XII ADM International Conference - Grand Hotel - Rimini Italy - Sept.

5th-7th, 2001

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)

versus
Geometrical Product Specification (GPS)

G. Concheri, I. Cristofolini1, R. Meneghello, G. Wolf1

Istituto di Disegno, Universit di Padova

1
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Strutturale, Universit di Trento

Abstract

The definition of standards, aiming at completely and coherently describe the

geometrical characteristics of products, concerns GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing ASME standards) and GPS (Geometrical Product Specifications ISO
standards). The global market competition and the current more and more critical
requirements for quality control make it necessary to clearly know the statements of the
standards to which refer when dimensioning. Therefore it looks worthy comparing GD&T
versus GPS.
The aim of this work is thus to analyse analogies and discrepancies, firstly describing
the basic philosophies and the determining issues, which influence both way of thinking.
As it appears immediately, ISO and ASME differently approach the problem.
GD&T, in fact, reflects the need of developing a core of basic principles and
fundaments of macro-geometric characteristics definition and verification, around which
specifying various situations. By this way, GD&T is now substantially described by the last
version of a unique standard, ASME Y14.5M-1994 (Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles).
On the other hand, ISO principles and scopes are dealt with in ISO/TR 14638: 1995,
Geometric Product Specifications (GPS) Masterplan, where a collection and harmonisation
of former ISO standards relating geometric requirements of products is presented. In latest
years, ISO efforts lead to more than sixty project of new GPS standards - or revision to
existing - with a focus on covering the whole product development cycle (design,
manufacturing, verification), eliminating contradictions as well as gaps between standards.

A deeper analysis in terms of fundaments and main standards concerning GD&T and
GPS is then performed, to verify the analogies, which can be evidenced, despite of the
apparently different approach.
The results of the whole analysis are finally collect in a Comparison Matrix,
allowing to evidence the state of the art of ASME and ISO concerning the standardisation
of the geometric characteristics of products.
Recent efforts of ISO/TC213 concerning GPS development are finally reported and
discussed, necessarily remembering that standardisation is by its nature a continuous work in
progress.

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1. INTRODUCTION

In these last years the scenery of global markets changed so deeply and quickly that
industries had to front a real revolution. Sophisticated CAD systems, new technologies, new
materials lead to products showing even more complicated geometries and reveal the need for
tools allowing to describe them properly.
It looks thus important analysing the role of standards in this evolving situation,
verifying how (and if) they represent the answer to the real problems concerning the
definition of geometrical characteristics of parts.
The aim of this work is analysing and comparing the main standards concerning the
definition of geometrical characteristics, that means GD&T (ASME standards) and GPS (ISO
standards).
The evaluation of the state of the art, evidencing analogies and discrepancies of both
philosophies, appears as the starting point for a deeper analysis, aimed not only to punctually
compare the current state of single standards but especially to evidence the future trend and
the necessary efforts, which could lead standardisation to a coherent representation of a
complex reality.

2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Briefly considering the historical development of GD&T and GPS in their main
aspects can help to understand analogies and discrepancies characterising both way of
thinking. Basic steps are summarised in Table 1.

Table 1 Main standards characterising historical development of GD&T and GPS

GD&T GPS

1905 Taylor Concept Rule 1

Envelope Principle 1920s National standards on limits and fits
(e.g.UNIM 24)
1939-45 MIL-STD 8A
1940 ISA system on limits and fits
Form positioning concepts
(in Italy UNI 1088-1098:40)
1962 ISO/R 286 limits and fits
1966 USASI Y14.5M 1969 ISO/R 1101/I
First unified standard for Form-positioning concepts
dimensioning and Tolerancing
1994 ASME Y14.5M 1995 ISO/TR 14638
Dimensioning and Tolerancing Geometrical Product Specifications
(GPS) Masterplan

It is worthy pointing out that GD&T developed essentially an unique standard for
dimensioning and tolerancing during the years, aimed at considering both dimensional and
geometrical characteristics of components, thus reflecting the tendency of considering the

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 XII ADM International Conference - Grand Hotel - Rimini Italy - Sept. 5th-7th, 2001

macro-geometric characteristics as an essential aspect. On the other hand, considering GPS

development, we can observe that it really derived in 1995 from the presence of many
standards, aimed at exactly describing and characterising the more various cases, rather than
collecting basic principles for geometrical characteristics definition in an unique standard [1].

