Optimization of Machining Parameters in Wire-

Cut EDM on Pure Titanium Using Response

Surface Methodology *
T.Geethapriyan1,*E-mail:devimani.priyan18@gmail.com
, A C Arun Raj2, T.Muthuramalingam 3 and R Manoj Samson4
1,2,4
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, India 603203
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, India-60320

Abstract--- It is a specialized spark erosion machining process sparks. Due to the inherent properties of the process, wire
capable of accurately machining parts of hard materials with EDM can easily machine complex parts and precision
complex shapes. The objective of the study is the effects of components out of hard conductive materials [2].
machining parameters on wire cut Electrical Discharge Wire EDM has tremendous potential in its
Machining of machining Pure Titanium, which is now widely applicability in the present day metal cutting industry for
used in many engineering applications such as Aerospace - jet achieving a considerable dimensional accuracy, surface finish
engines ,air frames, Marine, chemical processing, Medical, and contour generation features of products or parts. Wire
Computer industry, Automobile industry-engine valves, EDM machines is used to extremely complicated shapes can
exhaust pipes and mufflers, Emerging markets. Conventional be cut automatically, precisely and economically even in
method of machining the materials, damages the workpiece materials as hard as carbide [3]. Modeling and analysis of
and tool through chipping, presence of burrs and cracking due surface roughness in WEDC of Si C P/6061 Al MMC through
to their high hardness of workpiece. The present work response surface methodology. According to the ANOVA
investigates the influence of machining parameters on pure results, voltage is the most significant parameters on surface
Titanium with brass wire as tool electrode using wire roughness where as pulse-on time and pulse-off time are less
electrical discharge machining process and to optimal significant. Wire feed rate has insignificant effect on average
combination of control parameters has been found to cutting speed [4]. The schematic diagram of Wire EDM as
maximize metal removal rate and to minimize surface finish shown in figure 1.
using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
Keywords--- Minitab, Pure Titanium, Response Surface
Methodology, Spark Erosion Machining.
WI
RE WI
PU RE
LL G F
W I
I. INTRODUCTION DE- EY
OR UI L
IONIS K DE P
T
ED PI W FI U
E
Wire-Electrical discharge machining is one of the WATE EC I X M
R
non-conventional techniques. It is a controlled metal-removal R E R T P
E U
process that is used to remove metal by means of electric R
spark erosion between the tool and work. The metal- removal E

process is performed by applying a pulsating (ON/OFF)

electrical charge of high-frequency current through the
electrode to the work piece [1]. Wire EDM machining is an
electro thermal production process in which a thin single-
Figure 1.The schematic diagram of Wire EDM
strand metal wire in conjunction with de-ionized water allows
the wire to cut through metal by the use of heat from electrical
 Modeling, simulation and parametric optimization of Material removal rate and Surface roughness using Response
wire EDM process using response surface methodology Surface Methodology.
coupled with grey-Taguchi technique. To evaluate optimal
II. EXPERIMENTS AND METHODS
parameter combination to achieve maximum MRR, minimum
roughness value and minimum width of cut [5]. Demonstrated
A Set-Up of WEDM
the optimization of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining
In wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), a
process parameters of Incoloy800 super alloy .The Optimal
thin single-strand metal wire, usually brass, is fed through the
levels of process parameters were identified using Grey
work piece, submerged in a tank of dielectric fluid, typically
Relational Analysis and the relatively significant parameters
deionized water. The wire, which is constantly fed from a
were determined by Analysis of Variance [6].In this study all
spool, is held between upper and lower diamond guides. The
the three machining parameters and some of their interactions
upper and lower diamond guides are usually accurate to
have significant effect on MRR considered.Finally, an attempt
0.004mm, and can have a cutting path or kerf as small as
has been made to estimate the optimum machining conditions
0.12mm using 0.1mm wire, though the average cutting kerf
to produce the best possible MRR within the experimental
that achieves the best economic cost and machining time is
constraints [7]. Investigated the effects of machining
0.335mm using 0.25mm brass wire. The reason that the
parameters of wire electric discharge machining of inconel
cutting width is greater than the width of the wire is because
601 using response surface methodology. It was found that the
sparking occurs from the sides of the wire to the work piece,
value of surface roughness gradually increases with increase
causing erosion. Spools of wire are longan 8 kg spool of
in wire tension. This was attributed to the increase of wire
0.25mm wire is just over 19 kilometers in length. Wire
tension minimizing wire bending which leads to a dynamic
diameter can be as small as 20m and the geometry precision
stability condition of the diameter and depth of crater and
is not far from +/- 1m.
improved the produced surface roughness [8].
Investigates the influence of three different machine A. Workpiece Material
rates with constant current on wire EDM of Titanium Ti-6Al- Titanium is a high quality, high tensile, alloy steel with

