Lesson 1 Unit one

The digestive system

All living organism's characteristic by Feeding, transport, respiration,
Excretion, motion, sensation, reproduction etc.

The structure of the living organism body:-

A living organism body is consists of a set (group) of systems.

Human Body Systems

- The System - Its Function

1 The digestive system - Digests and absorbs food.

2 The respiratory system - Carry out the process of breathing.

3 The circulatory system
4 The urinary system
5 The nervous system
6 The reproductive system
- transport the digested food and
oxygen all over the body cells.
- help the body to get rid of harmful
substances.
- To feel, hear, see, smell, and taste.
- Make us give birth for new
individuals who will look like us.

- The human body consist of :-

Living organism Systems Organs Tissue Cells

s
Which each cell has its own function and its the building unit of the living
organisms .

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 The human Digestive System
- The digestion Process:-
-Changing the food from a complex form into a simple one to let the body
Get benefited.

Digestive system

Digestive canal Digestive canal associated

(mouth pharynx esophagus stomach (Accessory glands)
small intestine large intestine )

Liver Pancreas Salivary glands

The digestive System Structure:-

1- Digestive system in a human made up of a set of organs.
2- There are a long pipe knows as the digestive canal with length of 9-10 m
this canal starts with the mouth and ends in the anus.
3- There are three types of glands are connected with this canal:
A- The salivary glands.
B- The liver gland.
C- The pancreas gland.

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 The digestive canal consists of:-
(1) Mouth
The mouth is a cavity consists of:-
A- Teeth:-
- The teeth number in an adult are 32.
- Each jaw has 16 teeth.
- Each jaw divided into
(4 incisors, 2 canines and 10 molars).
- Incisors and canines cut and tear food into small pieces.
- Molars grind the food to be easy to swallow.
B- Tongue:-
- move the food inside the mouth cavity and mixes it up with saliva to
help in swallowing and tasting the food.
C- Salivary glands:-
- They are three pairs of glands secrete a liquid known as the saliva.
- The saliva contains digestive substances called enzymes.
- The enzymes (saliva) digest starches, and change it into simple substance
Called (sugar).
Give reasons:-
(1)After chewing a piece of bread in the mouth, we feel a sweetly taste.
(2)Digestion of food is started at the mouth.
Because mouth have saliva which converts starch into sugar.
(3)Food should be chewed well in the mouth.
To be easy to swallow.
To convert (change) starch into simple sugar by saliva.

(2) Pharynx
Is a common cavity leads to the esophagus and trachea.
Its function:-
- It permits food to pass from the mouth to the esophagus.

(3) Esophagus
It's a muscular tube connecting to the stomach.

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 Its function:-
It allows food to pass from the pharynx to the stomach.

(4) Stomach
A muscular sac mix Food up by juices.
Digest protein partially by gastric juice
Then the food travels to the small intestine.

(5) Small intestine

Its length is about (7 meters)
It coils inside the abdominal cavity.
It starts with a part known as
Duodenum where the bile juice
(Secreted by liver) and pancreatic juice
(Produced by pancreas is poured in.
Duodenum is followed by a part of
The small intestine known as ileum. Small intestine

What is the function of the small intestine?

To complete food digestion.
Absorption process:-
- Is the transfer the food from small intestine to blood.
Bile Juice Function
Experiment Observation Conclusion

1) Put some drops of food

oil into some water in Bile juice
Test tube. breaks down oil
Oil separated from water into small
particles which
2) Add some drops of bile Oil and water are mixed dissolves in
juice to the test tube and together to form emulsion. water.
Shake it well.

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 Bile juice:
- Helps to digest fats where it changes fats into soluble substance.

(6) Large Intestine

Starts from the end of small intestine
And end by anus.
The anus is located at the end of
The rectum.
The wastes are get outside the body Rectum
Through the anus.
It stores the indigested food till get outside the body through Anus
Anus .
Rectum:- Anus
- Absorbs water from the indigested food.

Its Place of
The Gland Its place Function
secretions secretion

Salivary Digest starch to sugar

In the mouth Saliva mouth
glands

Right side of Small

The liver Bile juice Digests fats and oils
the abdomen intestine

Left side of
The Pancreatic Small
abdomen below Complete food digestion
pancreas the stomach
juice intestine

- How to keep the digestive system healthy?