3. BASIC PHILOSOPHY AND FUNDAMENTS

In few words, the basic philosophy of GD&T, can be stated as follows: dimensioning
is considered an activity that, starting from the evaluation of the actual function and
relationship of part features, allows a clear, concise and unequivocal description of such
items [2].
Conversely, GPS basic philosophy appears more difficult to synthesise (due to the
many standards involved) and can be derived substantially from the analysis of the GPS
Matrix, which will be further explained. The GPS approach tends to detail every geometric
characteristic separately, but with no emphasys on the underlying correlation between
specification and the verification.

Analysing the fundaments, in GD&T Rule 1 [3] establishes a deep correlation

between size and form, prescribing the extent to which variations in geometric form as well as
size are allowed when only a tolerance of size is specified. On the contrary, ISO 8015 [4]
establishes the independency principle, that means that dimensional and geometric
tolerances have to be considered as independent, geometric tolerances have to be applied
without considering parts dimensions.

Anyway, it looks worthy underlining what will be clarified by the whole analysis. The
main differences between GD&T and GPS, which could appear considerably deep,
substantially reflect the different historical development and the different peculiar approaches
related to different characteristics. The connections developed in these years imply that the
effort now is now spent in order to minimize the differences, and therefore to obtain an
efficient tool describing components, which are globally even more sophisticated.

4. GPS MATRIX

The first effort aimed at harmonising the existing ISO standards is described by the so-
called GPS Matrix, which will be following briefly described as presented by ISO/TR
14638:1995 [5].
In GPS matrix model the concept of chain of standards is applied. Referring to a
specified geometrical characteristic, the chain collects all the standards related, which can be
used in the different steps of the production process (from design to verification, also
considering manufacturing and metrological aspects). Each single standard in the chain
affects the other standards, which have necessarily to be known, to understand and apply it
properly. Four different main groups of standards are identified: Fundamental GPS standards
(for the time being, only the Principle of Independency belongs to), Global GPS standards
(standards covering or influencing several or all chains of standards), General GPS standards
(the main body of GPS standards, establishing rules for drawing indications, definitions and
verifications principles for different types of geometrical characteristics), Complementary
GPS standards (standards establishing complementary rules for specialised categories of
features or elements). A scheme for GPS matrix model is reported in fig. 1 [6].

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 XII ADM International Conference - Grand Hotel - Rimini Italy - Sept. 5th-7th, 2001

Chain link
1 2 3 4 5 6
number
Assessment
Definition of Definitions for of the
Product Calibration
Geometrical tolerances actual feature deviations of Measurement
documentation requirements
characteristic Theoretical the workpiece equipment
indication - Measurements
of feature definition and Characteristic Comparison requirements
Codification standards
values or parameter with tolerance
limits
286-1,286-
Size 129,286-1,
2,
286-1,1938, 1938 ,10360-x, 3650
Distance 129,406 ,10360-x,

Design Verification Measuring Measuring

Instruments Traceability
DIMENSION
GEOMETRY General GPS Matrix
SURFACE

Manufacturing

Complementary
GPS Matrix

Fig. 1 Scheme for GPS Matrix model

The comparison between ASME standards and GPS matrix, precisely described in
Appendix, leads to the following considerations.
Firstly, considering the features describing the parts, ASME Y14.5M-1994 tends to
separate the features essentially in two groups (depending on if they can be or not associated
with a size dimension), GPS matrix presents the features as associated to the more various
geometrical characteristics. This different point of view reflects to the Datums concept too.
Datum Reference Frame definition, as well as Datum Features establishment, are in fact basic
concepts in ASME Y14.5M-1994, necessary to univocally and completely describe
geometrical characteristics and relationships of parts. On the other hand, Datums are
considered just guidelines defining the geometrical characteristics of the parts, not so deeply
related to the definition of relationships between features or parts.
Again, ASME Y14.5M-1994 considers essentially macro-geometries, not explicitly
referring to surface texture aspects (also if ANSI/ASME B46.1-1985, Surface Texture
(Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay) is reported as reference). GPS Matrix, otherwise,
also includes micro-geometries and surface texture aspects.
Moreover, while ASME Y14.5M-1994 focuses the attention on final characteristics of
the parts, thus considering functionality and verification when dimensioning, GPS Matrix
tends to evaluate the whole production process, thus collecting standards, which could be
useful during manufacturing too.
We can finally evidence the lack of considering metrological aspects in ASME
Y14.5M-1994, which are conversely reported in GPS Matrix. Table 2 summarises the main
results of the comparison previously described.