4V. Kerf width decreases with increase of machine feed rate. high tensile strength, shock resistance, good ductility and

The MRR increases with increase in machine feed rate. resistance to wear. Titanium is renowned for its wear

Smoother surface can be obtained with low setting of machine resistance properties and also were high strength properties are

feed. Since the low kerf and the high MRR are equally required. Table 1 illustrates the mechanical properties of

important goals in WEDM, equal machine feed are Titanium. Table 2 illustrates the chemical composition of

recommended [9].Presents an investigation of the influence of Titanium. The specimen pure Titanium size of 20010010

machining parameters on cutting speed and metal removal rate mm3, rectangular profiles was cut.

for machining of Nimonic 80 A with brass wire as tool Table 1 Mechanical Properties of Titanium
electrode during wire electrical discharge machining process.
Investigation indicates that cutting speed and MRR, both
increases with increase in pulse-on-time and peak current,
while decreases with increase in pulse-off-time and spark set
voltage [10]. Therefore, in this present study an investigates
the influence of process parameters such as Pulse On Time
(Ton), Pulse Off Time (Toff) and Wire Tension (WT) on
 Properties

Density (1000 kg/m3) 4.51

Poisson's Ratio 0.27-0.30

Elastic Modulus (GPa) 72-120

Tensile Strength (MPa) 240

Yield Strength (MPa) 170

Elongation (%) 24

Hardness (HB) 80

Table 2 Chemical Composition of Titanium

ELEMENTS C N H O Pd Fe Ti

WEIGHT % 0.08 0.03 0.015 0.18 0.08-0.14 0.20 99.67

B. Tool Electrode Material ii. Quench the spark rapidly.

The electrode material is usually made of brass,
iii. Good fluidity.
copper, or tungsten and is typically about 0.25mm in diameter,
making narrow cuts possible. Zinc or brass coated wires are iv. Low cost and ease of availability.

