Sensors

The principle of operation of a piezoelectric sensor is that a physical dimension, transformed

into a force, acts on two opposing faces of the sensing element. The detection of pressure
variations in the form of sound is the most common sensor application, which is seen in
piezoelectric microphones and piezoelectric pickups for electrically amplified guitars.
Piezoelectric sensors in particular are used with high frequency sound in ultrasonic transducers
for medical imaging and industrial nondestructive testing [3].

2.2.4.3. Actuators

As very high electric fields correspond to only tiny changes in the width of the crystal, this
width can be changed with better than m precision, making piezo crystals the most important
tool for positioning objects with extreme accuracy. Multilayer piezoelectric layers thinner than
100 m will allow high electric fields with voltage around 150 V. These piezoelectric materials
are used within two kinds of actuators: direct piezo actuators and Amplified piezoelectric
actuators. While direct actuator stroke is generally lower than 100 m, amplified piezo
actuators can reach millimeter strokes [4].

2.2.4.4. Piezoelectric Motor

Because very high voltages correspond to only tiny changes in the width of the crystal, this
crystal width can be manipulated with better-than-micrometer precision, making piezo crystals
an important tool for positioning objects with extreme accuracy, making them perfect for use in
motors, such as the various motor series offered by Nanomotion.
Regarding piezoelectric motors, the piezoelectric element receives an electrical pulse, and then
applies directional force to an opposing ceramic plate, causing it to move in the desired
direction.
 Motion is generated when the piezoelectric element moves against a static platform (such as
ceramic strips).
The characteristics of piezoelectric materials provided the perfect technology upon which
Nanomotion developed our various lines of unique piezoelectric motors. Using patented
piezoelectric technology, Nanomotion has designed various series of motors ranging in size
from a single element (providing 0.4Kg of force) to an eight element motor (providing 3.2Kg
of force). Nanomotion motors are capable of driving both linear and rotary stages, and have a
wide dynamic range of speed, from several microns per second to 250mm/sec and can easily
mount to traditional low friction stages or other devices. The operating characteristics of
Nanomotion motor provide inherent braking and the ability to eliminate servo dither when in a
static position.

2.2.4.5. Photovoltaic

The efficiency of a hybrid photovoltaic cell that contains piezoelectric materials can be
increased simply by placing it near a source of ambient noise or vibration. The effect was
demonstrated with organic cells using zinc oxide nanotubes. The electricity generated by the
piezoelectric effect itself is a negligible percentage of the overall output. Sound levels as low
as 75 decibels improved efficiency by up to 50%. Efficiency peaked at 10 kHz, the resonant
frequency of the nanotubes. The electrical field set up by the vibrating nanotubes interacts with
electrons migrating from the organic polymer layer. This process decreases the likelihood of
recombination, in which electrons are energized but settle back into a hole instead of migrating
to the electron-accepting ZnO layer.

2.3. The Power and Potential of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

There has been considerable development in applications utilizing piezoelectric innovations, alongside
advances in ultra-low power electronics, meaning energy harvesting is no longer viewed as being a
potentially unreliable source of energy transfer, capable of only low power output.
While alternative energy harvesting technologies are available, such as thermoelectric or electromagnetic
energy, some have a reputation for unreliability and are not always capable of providing the consistent
source of energy needed.
Piezoelectric energy can be harvested by converting mechanical vibrations into an electrical charge, or by
placing a material under significant strain through heavy pressure. These harvesters generate electricity
based on the amount of force used in compressing or deforming a material, as well as the amount and type
of deformation on the materials crystal structure and the speed or frequency of compressions or
vibrations to the material. The potential for piezoelectric energy harvesting is therefore much greater than
alternative energy harvesting technologies, with the components capable of delivering up to 70 per cent of
their charge. While quartz and ferroelectric crystals, such as tourmaline and Rochelle salt, are good
examples of piezoelectric materials, ceramic lead zirconate titanate, more commonly known as PZT. It is
most widely- used piezoelectric material used for energy harvesting. A key advantage of PZT materials is
that they can be optimized to suit specific applications through their ability to be manufactured in any
shape or size.
Furthermore, PZT materials are resilient, chemically inert and resistant to high temperatures and other
atmospheric pressures, all key benefits considering the greatest opportunity for piezoelectric energy
harvesting is in industrial applications. PZT products can be deformed repeatedly to generate energy and
power devices, with typical applications being sensors and industrial equipment.

2.4. Simulation

2.4.1. Rectifier

The purpose of rectifier is to rectify the AC output from the piezo-transducer.

2.4.1.1. Bridge Rectifier

In the figure 2.13 the rectifier is based on diodes. In the figure 2.14 the rectification is shown
 Figure 2.13 Bridge rectifier

In this method a large amount of power dissipates in rectification process. Figure 2.14 shows
that clearly

Figure 2.14 Rectified output

2.5. Summary

Through this chapter we have learned about piezoelectricity and its feasibility. The various way of
harvesting power from piezoelectricity was also being learned. Among them either using DC to DC boost
converter or DC to DC buck converter.
 Chapter 3

Hardware Analogy
3.1. Introdu
ction

This chapter is based on hardware introducing. Basis of simulation and theoretical study equipments are
decided to use. The name of equipment and working purpose of equipments are introduced in this chapter.

3.2. List of Components

Overall apparatus used in this project is given below

1. Piezo-element
2. IRF3205
3. Diode
4. Ceramic Capacitor 103
5. 4.7uF 160V Capacitor
6. 450uH Inductor
7. Rechargeable Battery
8. Wire
9. UC3843
10. Breadboard

3.2.1. Piezo Element

Piezo element was chosen in this project for its ruggedness and capability to convert mechanical
stress into electrical energy. Piezo elements come in handy when one need to detect vibration or a
knock. It can use for tap or knock sensors pretty easily by reading the voltage on the output. Piezo
element can also be used for a very small audio transducer.
 Figure 3.1 Piezo element

3.2.4. Ceramic Capacitor 103

A ceramic capacitor is a fixed value capacitor in which ceramic material acts as the dielectric. It is
constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes.
The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and therefore applications.

Figure 3.4 A ceramic capacitor

Ceramic capacitors, especially the multilayer style (MLCC), are the most produced and used capacitors in
electronic equipment that incorporate approximately one trillion (1012) pieces per year.
3.2.5. 4.7uF 160V Capacitor

It is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to temporarily store electrical energy in

an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but most contain at least
two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric.

Figure 3.5 A generic capacitor

3.2.6. Inductor

An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which
resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire,
usually wound into a coil. Energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil as long as current flows.

Figure 3.6 A generic inductor

3.2.7. Diode

In this project we have ignore this device for rectification because of its large voltage drop across
the component. Though it was used only in DC to DC converter (both buck and boost).
 Figure 3.7 Diode

3.2.8. Wire

In this Project male to male copper wire is used for bread board implementation.

Figure 3.8 Male to male jumper wire

3.2.9. Breadboard

Breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a bread
board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread.
Figure 3.9 Breadboard
 3.2.10. Rechargeable Battery

In this project for storing electrical energy we have used a rechargeable battery of 9V. Its capacity
is 350mA and charging cycle is 1000 times.

3.3. Summary

This chapter was about the components which were used in the project. Almost all the equipment is
available in the local market; some of the apparatus is imported.
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