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Table 2 GD&T versus GPS standards characteristics

GD&T GPS

Features and features of size Various geometries

DRF as basic concept
Surface Texture not explicitly included
Final characteristics of the parts
Functionality - Verification
Metrological aspects not included
Datums as geometric characteristics
Surface Texture included
Characteristics during production too
Functionality Manufacturing - Verification
Metrological aspects included

Until here, we just pointed out the state of the art, considering the existing standards. It
can be seen like a photograph of the situation until 1995.
Now, it can be observed that, being ASME Y14.5M-1994 a complete and efficient tool
for dimensioning (also if necessarily subject to revisions: new version of ASME Y14.5M is
expected to be disposable in 2005), maybe the more interesting work in these last years has
been done by ISO Technical Committees (i.e. ISO/TC 213), in order to perform the
harmonisation started with GPS Masterplan. Next part of the work will focus on this
evolution.

5. GPS ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT - DISCUSSION

The need for a strong effort (and the intention to do it!) aimed to the harmonisation of
ISO standards concerning geometrical characteristics of products is well explicated in the
documents The challenge of ISO/TC 213-1996 [7] and Strategic policy statement of
ISO/TC 213-1997 [8].
The scope of ISO/TC 213, reported in the following, leads to further considerations.
Standardisation in the field of geometrical product specifications (GPS) i.e. macro- and
micro-geometry specifications covering dimensional and geometrical tolerancing, surface
properties and the related verification principles, measuring equipment and calibration
requirements including the uncertainty of dimensional and geometrical measurements. The
standardisation includes the basic layout and explanation of drawing indications (symbols).
Starting from the consideration that an estimated 50% of the necessary standards are
either not available or are in contradiction to other GPS standards [8], it individuates the first
activities in completing the chains of standards. Analysing them, it looks interesting to
evidence how some needed activities tend towards ASME Y14.5M/Y 14.5.1M-1994 concepts
(definitions of Datums, of derived and associated features, mathematisation of GPS
definitions), while others are peculiar (surface texture, uncertainty in measurement). The
tendency to approach some ASME-concepts looks particularly evident considering ISO/CD
17450 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Model for geometric specification [9],
where definitions for features are given, reminding those in ASME Y14.5M-1994, also
comprehending a mathematical approach close to that of ASME Y14.5.1M-1994.
It is anyway revealed the effort for considering a quickly and deeply evolving reality,
where the use of CAD systems, of sophisticated metrology, of new materials and

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technologies, of quality management systems, markedly evidence the need for adequate
standards.

5.1. Geometrical Product Specifications GPS 2001 A vision for a new engineering
tool- January 2000

This tendency is confirmed by the Vision, Geometrical Product Specifications GPS

2001 A vision for a new engineering tool- January 2000, and strongly supported by the
development of a Draft Business Plan of ISO/TC 213-Febraury 2000.
The new engineering tool proposed by the vision for product development is a total
integrated system for specification and verification of workpiece geometry, expressedly
aligned with market needs of industry, explicitly referring to new technologies, new
manufacturing processes, new materials and visionary products. Its implementation is seen as
a prerequisite for surviving in global competition.
The objective of this tool is thus providing a more precise method of expressing
functional requirements related to the geometry, aimed to the reduction of costs by avoiding
the acceptance of inadequate workpieces due to insufficiently defined drawings. Relevancy is
given to the use of computable mathematical functions expressing these specifications. The
concept of uncertainty is given as basis for this new development, for quantifying
ambiguities in the specification itself, as well as for the general concept of measuring
uncertainty.
The Draft Business Plan even underlines the link of ISO/TC to the Business
Environment, carefully considering its general, political, legal, economical, technical aspects.

5.2. Comments to the Vision Statement

The result of the inquiry on the ISO/TC 213 Vision Statement previously described
leads to very interesting considerations. Main critical comments come from USA member, so
that they can be analysed as starting point in a comparison to ASME point of view.
The first general comment immediately reflects the pragmatic American spirit (which
can also be evidenced by the principles determining the whole ASME Y14.5M) considering
that the vision statement appears very forward looking and too large and unrealistic for the
resources that appear to be available. It is also criticised appearing somehow too philosophic,
not enough connected to other TCs and industrial organisations. The need for establishing
deeper links with other TCs explicitly refers to ISO/TC 184 (STEP), being one of the
objectives in the vision an easy implementation in 3D CAD systems. Again, the pragmatic
need for defining basic, well-defined range of situations looks fairly contrasting with the
proposal of extending GPS language to allow expression of requirements relating to a wide
range of work piece functions. Moreover, it is underlined that known techniques for
describing and representing uncertainty in specifications are reminded, as they already be
disposable, while they do not actually exist yet.