also used. The wire is generally used only once as it wears

away during the cutting process. Different wires are used for
different specific application. The wire electrode must have
the following properties for better machining such as
Sufficient tensile strength, Fracture toughness, High electrical
conductivity, High melting temperature, Reduced tool wear
rate. Therefore, in this present work the brass electrode 0.25
diameter has been selected to get better material removal rate
and surface roughness.
C. Dielectric Fluid
The most commonly used dielectric medium in
WEDM is distilled water. The water flushes the cut debris
away from the cutting zone. Flushing is an important factor in
determining the maximum feed rate for a given material
thickness. The essential requirements of dielectric fluid are
should remain electrically non-conductive until the required
breakdown voltage is reached.
i. Should have high dielectric strength.
In this present work, de-ionized water has been
chosen as its dielectric fluid, controlling its resistivity and
other electrical properties with filters and de-ionizer units.
Flushing is an important factor in determining the maximum
feed rate for a given material thickness.
D. Selection of Process Parameters
The process parameters are known as factors which
influence the nature of response variables. The various factors
affecting the surface roughness of components machined by
wire-cut EDM have been identified as Dielectric pressure,
Pulse on time, Pulse off time, Wire tension, Wire feed rate,
Gap voltage, Average gap current. In this current work, the
most influence parameters such as Pulse on time, Pulse off
time, Wire tension has been selected.
Pulse on time is the period for which the voltage is
applied across the gap. It is denoted by TON. The single pulse
discharge energy increases with increasing Ton period,
resulting in higher cutting rate and poor surface finish. The per spark. The surface finish has been found by using
pulse on time has been selected as 6 to 10s. Pulse off time is surftronic 3 surface tester.
the period for which voltage across the gap is absent. It is
III. RESPONSE SURFACE MODELING
denoted by TOFF. Higher the TOFF setting larger is the pulse off
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a collection of
period. This results in better surface finish. The pulse off time
mathematical and statistical techniques that are useful for
has been chosen as 1-4 s. Wire tension is a gram-equivalent
modelling and analysis of problems in which output or
load with which the continuously fed wire is kept under
response influenced by several variables and the goal is to find
tension so that it remains straight between the wire guides.
the correlation between the response and the variables. The
The Wire tension has been selected as 1000, 1150, 1300 grams
objective is to optimize a response (output variable) which is
[11].
influenced by several independent variables (input variables).
E. Performance Measures It is an empirical modelization technique devoted to the
Wire EDM performance, regardless of the type of the
evaluation of relations existing between a group of controlled
electrode material and dielectric fluid, is measured usually by
experimental factors and the observed results of one or more
the following criteria:
selected criteria [12].
The Pulse on time (T on), Pulse off Time (T off) and Wire
i. Material Removal Rate
Tension (WT) are the machining variable, selected for our
Maximum of MRR is an important indicator of the
investigation. The different levels retained for this study are
efficiency and cost effectiveness of the Wire EDM
depicted in Table 3.
process, however increasing MRR is not always desirable
Table 3 Different Variables Used in the Experiment
for all applications since this may scarify the surface
and their Levels
integrity of the workpiece. A rough surface finish is the
outcome of fast removal rates. Parameter -1.682 1.682
Pulse on
The material removal rate (MRR) for Wire EDM can 6 10
time(s)
be obtained from the expression Pulse off
1 6
MRR = Vc * H* B (1) time(s)
Wire
1000 1300
Where, tension(g)

Vc Machining speed in mm/min,

The planning to accomplish the experiments by
H Work piece thickness or height in mm, means of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a

B Kerf given by : B = D + 2Wg
Where
D Wire diameter in mm,
(2) Central Composite Design (CCD) with three variables, eight
cube points, four central points, six axial points and two
Centre point in axial, in total 20 runs . Total numbers of
experiments conducted with the combination of machining

Wg Gap between work piece & tool in mm. parameter are shown in Table 4.
The central composite design used since it gives a
ii. Surface Roughness
The surface produced by Wire EDM process consists comparatively accurate prediction of all response variable

of a large number of craters that are formed from the discharge averages related to quantities measured during

energy. The quality of surface mainly depends upon the energy experimentation. Experiments have been carried out on the
Wire EDM set up as showed, and the data were collected with
respect to the influence of the predominant process parameters Figure 2 The Specimens
on MRR. The machined specimen using Wire EDM is shown The mathematical model is then developed that
in Figure 2 illustrate the relationship between the process variable and
response.

(3)

Table 4 Response (MRR and Ra) Data

Pulse On Time Pulse Off Time Wire Tension MRR Ra
S.NO
(s) (s) (g) (mm/min) (m)
1 8 3 1300 12.5755 2.86
2 10 1 1300 12.4193 2.81
3 10 4 1000 15.5386 3.52
4 6 1 1000 12.9298 2.92
5 6 4 1300 10.0126 2.56
6 6 1 1300 10.9298 2.66
7 6 3 1150 11.2995 2.69
8 8 3 1150 12.9488 3.05
9 10 3 1150 13.3454 3.10
10 8 2 1150 13.3454 3.08
11 8 1 1150 13.6174 3.13
12 10 1 1000 15.0486 3.41
13 9 2 1150 13.1012 3.06
14 6 4 1000 10.1236 2.60
15 7 3 1150 12.5436 2.84
16 9 3 1150 13.4528 3.11
17 8 4 1150 12.8661 3.03
18 8 3 1000 15.0040 3.16
19 10 4 1300 11.8328 2.74
20 7 2 1150 12.8000 2.90