1- Chew the food well.
2- Dont eat much food that contains large fats such as fast meals.
3- Dont eat food contain additive compounds.
4- Dont eat from street peddlers.

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 Dictionary
Word Meaning Word Meaning
Digestive system Nervous system
Circulatory system Respiratory system
Living organism Structure
Function / Get ride of
System Organ
Tissue Building unit
Digestion process Break down
Complicated food Benefit
Digestive canal Digestive canal
associated
Accessory gland Salivary gland
Liver Pancreas
Pharynx Esophagus
Stomach Small intestine ) (
Large intestine Anus
Types Consist of
Main parts Absorb
Jaw Incisor
Canine Molars
Tear Grind
Swallow Saliva
Easy Enzyme
Convert (change) Chewed
Starch Muscular tube
Muscular sac Gastric juice
Abdominal cavity Duodenum
Bile juice Ileum
Fats Mixed
Soluble substance Pancreatic juice
Keep Healthy
Fast meals Additive compound

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 Lesson 2 Lesson 2
The respiratory system

The respiration Process:-

It is the process in where the air rich in oxygen enters the lungs and the air rich
in carbon dioxide released( comes out) from the lungs.

- What is the importance of respiration process ?

1) Give us energy to do vital activities (Example , Motion etc.
2) Take oxygen gas and get rid of harmful products (Carbon dioxide and water
vapour.)
The structure of respiratory system:-

- The respiratory system consists of:-

(1) Nose
Mucous layer:- Moist the air before entering the lungs.
Hair:- Filter air from dust and microbes .
Blood capillaries:- Warm the air before entering the lungs.

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 (2) Pharynx
A common cavity leads to the esophagus and trachea.
Its function:-
Allows air to pass from the nose to the larynx.

(3) Trachea Larynx

Trachea is a tube Trachea

- supported with cartilaginous rings that make
it permanently open (Open all the time)
- Lined with cilia to eject up the strange objects. Two bronchi

At the top of trachea are the larynx (voice box) and epiglottis which
Closes off the opening trachea during swallowing, this dont allow food
To enter the trachea.

At the bottom of the trachea branches

into two narrow tubes called bronchi enter the lungs.

(4) Lungs
Bronchus is divided into bronchioles
Inside each lung ending in alveoli.
The lungs contain the air sacs that
Called Alveoli.
The alveoli are surrounded by
Networks of capillaries in where gas
Exchange occurs.
The two lungs in the chest cavity and they
Surrounded by the ribs.
Diaphragm separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

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Give reasons:-
(1) The alveoli surrounded by a network of blood capillaries.
To allow gas exchange between the air sacs and the blood.

1Activity: - (To show times of respiration ) :

experiment Observation Conclusion
1)Find how many times of The motion of chest :-
respiration of students 1) Decrease during sitting.
during a minute by When we make
Using a stop watch in each 2) Increase during walking. more active,
our respiration
of the following cases :
3) More increasing during times increases.
A- While sitting.
running.
B- While walking.
C- During running.
2) Record how many times
they respire per a minute
in each case.

Activity:- ( To show the mechanism of respiration ) :

Experiment observation
1- Cut off the bottom of a plastic bottle and
replace it by a piece of rubber.
2- Close the opening of the bottle by stopper
made of rubber or cork through which a
plastic tube is passed and a small balloon is
fixed at its end inside the bottle.

3- Pull the rubber sheet membrane down The inner balloon

wards. expands
4- Let the rubber sheet to be free. The inner balloon
shrinks.

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 Mechanism of respiration

During inhalation During exhalation

1- The diaphragm muscle contracts 1- The diaphragm muscle relaxes

and moves down.
2- Chest cavity volume increase.
3- Air rich with oxygen enter lung
through the nasal passage.
and moves up.
2- Chest cavity volume decrease.
3- Air rich with carbon dioxide and
water vapour moves outside the
lungs through the nasal passage.

Exchange of gases
Exchange of gases occurs between the air existed in alveoli and the blood
flows in the capillaries .
The blood leaves carbon dioxide and carries the oxygen and distributes it all
over the body cells.