5.3. Next generation of the Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) language The
vision for an improved engineering tool June 2000

The following, and actually valid, version of the Vision, Next generation of the
Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) language The vision for an improved

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engineering tool June 2000, somehow appears even more ambitious than previous, while
on the other hand looks receipting what was evidenced by USA comments.
Firstly, this new engineering tool is proposed no more only for product development,
but for product development and manufacturing, thus implying partly the effort for an even
stronger contact with the industrial (pragmatic) world, resulting however indubitably in an
even wider and ambitious perspective. In the objective, the attention is patently focused on
providing tools for the economic management of variability in products and processes,
precisely defining functional requirements, complete and well-defined specifications, and
(whats new to the respect of the previous version) integrated verification approaches. By the
way, the need for the harmonisation to others TCs, is clearly stated.
The reduction of costs is mainly due by avoiding the manufacture of inadequate
workpieces due to incompletely defined specifications, rather than by avoiding accepting
inadequate workpieces due to insufficiently defined drawings, as in the previous version.
It is clearly stated that GPS language evolution will be based on computable
mathematics and correct, consistent logic using a generic set of rules, that can be applied to all
types of specifications. By this way, the task is defined, establishing a set of rules coherent
with future evolution, but common to all types of specifications. It is pointed out that proper
implementation of the improved GPS system is a prerequisite for the continuous improvement
of product quality and time to market.
The section of the new version, which leads for deeper innovation, is considering
uncertainty as an economic tool, clearly (compared to the previous version) establishing
that The improved GPS system will use uncertainty as the currency for quantifying: a)
how well the specification expresses the functional requirements; b) what ambiguities exists
in the specification itself; c) the uncertainty of measurement.
The introduction of the default concept, specifying that there will be a global
default for each type of GPS specifications lead to evidence the effort versus simplicity and
minimisation of total cost.
With respect of the previous version, it is underlined that proper implementation of
the improved GPS system within a company is important for surviving in global
competition, again evidencing the tendency to become more pragmatic.
The efforts spent in this sense were evidently recognised, being it reported, This
vision has been unanimously (!) approved by the 9th plenary session of ISO/TC 213 on 23
June 2000 in Berlin, Germany.

6. DEFINING UNCERTAINTY

As it can be evidenced from previous discussion, a main goal for GPS concerns
uncertainty, as defined in relation to the comparison between tolerancing and metrology
according to the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement GUM [10].
Being uncertainty itself just an expression of lack of information, ISO/TC 213 gives
following definitions: specification uncertainty, conformance uncertainty, correlation
uncertainty, total uncertainty [11,12]. Specification uncertainty is related to ambiguous
drawing indication and/or incomplete specification, while the combination of measurement
uncertainty and specification uncertainty is defined conformance uncertainty. Correlation
uncertainty describes how well the actual Geometrical Products Specifications match to the
actual function of the part and total uncertainty comprehends specification uncertainty,
conformance uncertainty and correlation uncertainty.

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In order to establish more precise correlations between design and verifications,

coherently within GPS matrix, symbols are proposed, which allow for specifying the type of
size at best relating to the required function; they are shown in Table 2 [11].

Table 2 Symbols for features of size

Types of size Symbol

Two-point size LP
Local size defined by a sphere LS
Least squares size GG
Maximum inscribed size GX
Maximum circumscribed size GN
Circumference diameter size CC
Area diameter size CA
Minimum statistical size SN
Maximum statistical size SX
Average statistical size SA

Having so defined the features, in order to establish a deeper correlation between

specification and verification, the model shown in fig. is proposed [12].

Fig. 2 Correlation between tolerancing and metrology

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This model is based on the concepts of operation (specific tool required to obtain
features or values of characteristics, their nominal value and their limits) and operator
(ordered set of operations). What is particularly interesting immediately underlining is the
presence of the same operations both in specification and in verification steps, postulating a
principle of duality. For example, dealing with the problem of representing a whole surface by
a finite number of points, techniques as partition, extraction, filtration and association have to
be defined both in the specification procedure and in the measurement procedure.