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the adequacy of
the model is then performed in the Subsequent step. The F
ratio is calculated for 95% level of confidence. The value
which are less than 0.05 are considered significant and the
values greater than 0.05 are not significant and the model is
adequate to represent the relationship between machining
response and the machining parameters. It is observed from
the adequacy test by ANOVA that linear term Ton, Toff , WT
interaction term Ton, Toff and square terms Ton2 and Toff2 are
appropriate fitting of MRR the non-significant terms (p-value
is greater than 0.05) are eliminated by backward the
elimination process [13].
The reduced model results indicate that the model is
significant (R2 and adjusted R2 are 94.1% and 88.8%,
respectively). After eliminating the non-significant terms, the
final response equation for MRR is given below,
MRR = 13.3755+1.2005 Ton -0.4141Toff-1.0934 WT-1.0960Ton*Ton +

most significant. The analysis was done using uncoded 0.4332 Ton*Toff -0.5280 Ton*WT (4)
units.The fit summary recommended that the quadratic model For the appropriate fitting of Ra the non-significant
is statistically significant for analysis of MRR and Ra. For the terms (p-value is greater than 0.05) are eliminated by
backward the elimination process. The reduced model results Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals
(response is MRR)

indicate that the model is significant (R2 and adjusted R2 are 99

95

97.2% and 94.8%, respectively). After eliminating the non- 90

80

significant terms, the final response equation for Ra is given as 70

Percent
60
50
40

follows. 30
20

10

Ra = 3.03552 + 0.21155 Ton -0.04469 Toff -0.19859 WT -0.14864 1

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Residual

Ton*Ton + 0.05688 Ton*Toff -0.13500 Ton*WT (5)

Figure 3 Normal Probability Plot for MRR

The final model tested for variance analysis (F-test)
Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals
indicates that the adequacy of the test is established. The 99
(response is SR)

computed values of response parameters, model graphs are 95

90

generated for the further analysis. For analyzing the data, 80

70

Percent
checking of goodness of fit of the model is very much
60
50
40
30

required. The model adequacy checking includes the test for 20

10

significance of the regression model, test for significance on 5

1
model coefficients, and test for lack of fit. For this purpose, -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10
Residual

analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed. The fit summary

recommended that the quadratic model is statistically Figure 4 Normal Probability Plot For Ra
significant for analysis of MRR. The results obtained from the experiments are
compared with the predicted value calculated from the model
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
in Figures 3and 4. It can be seen that the regression model is
The effect of the machining parameters (T on, Toff and WT)
reasonably well fitted with the observed values. The residues,
on the response variables MRR have been evaluated by
which are, calculated as the difference between the predicted
conducting experiments as described. The results are put into
and observed value lies in the range of -0.09 to 0.10 and -0.3
the Minitab software for further analysis following the steps
to 0.25.
summarized. The second-order model was proposed in find
Surface Plot of MRR vs Toff, Ton
the correlation between the MRR and the process variables Hold Values
WT 1150

taken into account. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was

used to check the sufficiency of the second order model.
13

MRR 12

A. Effects of Process Parameters on MRR 11

4

The check of the normality assumptions of the data is

10 3
2 T off
6.0
7.5 1
9.0
T on 10.5

then conducted; it can be seen in Figures 3 and 4 that all the

points on the normal plot come close to forming a straight
line. This implies that the data are fairly normal and there is
Figure 5 Surface Plot of MRR vs Toff, Ton
no deviation from the normality. This shows the effectiveness
of the developed model. Notice that the residuals are falling
on a straight line, which means that the errors are normally
distributed.
 Contour Plot of MRR vs Toff, Ton The effect of pulse on time and wire tension is on the
4.0
MRR
< 10 estimated response surface of MRR is depicted in the Figure 7
10 - 11
3.5 11 - 12
12 - 13
> 13
and Figure 8, the Toff remains constant in its middle level of
3.0
Hold Values
WT 1150
2.5 s. It can be noted that the MRR decreases when the WT
Toff

2.5

increases, however with the increase in Ton, MRR increases.