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 Components of exhaled air
Activity:- ( To detect carbon dioxide in exhaled air ) :

Experiment observation Conclusion

1- Put some clear lime water The clear lime The exhaled air contains
in a test tube. water carbon dioxide gas.
2- Blow by your mouth becomes
exhaled air through a tube. milky.

Activity:- ( To detect water vapor in exhaled air ) :

Experiment observation Conclusion

Bring a mirror or a Water droplets are Exhaled air contains water
glass sheet and place it formed on the glass vapour.
in front of your mouth sheet
then exhale on its
surface.

How to keep The respiratory system healthy?

1- Dont being in crowded places .
2- Smoking destroys the respiratory system.
3- Keeping off the severe cold.
4- Breathe by nose not by mouth.
5- Having fruits rich in vitamin (C) such as oranges, guava to protect us
from diseases.

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 Dictionary
Word Meaning Word Meaning
Respiration process Rich in
Lungs Importance
Vital activities Harmful products
Nasal cavity Trachea
Bronchus Alveoli Or Air sac
Diaphragm Chest cavity
Abdominal cavity Exist
Moisten Hair
Filter Dust and microbes
Blood capillary Warm
Larynx Cilia ) (
Eject up Strange object
Voice box Epiglottis
Gas exchange Ribs
Separate Contract
Relax Expand
Shrink Inhalation
Exhalation Enlarge
A muscle Lime water
Crowded places Smoking
Sever cold Disease

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- Lesson
3 The Cell
The Cell: - "It is the building unit of the living organism"
"The unit of structure in the living organisms"
Cells can be seen only by a microscope not by the naked eye.

Living organisms classified into

Animals Plants
So, we have plant cell and animal cell
Plant cell: - The building unit in the plant.
Animal cell: - The building unit in the animal.

1- The plant cell

- We use compound microscope to examine the plant cell (G.R)

Because the plant cell very tiny so we can't see by naked eye
- Examining the plant cell
1- Remove the thin membrane from the inner base of the onion leave
2- Put the epidermal layer on a clean slide then put a drop of water (G.R)
to prevent the formation of air bubbles
3- Examine the slide under the microscope you get this
Figure.

-Important Note
-The plant body is made of systems (Shoot system and root system) .
- These system are made of organs as (roots, stem and leaves) .

2- The animal Cell

- Examine the animal cell.
When we examine a prepared slide of the membrane of the
man's cheek under microscope we get the opposite figure.
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 Comparison between the animal and the plant cells
plasma membrane
Plasma memebrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
`
Nucleus

Cell wall Nucleus

Green plasties
(Chloroplast)

Similarities between the plant and the animal cells

In
In plant
The organelle Description animal
cell
cell
It organisne the process
1- The nucleus () ()
and make cell divsion
Its the fluid that all
2- Cytoplasm () ()
operation occurs in it .
Surrounds the cytoplasm
3- Plasma and control the substnce
() ()
membrane that enter or leave the
cell .

Differences between the plant and the animal cells

In animal In pant
The organelle Description
cell cell
1- Cell Wall Support the plant cell and
() ()
give it a definite shape
It make food by
2- Green Plastids () ()
photosynthesis process

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 Give reson :-
- plant cell has a definit shape .
Because it has a cell wall .

The structural order of the living organisms

Cells Tissue Organs Systems Living organism

s

The tissue :- A group of cells which has the same shape, structure and function.
The organ :- A group of different tissues which work togetther.
The system :- A group of different organs which work together.
The human body :- A group of different system which work together

Unicellular organisms

- Unicellular Organisms:-
- They has the ability to do the all the biological function .
" They cannot be seen by the naked eye such as bacteria and yeast "

- Yeast fungus :-
- It is a unicellular living organisms that made up of nucleus ,
cytoplasm and a wall (Give reason ) .
Because it has the ability to do all its biological functions .

- Economic importance of the yeast fungus:-

- Used in industries of: -
1- Making bread.
2- Making alcohol. Vacuole

Nucleus
Cell wall Cytoplasm

(Structure of yeast fungus)

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- Lesson 4 The importance of sunlight to living organisms

- Human and animals depends on plants to get their food to get the required
energy for surfival .

How plants make their own food ?

- Plants
absorb light energy from the sun , water and salts from the soil , and
carbon dioxide from the air This is called " photosynthesis process "
So we conclude from this that .
- Plant needs :- 1- Chloroplasts ( The green coloure ) 2- Light energy
3- Water and salts 4-Carbon dioxide
To make their own food.
So ,
Photosynthesis process :-
- Its the process which the plants make their own food .