7. CONCLUSIONS

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) and Geometrical Product

Specification (GPS) are compared in this work.
Briefly analyzing the historical development of the standards concerning both GD&T
and GPS, the different approach to the problem is evidenced, which lead to the development
of a substantially unique standard (Y 14.5M Y14.5.1M) by GD&T, while many standards
concern GPS. Again, regarding fundaments, Rule 1 implies in GD&T the adoption of the
envelope principle, while independency principle establishes the opposite in GPS.
The discrepancies in the approach appear thus evident, but the analysis of the
development of GPS, particularly regarding these last years, tends to harmonise the existing
standards in order to minimise the differences.
Some typical ASME-concepts (definitions of Datums, of derived and associated
features, mathematisation of GPS definitions) are integrated in ISO standards and a deeper
attention to functional aspects is paid. A careful analysis shows anyway some other peculiar
and interesting aspects.
GPS considers the whole production process steps (from design to verification, also
comprehending metrology) and this can appear a very ambitious project. Anyway, it reflects
the effort of representing, as best as possible, a deeply and quickly evolving reality.

REFERENCES

[1] Concheri, G., Siragusa, M., Tosetti, A., Specificazione ed utilizzo delle tolleranze
geometriche in applicazioni industriali, Atti del IX Convegno Nazionale ADM, Caserta-
Aversa, 27-29 settembre 1995, pp. 683-691, 1995
[2] Meadows, J.D., Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing, Marcel Dekker Inc., New
York, NY, 1995
[3] ASME Y14.5M-1994, Dimensioning and Tolerancing - Mathematical Definition of
Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles, The American Society of American
Engineers, New York, NY, 1994
[4] ISO 8015 : 1985, Technical drawings Fundamental tolerancing principle
[5] ISO/TR 14638:1995(E), Geometrical Product Specification (GPS) Masterplan, ISO,
Switzerland, 1995
[6] Meneghello, R., Definizione di prodotto finito. Situazione attuale e prospettive, Prooc.
III Seminario Italo-Espaol de Diseo- Seminario sobre Acotacin Funcional, Bilbao,
Junio 2000
[7] http://129.142.8.149/isotc213/challeng.htm
[8] http://129.142.8.149/isotc213/213n5.htm
[9] ISO/CD 17450, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Model for geometric
specification

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[10] UNI CEI 9, Guida allespressione dellincertezza di misura, UNI 1997

[11] Dovmark,J., New interesting concepts from ISO/TC 213, Prooc. of INTERSEC, Annual
meeting of Associazione CMM Club Italia, Milano 2001
[12] Srinivasan,V., An Integrated View of Geometrical Product Specification and
Verification, 7th CIRP Seminar on Computer Aided Tolerancing, 24th April 2001

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APPENDIX

GPS Matrix collecting ISO standards and related ASME standards

GLOBAL GPS STANDARDS

1 (R), 370, 10209-3, 10579, VIM, GUM B 89, B89.6.2,Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M,Y 14.24-M,Y14.34 M, Y 14.35 M, Y 14.100 M

GENERAL GPS STANDARDS

Chain link n. 1 2

Product documentation Definition of tolerances

Geometrical characteristic of feature Geometric sub-characteristic of feature or parameters
Indication - Codification Theoretical definition and values

129(R),286-1(R), 406-1 286-1(R), 286-2, 1829

Size
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M, B 4., B4.2 B 4.1, B 4.2, B 46.1, Y14.5-M
129 (R) ,406
Step distance (height)
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M
Distance
129 (R) ,406
Distance between real or derived feature and derived feature
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M
129 (R)
Radius Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M

129 (R) , ISO 1119:1998, ISO

Angle (tolerance in degrees) Angle between real features 2538:1998 (?)
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M

129 (R)
Angle between real or derived and derived feature
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M

1101 (R), 1660 (R) 1101 (R), 1660 (R)

Profile any line
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M
Real feature (line) 1101 (R)
Straightness
Y14.5-M
1101 (R)
Roundness
Y14.5-M
Form of line independent of datum 1101 (R), 1660 (R) 1101 (R), 1660 (R)
Profile any line
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M

Derived feature (line) 1101 (R), 2692 (R)

Straightness
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M

1101 (R)
Roundness
Y14.5-M

1101 (R), 1660 (R) 1101 (R), 1660 (R)

Real feature Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M
(profile any line)
Forme of line dependent of datum
1101 (R), 1660 (R) 1101 (R), 1660 (R)
Derived feature Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1- Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M
(profile any line)

Profile any surface 1101 (R), 1660 (R) 1101 (R), 1660 (R)
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1- Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M
1101 (R) 1101 (R)
Flatness
Real feature Y14.5-M Y14.5-M,
1101 (R), 3040 1101 (R), 3040
Cylindricity
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M
Form of surface independent of datum
1101 (R), 3040 1101 (R), 3040
Cones
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M

1101 (R) 1101 (R)