2.0

1.5 Surface Plot of MRR vs WT, Toff

Hold Values
Ton 8
1.0
6 7 8 9 10
Ton

15

Figure 6 Contour Plot of MRR vs Toff, Ton 14

MRR

Figure 5 and Figure 6 shows the estimated response 13

1300
12 1200
1100 WT

surface for MRR in relation to the process parameters of pulse

1
2 1000
3
Toff 4

off time and pulse on time. It can be seen from the Figure, the
MRR tends to increase, significantly with increase in pulse on
time for any value of pulse off time. Hence, maximum MRR is Figure 9 Surface Plot of MRR vs WT, Toff
obtained at high pulse on time and high pulse off time. This is
Contour Plot of MRR vs WT, Toff

due to their dominant control over the input energy i.e, with 1300
MRR
< 12.5
12.5 - 13.0
the increase in pulse on time generates strong spark which 1250 13.0
13.5
-
-
13.5
14.0
14.0 - 14.5

create the higher temperature cause the more material to melt 1200 14.5 -
>
15.0
15.0

Hold Values
WT

1150
and erode from the work piece. Ton 8

1100
Surface Plot of MRR vs WT, Ton
Hold Values 1050
Toff 2.5

1000
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Toff

16

MRR
14
Figure 10 Contour Plot of MRR vs WT, Toff
12

1200
1300

WT
Finally, Figure 9 and Figure 10 represents MRR as a
6.0 1100
7.5 1000
9.0

function of Toff and WT, whereas the WT remains constant. It

T on 10.5

can be seen that the highest MRR values occurred at the lower
WT and Toff, because when Toff increases, there will be an
Figure 7 Surface Plot of MRR vs WT, Ton undesirable heat loss which does not contribute to MRR. This
Contour Plot of MRR vs WT, Ton will lead to drop in the temperature of the work piece before
1300
MRR
< 11
11 - 12
the next spark starts and therefore MRR decreases.
1250 12 - 13
13 - 14
14 - 15
The contours suggest that even higher MRR could be
1200 > 15

Hold Values
Toff 2.5
obtained for higher Ton, lower WT, and lower Toff. The
WT

1150

direction of further improvement is depicted in the counter

1100

plots presented as arrow. This is the direction taken in further

1050

experimentation. From this observation, it can be concluded

1000
6 7 8 9 10
Ton that Ton and WT are directly and Toff is reciprocally
proportional to the MRR for the given range of experiments
Figure 8 Contour Plot of MRR vs WT, Ton conducted for our test [14].
B. Effects of Process Parameters on Surface Roughness Figure 13 Surface Plot of Ra vs Ton, WT
An experiment was carried out at the optimal parametric
Contour Plot of SR vs WT, Ton
settings for surface roughness so that targeted value of 1300
SR
< 2.6

response parameter can be obtained. 1250

2.6
2.8
-
-
2.8
3.0
3.0 - 3.2
3.2 - 3.4
Surface Plot of SR vs Toff, Ton 1200 > 3.4

Hold Values Hold Values

WT 1150 Toff 2.5

WT
1150

1100
3.2

3.0 1050
SR

2.8

4 1000
2.6 3
T off
6 7 8 9 10
6.0 2
7.5
9.0
10.5
1 Ton
Ton

Figure 14 Contour Plot of Ra vs Ton, WT

Figure 13 and Figure 14 depicts the effect of pulse-on
Figure 11 Surface Plot of Ra vs. Ton, Toff
time and wire tension on surface roughness. According to this
Contour Plot of SR vs Toff, Ton
4.0
SR figure the value of surface roughness increases with increase
< 2.7
2.7 - 2.8
3.5 2.8
2.9
-
-
2.9
3.0
in Ton, whereas it decreases with increase of wire tension.
3.0 - 3.1
3.0 > 3.1

Hold Values Surface Plot of SR vs WT, Toff

WT 1150
Toff

2.5 Hold Values

Ton 8

2.0

1.5

1.0 3.2
6 7 8 9 10
SR
Ton 3.0

1300
2.8 1200
1 1100 WT
2 1000
3
T off 4

Figure 12 Contour Plot of Ra vs. Ton, Toff

Figures 11 and 12 depicts the effect of pulse-on time

Figure 15 Surface Plot of Ra vs. WT, Toff
and pulse-off time on surface roughness. According to this
From Figures 15 and 16, as the pulse-off time
plots the value of surface roughness increases with increase in
increases the value of surface roughness decreases. The
pulse-on time, whereas pulse-off time have the adverse effect
surface roughness value also decreases with the increase of
on surface roughness. As the pulse-off time increases the value
wire tension [15].
of surface roughness decreases.