Producer organisms :-
- Are the living organisms that can make their own food by them
selves through photosynthesis .
For example,
- Green plants algae types of bacteria

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Give reason:-
- Plants are called autotrophic living organisms?
Because, it make their own food by photosynthesis process.
Activity (1)
- To test the presence of starch in the green leaves .
Procedure:-
1- Get a plant leave after exposing to sun for several hours.
2- Put the plant leave in a boiling water (G.R) to kill the cell.
3- Put the plant leave in alcohol (G.R) to remove the green coloure.
4- Wash the leave with water and add iodine solution to test the presence
of starch.
Observation :-
- The leaves turn into blue.
Conclusion :-
- Plants make starch through the photosynthesis process .

Activity (2)
- To prove the importance of sunlight for green plants .
Producer:-
1- Get two potted plant and cove one of them by a paper sack with a
hole to air comes in .
2- Leave the two flower pots for two days and watering them .
Observation:-
- The covered plant becomes yellowish and weak this is due to the
absence of sun light.

Conclusion:-
- Light energy is necessary for plants to make their own food .

- Activity (3) :-
- To prove that oxygen released from photosynthesis
process.
Procedure:-
1- Bring water tank contain dissolved sodium bicarbonate.
2- Bring an aquatic plant (elodea) with a funnel on it.
3- Expose the apparatus to sunlight for a few hours.

Observation:-
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 - Gas bubble evolved and gas collected above the test tube When we test
it with a splint it glows more so, its oxygen.
Conclusion:-
- Oxygen is released during the process of photosynthesis.

1- Consumers: -

- They are the living organisms depending on producers to get their

food directly or directly.
Examples:-
- Cows, sheep and chicken they feed on producers.
- Lions, snake, and hawk they feed on consumers that
feds on producers.

2- Decomposers:-

- They are living organisms cannot make their food by themselves they
dont have chloroplasts are not existed in their cells.
- Decomposer get their food through decomposing the organic wastes such
as dead bodies.
Examples of decomposers :-
1- Some types of bacteria.
2- Some fungi such as bread fungus.

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 Importance of decomposers :-
1- Help us to get rid of dead living organisms and the plant remains.
2- Increase the soil fertility.
3- Used in a lot of industries.

Example:-
-

Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Sunlight Green plants

Water and minerals Sugars and starches

Types of living things according to

their feeding

Producers Consumers Decomposers

- Green plants - Animals - Some fungi

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 Lesson 5 Energy paths through
Living organisms

- The animals are classified according the way of feeding into :-

1- Producer 2- Consumer 3- Decomposer
1- Producers: - They are the living organisms that can make their own food by
Photosynthesis process Examples, Green plant , Green algae
2- Consumers: - They are the living organisms that feeds on producers or
Consumer Examples, Animals and Human
3- Decomposer: - They are the living organisms that feeds by decomposing the
Dead organisms Examples, Bacteria and yeast fungus.
Food chain :-
- It is the path of energy that transmit in the form of food living
organism to another one .
Food web :-
- Its a group of food chain represent the flow of energy through
living organisms .
- Food chain start with producer and end with Decomposer .
- In photosynthesis process :-
- The solar energy changes into chemical energy .

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 Lesson 1 Force and its effect

The force :
- It is an effect that changes the state of the object.
Force measuring unit :
- Newton. Related the scientist " Isaac Newton "
- There are two state of object :-
1- Rest state 2- Motion state
Examples:
1- Motion of a car toy and its rest.
The motion of the car and hand pushing force.
its stopping needs hand stopping force
2- Motion of a bicycle and its rest.
The motion of the bicycle need leg pushing force
and its stopping needs an brakes stopping force .
3- pulling of the rope game.
4- Balloon and rocket.
Balloon moves upwards by the effect of air pushing force .

5- Moving of heavy objects and their rising.

[

Ancient Egyptians depending on the effect of force in transferring

heavy stones from south of Egypt (Aswan) to Giza and rising of
them for building pyramids although there were no modern
technology as these days.

What is the effect of force on an object ?

Force causes the motion of objects and their rising.