Profile any surface
Y14.5-M, Y14.5-M,
Derived feature
1101 (R), 2692 (R) 1101 (R)
Flatness
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M Y14.5-M,

1101 (R), 1660 (R) 1101 (R), 1660 (R)

Any surface
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M
Real feature
Form of surface dependent of datum 1101 (R), 3040 1101 (R), 3040
Cones
Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M
1101 (R) 1101 (R)
Derived feature
Y14.5-M, Y14.5-M,
* = ISO project (WD, CD o DIS) XXXYY = ISO number not exactly known (YY)

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1, 370, 10209-3, 10579, VIM, GUM
ISO 14253-1:1998, ISO/TS 14253-
2:1999
3 4
Assessment of the deviations of the
Definition for actual feature
workpiece Comparison with tolerance
characteristic or parameter
286-1(R), 1938(R)
8015 (R)
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO
14660-2:1999
Indicating measuring
B 4.1, B 4.2, Y 14.5 M, Y
14.5.1M
8015
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
12780-1
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
12181-1
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO
14660-2:1999
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO
14660-2:1999
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
*12781-1
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
12781-1
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO
14660-2:1999
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
(R) = to be revised (W) = project
GLOBAL GPS STANDARDS
B 89, B89.6.2,Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M,Y 14.24-M,Y14.34 M, Y 14.35 M, Y 14.100 M
ISO 14253-1:1998, ISO/TS
ISO 14253-1:1998, ISO/TS 14253-2:1999 B89 14253-2:1999
B89 B89
GENERAL GPS STANDARDS
5 6
Calibration requirements
Measurement equipment requirements
Calibration standards
limits
938 (R)
1938 (R), 3670 1938 (R), 3670 (R)
Limit gauges B 4.2
B 4.2, B 47.1 B 4.2, B 47.1
463(R), 3599 (R), 3611,*9121, 6906(W) (R), 9493, ISO 10360-
ISO 3650:1998
1938 (R) 1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-
instruments 5:2000,*-6, 13385, XX01,* XX19
B 47.1, B 89.1.2, B 89.1.9
B 4.2 B 89.1.10, B 89, B 89.1.6, B 89.4.1
463(R), 3599 (R), 6906(W) (R) , 7863, ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO
10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6,*13385
B 89,B 89.1.2, B 89.1.10,, B 89.4.1
7863, ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO
10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6, *13385
B 89, B 89.1.2, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
10360-5:2000,*-6
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
10360-5:2000,*-6
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
10360-5:2000,*-6,
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
5460
10360-5:2000,*-6,
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.4.1
463(R), 8512-1,8512-2,*9493, ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360- 12180-4
5460, *12780-2
3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6, *12780-3,XXX19 Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.1.10, B 89.4.1, Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
463(R), 4291 (W), 4292 (W),ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000,
5460, * 12481-2 12180-4
ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6,,*12181-3
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.1.10, B 89.3.1, B 89.4.1, Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
5460
10360-5:2000,*-6,
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
5460
10360-5:2000,*-6
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
10360-5:2000,*-6
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
5460
4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
5460
4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
5460 4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M B 89, B 89.4.1
463(R), 8512-1,8512-2,*9493, ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2,
5460, *12180-2 ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6, *12781-
12180-4
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M 3,XXX19
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.1.10, B 89.4.1, Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
463(R), ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000,
5460, *12180-2 12180-4
ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6, *12180-3
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.1.10, B 89.4.1, Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
463(R),3611, ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000,
ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6
B 89, B 89.1.10, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
5460
4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
5460 4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M B 89, B 89.4.1
5460 ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M 10360-5:2000,*-6
B 89, B 89.4.1
463 (R),ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000,ISO 10360-
4:2000,ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6
B 89, B 89.4.1
ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
5460
10360-5:2000,*-6
Y 14.5 M, Y 14.5.1 M
B 89, B 89.4.1
D1-48
 XII ADM International Conference - Grand Hotel - Rimini Italy - Sept. 5th-7th, 2001

GLOBAL GPS STANDARDS

1, 370, 13209-3, 10579, VIM, GUM B 89, B89.6.2,Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M,Y 14.24-M,Y14.34 M, Y 14.35 M, Y 14.100 M

GENERAL GPS STANDARDS

Chain link n. 1 2
Product documentation Definition of tolerances
Geometrical characteristic of feature Geometric sub-characteristic of feature or parameters
Indication - Codification Theoretical definition and values
Parallelism (0) 1101 (R) Y 14.5M 1101 (R) Y 14.5M
Real feature
(line or plane) Perpendicularity (90) 1101 (R) Y 14.5M 1101 (R) Y 14.5M
Angularity 1101 (R) Y 14.5M 1101 (R) Y 14.5M
Orientation 1101 (R), 2692 (R), 10578 1101 (R), 10578
Parallelism (0)
Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5M, Y 14.5. 1M
1101 (R), 2692 (R), 10578 1101 (R), 10578
Derived feature Perpendicularity (90)
Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M
1101 (R), 2692 (R), 10578 1101 (R), 10578
Angularity
Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M