Contour Plot of SR vs WT, Toff

Surface Plot of SR vs WT, Ton 1300
SR
< 2.9
Hold Values
2.9 - 3.0
Toff 2.5 1250 3.0 - 3.1
3.1 - 3.2
3.2 - 3.3
1200 > 3.3

Hold Values
Ton 8
WT

1150
3.25

SR 3.00 1100

2.75
1300 1050
2.50 1200
1100 WT
6.0
7.5 1000
9.0
Ton 10.5 1000
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Toff

Figure 16 Contour Plot of Ra vs. WT, Toff

C. Confirmation Experiment
An experimental study was conducted at the optimal
parametric settings for MRR and surface roughness so that all
the targeted values of response parameters can be obtained
simultaneously. Table 5 shows the predicted value of MRR
and surface roughness obtained from the response
optimization graph for each response are shown in Figure 17
and experimental result with the parametric optimal setting as
obtained from RSM model. Predictions are in good agreement
with the experimental results because the percentage error of
the predicted value with respect to the experimentally
observed value for MRR and surface roughness is within a
range of 3%. Figure 17 Response Optimization Graph

Table 5 Optimal Condition for Each Response

Optimize value of input Modified value of Predicted Experimental
% error
parameters input parameters value value
Response
Ton Ton Toff WT
Toff (s) WT (g)
(s) (s) (s) (g)
MRR
9.2112 2.1304 1000 9 2 1000 15.5729 15.7813 1.34
(mm/min)
SR, Ra
6 4 1300 6 4 1300 2.5362 2.59 2.12
(m)

Table 6 The Best Working Conditions for Multi Response Optimization

Optimize value of input Modified value of Predicted Experimental

% error
parameters input parameters value value
Response
Toff Ton Toff WT
Ton (s) WT (g)
(s) (s) (s) (g)
MRR
14.0208 14.2450 1.60
(mm/min)
7.9402 4 1000 8 4 1000
SR, Ra
2.5990 2.65 1.96
(m)
good surface finish is shown in Figure 18. The optimization
The multi-response optimization of Wire EDM
goals for multi-response optimization are, minimum for
process for machining of pure titanium using response surface
surface roughness and maximum for MRR. The confirmation
method to achieve higher Material Removal Rate (MRR) with
test for the optimal parameter setting with its selected levels
was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics for Wire
EDM of pure Titanium and the results are shown in table 6.
Figure 18 Multi-response Optimization Graph
The second-order model was proposed in find the
correlation between the MRR and the process variables taken
into account. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to
check the sufficiency of the second order model. The results
obtained from the experiments are compared with the
predicted value calculated from the model. It can be seen that
the regression model is reasonably well fitted with the
observed values. The residues, which are, calculated as the
difference between the predicted and observed value lies in the
range of -0.09 to 0.10.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
In this study, an application of combined Response
surface method is to improve the multi-response
characteristics of Material Removal Rate and Surface
roughness in the Wire-Cut EDM of Pure Titanium has been
reported. As a result, this method greatly simplifies the
optimization of complicated multiple performance
characteristics and since it does not involve complicated
mathematical computations, this can be easily utilized by the
stakeholders of the Manufacturing world. The present study
develops MRR models for three different parameters namely
pulse on time, pulse off time, and wire tension for Wire EDM
process of PURE TITANIUM using response surface method.
The second-order response models have been validated with
analysis of variance. It is found that all the three machining
parameters and some of their interactions have significant
effect on MRR and Ra considered in the present study.
i. The MRR tends to increase, significantly with
increase in pulse on time for decreases of pulse off time.
ii. The MRR decreases when the WT increases,
however with the increase in Ton, MRR increases.
iii. The value of surface roughness increases with
increase in pulse-on time, whereas pulse-off time increases the
value of surface roughness decreases.
iv. The surface roughness value increases with
increase in Ton, whereas it decreases with increase of wire
tension.
Optimum machining parameter combinations for
different roughness parameters are also tested through
confirmation experiments that show reasonably good
concurrence with prediction of response surface method.
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