Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mrs. Puneet Sharma Harish Sharma

+2 Science
Roll No. 12
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude

to Mrs. Puneet Sharma, Chemistry lecturer for
suggesting this project & her constant advice.

I also thank my parents for helping me from

time to time. It was really impossible for me to
complete this project without their co-operation.

Last but not the least I would like to thank Mrs.

Archana Gupta, Principal. S.D. Model School,
Mandi Gobindgarh for giving me all the facilities
without which my project would not have been
possible
 CERTIFICATE OF MERIT

This is to certify that Harish Sharma of class +2

Science during session 2016-2017 at Mandi

Gobindgarh: has submitted satisfactory project

on Foaming Capacity of Soaps. The project

report entirely satisfies the practical study of the

certificate of Senior School of C.B.S.E.

Principal Guide Teacher

Mrs. Archana Gupta Mrs Puneet Sharma

 CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Experiment 1

3. Experiment 2

4. Experiment 3

5. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. The

higher acids my be such as stearic acid (C 17H35COOH), palmitic

acid (C15H31COOH). A Soap molecule has a lipophilic (oil soluble)

part and a hydrophilic (water soluble) part. Soars are used for

washing purposes. When soap is shaken with water, it produces

foam which is responsible for removal of dirt. A soap which

produces more foam is more effective in cleansing.

The cleansing action of soap can be explained keeping in mind that

a soap molecule contains a non polar lipophilic group and a polar

hydrophilic group. The dirt is help on the surface of clothes by the

oil or grease which is present there. When soap is applied, the non-

polar alkyl group dissolves in oil droplets while the polar COO-

Na+ group remains dissolved in water. In this way, each oil droplet

is surrounded by negative charge. These negatively charged oil

droplets cannot coalesce and a stable emulsion is formed. These oil

droplets containing dirt particles can be washed away with water.

Washing or cleansing capacity of a soap decreases in hard water.

Hard water contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions which interacts with soap

to foam curdy ppt. of calcium and magnesium salts of higher fatty

acids.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ (C17H35COO)2 Ca + 2Na+

(Water Soluble) (ppt.)

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ (C17H35COO)2 Mg + 2Na+

(ppt.)

The hardness of water can be removed by adding washing soda

(Na2CO3) whereby Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions get precipitated as their

carbonates.

Ca2+ +Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2 Na+

Mg2+ +Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2 Na+

 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The Objective of this project is top compare the foaming capacities

of different samples of soaps and to study the effect of addition of

washing soda (Na2CO3) on the foaming capacity of a soap.

 EXPERIMENT 1

Compare the foaming capacities of different samples of soaps.

REQUIREMENTS

100ml conical flasks with corks, 20 ml test-tubes, 100ml

measuring cylinder, 50 ml measuring cylinder, test-tube

stand, weigh box and stop-watch.

Different samples of soaps, distilled water.

 THEORY

There is no quantitative method for the determination of foaming

capacity of soap. However, the foaming capacity of different soaps

can be compared qualitatively by the following way.

Solutions of different soaps are prepared by dissolving their equal

weights in equal volumes of distilled water. These solutions are

shaken vigorously to produce foam and then they are allowed to

stand. Time taken for the disappearance of foam is measured for

different samples. Longer the time taken for the disappreance of

foam in a given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity.

 PROCEDURE

1. Weigh 0.5 g of each of the different samples of soap provided

to you.

2. Dissolve each of these weighed samples in 50 ml of distilled

water separately, in different conical flasks. Label the

solution obtained as a 1, 2, 3, 4..

3. Take 20 ml test-tubes (equal to the no. of soap samples to be

tested) and ad 10 ml distilled water to each of them. Then add

1 ml of different soap solutions separately in different test-

tubes and correspondingly mark the test-tubes as 1, 2, 3,

4..etc.

4. Cork the stop-watch immediately. Note time in which the

foam just disappears.

5. Similarly, note the time for the disappearance of foam in the

order test-tubes and record the observations.

 OBSERVATIONS
Weigh the each soap sample taken = 0.5 g

Volume of distilled water taken for preparing solution of each

sample = 50 ml

Test Tube No. Brand Name of the Time taken for the
Soap disappearance of
foam
1. Tata ..sec
2. Farishta ..sec
3. 555 ..sec
4. -------- ..sec
5. -------- ..sec

CONCLUSION
The soap for which time taken for the disappearance of foam is

maximum has maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality

soap among the soaps tested.

 EXPERIMENT 2

Study of effect of addition of sodium carbonate (washing soda) on

the foaming capacity of a soap.

REQUIREMENTS

100ml conical flasks with corks, 20 ml test-tubes, 100ml

measuring cylinder, 50 ml measuring cylinder, test-tube

stand, weigh box and stop-watch.

Different samples of soaps, distilled water.

THEORY
Calcium and Magnesium ions present in the tap water interfere in

the foaming capacity of soap. These ions combine with soap and

form the insoluble slats which get precipitated.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ (C17H35COO)2 Ca + 2 Na+

(Soap) (ppt.)

Therefore, in the presence of these ions the foaming capacity of

soap decreases.

When Na2CO3 is added to tap water, calcium and magnesium ions

get precipitated as their carbonates. Therefore, in the presence of

Na2Co3 foaming capacity of water increases.

Ca2+ +Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+

Mg2+ +Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2 Na+

In order to demonstrate this foaming capacity of the given sample

of soap will be determined first in distilled water, then in tap water

and finally in tap water containing sodium carbonate.

PROCEDURE
1. Weigh 0.5 g of the given sample of soap and dissolve it in 50

ml of distilled water in a conical flask.

2. Take three test-tubes and label them as 1, 2 and 3. To first

tube add 10 ml of distilled water, to the second add 10 ml of

tap water and to the third add 5 ml of tap water and 5 ml of

M/10 Na2Co3 solution.

3. To each of the three test-tubes add 1 ml of soap solution.

4. Cork test-tube No.1 tightly and shake vigorously for 1

minute. Place the test tube stand and start the stop-watch

immediately. Note the time in which the foam just

disappears.

5. Similarly, note the time for the disappearance of foam in the

remaining two test-tubes ad record the observations.

OBSERVATIONS
Weigh of soap taken = 0.5 g

Volume of distilled water taken for preparing solution = 50 ml.

Test Tube Water used Volume of Time taken

No. Soap for the
solution disappearance
of foam
1. 10 ml distilled water 1 ml ..sec
2. 10 ml tap-water 1 ml ..sec
3. 5 Ml Tap water +5 1 ml ..sec

Ml M/10

Na2Co3 solution, 1

ml

CONCLUSION
Foaming capacity of soap is maximum in distilled water. The

foaming capacity of tap-water increases on the addition of sodium

carbonate.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The information and knowledge of this project

was gathered from-

Chemistry textbook for class +2, NCERT

Comprehensive Practise Chemistry, +2