Real feature Position 1101 (R), ISO 5458:1998 1101 (R), ISO 5458:1998, 10578
Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M
1101 (R) 1101 (R), 10578
Position
Y 14.5M Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M
Location 1101 (R) Y 14.5M
Derived feature Coaxiality 1101 (R), 10578 Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M
Concentricity 1101 (R) Y 14.5M 1101 (R), 10578 Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M
Symmetry 1101 (R) Y 14.5M 1101 (R), 10578 Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M

Circular run out 1101 (R) Y 14.5M 1101 (R) Y 14.5M

Total run out 1101 (R) Y 14.5M 1101 (R) Y 14.5M
Datums associated with real 1101 (R) , 5459 5459
features Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M
Datums Datums associated with derived 1101 (R) ,2692 (R) 5459 5459
Datums features Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M
Datum targets 1101 (R) , 5459 5459
Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M
1101 (R) , 5459 5459
Datum systems
Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M Y 14.5M, Y 14.5.1 M
468 (W), ISO 4287:1997, ISO 4287:1997
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998,ISO
M-System Ra, Rz,... 1302 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical
Y 14.36 Corrigendum 1:1998
B 46.1
468 (W), ISO 4287:1997, ISO 4287:1997
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO
M-System S, Sm, Tp 1302 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical
Y 14.36 Corrigendum 1:1998
B 46.1
ISO 12085:1996, ISO 12085:1996 Technical
Motif Method R, Rx, AR 1302 Corrigendum 1:1998
Y 14.36 B 46.1
Roughness profile ISO 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical
Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO 13565-1:1996,
ISO 13565-1:1996 Technical Corrigendum
Rkm Rpk, Rvk, Rm1k, Rm2k 1302 1:1998 , ISO 13565-2:1996, ISO 13565-
Y 14.36 2:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO
13565-3:1998
B 46.1
ISO 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical
Surface texture
Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO 13565-1:1996,
ISO 13565-1:1996 Technical Corrigendum
Rpq, Rvq, Rmq 1302 1:1998, ISO 13565-2:1996, ISO 13565-
Y 14.36 2:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO
13565-3:1998
B 46.1
Areal characteristics
ISO 4287:1997, ISO 4287:1997 Technical
M- System Wa , Wz, .. 1302 Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO 11562:1996
Y 14.36 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998
Waviness profile B 46.1
ISO 12085:1996, ISO 12085:1996 Technical
Motif Method W,AW, Wx, Wte 1302 Corrigendum 1:1998
Y 14.36 B 46.1
ISO 4287:1997, ISO 4287:1997 Technical
Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO 11562:1996, ISO
Primary profile M- System Pa, Pt, .. 1302
11562:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998
Y 14.36
B 46.1
ISO 8785:1998 ISO 8785:1998
Surface defects
B 46.1 B 46.1
Edges 13715 13715
* = ISO project (WD, CD o DIS) XXXYY = ISO number not exactly known (YY)

D1-49
 XII ADM International Conference - Grand Hotel - Rimini Italy - Sept. 5th-7th, 2001

GLOBAL GPS STANDARDS

1(R), 370, 10209-3, 10579, VIM, GUM B 89, B89.6.2,Y14.5-M, Y14.5.1-M,Y 14.24-M,Y14.34 M, Y 14.35 M, Y 14.100 M
ISO 14253-1:1998, ISO/TS 14253- ISO 14253-1:1998, ISO/TS 14253-2:1999 ISO 14253-1:1998, ISO/TS
2:1999 B89 B89 14253-2:1999 B89