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Lever:-
- Is a simple method that rise an object by the effect of force .
Pulleys:-
- That makes the motion easy.
Gears:-
- That transfers the motion.

Technological applications
For example :-
1- Car , Crane , Trains , pulleys , Mixer and electric fan .

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 Lesson 2 Forms of energy and
Their changes

Energy :-
- Its the ability to do work
Forms of energy :-
1- Potential energy . 6- Chemical energy
2- Kinetic energy . 7- Heat energy .
3- Sound energy . 4- Light energy .
5- Electric energy
Equipment Used Produced Equipment Used Produced
Energy Energy Energy Energy
Electric Electric Kinetic Electric motor Electric Kinetic
fan
Electric Electric Light Violin Kinetic Sound
lamp
Electric Electric Heat Solar cell Light Electric
heater
Radio Electric Sound Solar heater Light Heat
Dynamo Kinetic Electric Battery (Dry Chemical Electric
cell )
When you Kinetic Potential When you let Potential Kinetic
stretch the the string of
spring of toy car
toy car
When you Kinetic Heat Photosynthesis Light Chemical
rubbing
you hand
Lens in the Light Heat
sun

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Lesson (3) Sources of energy

Sun - Is the main source of energy on earth.

Importance of solar energy:-

1- It provides us by heat to warm our bodies.
(Solar heater changes solar energy into heat energy that is used for
Warming and heating of water).

2- It provides us by light for vision and working.

(Plants need light energy to make photosynthesis process and its own
Food).

3- It is the Main source of generating wind helping us in getting of

Electricity.
a- Sun generate winds which moves wind miles to
Get electric energy.
b- Solar cell changes light energy into electric
Energy directly.

4- It helps in the formation of fuel to produce

Heat energy. (Windmills)

a- Sun is the main reason in the formation of petroleum and coal.

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 Sources of energy

Renewable Non- Renewable

Such as Such as

Wind Rising Water Coal Petroleum Natural

and ebb falls gas
tides

1- Renewable resources of energy

They are the sources that continually renew themselves :

1- Wind
It is used in rotating windmills for generating electricity.

2- Rising and ebb tides

The rotation of the moon ebb and tide which is used to generated
Electric energy.

3- Water falls energy

:-
Falling the water from the water fall generate energy that moves turbine
For getting electric energy.
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2- Non - renewable resources of energy

They are the sources that dont renew themselves like :

1- Coal. 2- Petroleum. 3- Natural gas.

Machines and non- renewable resources of energy :

- A lot of machines and means of transport depends on the non- renewable

Resources of energy:-
1- Cars that work by benzene or natural gas.
2- Aero planes that work by benzene.
3- Irrigation machine that work by kerosene.

N.B

- Natural gas is the cleanest forms of energy that help in decreasing

The air pollution.

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 Lesson (4)
The electricity
Static electricity:
It is the formation of electric charge that remain on an object (doesn't
Flow in wires).
Some phenomena related to static electricity such as :

(lightning): the vision of light in the sky.

Standing of your hair when you combing it by a plastic comb.
Hearing a sound when you putting off your clothes in some days or vision
a flash .

The reason of
These phenomena

- Is formation of electric charges (static electricity ).

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 Static electricity generation

Balloon and generation of electricity :

Activity (1)

Blow a balloon and tie its opening by a thread.

Rub the balloon by the piece of wool.
Close the balloon to sugar.

Observation and explanation :

- On rubbing a balloon by a piece of wool ,electric charges are formed on its
surface and attract sugar to them.

Small bits of paper and the charged ruler :

Activity (2)

Close the ruler to the small bits of paper.

Notice the movement of the bits of paper.
Rub the ruler by your hair several times.
Close the ruler to the small bits of paper.
Observation and explanation:
- Before rubbing the ruler there no electric charge on the ruler, while after
The rubbing electric charges are formed on ruler that attracted the small
Bits of paper to them.

Rubbing of objects generates static electricity

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 Current electricity
Current electricity :
It is the electric charges that follow through connecting wires.

Formation of an electric circuit:

- Set up an electric circuit as shown in the figure

1- The battery: It is the source of electric current.

2- The switch: It is used to close and open the electric circuit.
3- The wires: They are used to transfer electric current from battery to
lamp.
4- The electric circuit: It is the path of electric current.

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