GENERAL GPS STANDARDS

3 4 5 6
Assessment of the deviations of the
Definition for actual feature workpiece Comparison with Measurement equipment requirements Calibration requirements
characteristic or parameter tolerance limits Calibration standards
5460 463 (R), 8512-1, - ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO
Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-64,*-5,-6 B89, B 89.4.1, B 89.1.10
5460 463 (R), ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1, B 89.1.10
5460 463 (R), ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1, B 89.1.10
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO 14660- 5460 ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
2:1999 Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO 14660- 5460 ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
2:1999 Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO 14660- 5460 ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
2:1999 Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1
463 (R), ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1, B 89.1.10
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO 14660- 5460 ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
2:1999 Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO 14660- 5460 ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
2:1999 Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO 14660- ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
2:1999 Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1
ISO 14660-1:1999, ISO 14660- 5460 ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
2:1999 Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-5:2000,*-6 B89, B 89.4.1
5460 463 (R), *9493, ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO
Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6, XXX19 B89, B 89.4.1, B 89.1.10
5460 463 (R), *9493, ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO
Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6, XXX19 B89, B 89.4.1, B 89.1.10
463 (R), *8512-1, -2, ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000,
5459, XXX26 5460, XXX27
ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6
Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M
XXX28 B89, B 89.4.1, B 89.1.10
5459, XXX26 5460, XXX27 ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-4:2000, ISO
Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 10360-5:2000,*-6, XXX28 B89, B 89.4.1
5459, XXX26 5460, XXX27 8512-1, -2, ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6, XXX28 B89, B 89.4.1
5459, XXX26 5460, XXX27 463(R) , ISO 10360-1:2000,10360-2, ISO 10360-3:2000, ISO 10360-
Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M Y 14.5M, Y14.5.1M 4:2000, ISO 10360-5:2000,*-6, XXX28 B89, B 89.4.1, B 89.1.10
ISO 4288:1996, ISO 4288:1996
2632-1 (W), -2 (W), 1878, 1879 (W), 1880 (W), 2632 (W), -2 (W), 2632-1 (W), -2 (W),
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998,
ISO 4288:1996, ISO 4288:1996 ISO 3274:1996, ISO 3274:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO ISO 5436-1:2000, ISO
ISO 11562:1996, ISO
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998 12179:2000
11562:1996 Technical
B46.1 B 46.1 B 46.1, B 89
Corrigendum 1:1998 B46.1
ISO 4288:1996, ISO 4288:1996
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO 4288:1996, ISO 4288:1996 ISO 3274:1996, ISO 3274:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO ISO 5436-1:2000, ISO
ISO 11562:1996, ISO Technical Corrigendum 1:1998 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998 12179:2000
11562:1996 Technical B46.1 B 46.1 B 46.1, B 89
Corrigendum 1:1998 B46.1
ISO 12085:1996, ISO ISO 4288:1996, ISO 12085:1996, ISO 5436-1:2000, ISO
ISO 3274:1996, ISO 3274:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998
12085:1996 Technical ISO 12085:1996 Technical 12179:2000
B 46.1
Corrigendum 1:1998 B46.1 Corrigendum 1:1998 B46.1 B 46.1, B 89

ISO 11562:1996, ISO

11562:1996 Technical 1880 (W), ISO 3274:1996, ISO 3274:1996 Technical Corrigendum
ISO 4288:1996, ISO 4288:1996 ISO 5436-1:2000, ISO
Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO 1:1998, ISO 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical Corrigendum
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998 12179:2000
13565-2:1996, ISO 13565-2:1996 1:1998
B46.1 B 46.1, B 89
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, B 46.1
ISO 13565-3:1998 B46.1
ISO 11562:1996, ISO
11562:1996 Technical 1880 (W), ISO 3274:1996, ISO 3274:1996 Technical Corrigendum
ISO 4288:1996, ISO 4288:1996 ISO 5436-1:2000, ISO
Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO 1:1998, ISO 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical Corrigendum
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998 12179:2000
13565-2:1996, ISO 13565-2:1996 1:1998
B46.1 B 46.1, B 89
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, B 46.1
ISO 13565-3:1998 B46.1

ISO 4288:1996, ISO 4288:1996

ISO 11562:1996, ISO 1880 (W), ISO 3274:1996, ISO 3274:1996 Technical Corrigendum
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO 5436-1:2000, ISO
11562:1996 Technical 1:1998, ISO 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical Corrigendum
ISO 12085:1996, ISO 12085:1996 12179:2000
Corrigendum 1:1998 1:1998
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998 B 46.1, B 89
B46.1 B 46.1
B46.1
ISO 12085:1996, ISO ISO 5436-1:2000, ISO
ISO 3274:1996, ISO 3274:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998
12085:1996 Technical 12179:2000
B 46.1
Corrigendum 1:1998 B46.1 B 46.1, B 89
ISO 4288:1996, ISO 4288:1996
Technical Corrigendum 1:1998 ISO 3274:1996, ISO 3274:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998, ISO
B46.1 11562:1996, ISO 11562:1996 Technical Corrigendum 1:1998 B 46.1

(R) = to be revised (W) = project

D1-50