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Balkan Wars - Slavs were trying to drive Ottoman Turks out of the Balkans, based
on nationalism called Pan-Slavic. Russia was the largest Slavic nation. They
Britain felt threatened by Germanys rapid growth after their unification. British
factories were getting old, German factories were brand new. Germans used their
attempts at imperialism. This common interest made them allies against the
Germans.
The Hague Tribunal was a meeting of many nations leaders to try and avoid war
with a world court. This was meant to settle disputes among nations. )League of
1. Imperialism
2. Nationalism
3. Militarism
4. Alliances
Gonera Notes - 2/17/17 -
June 28, 1914 - Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie visit Bosnia. It
was their 14th anniversary and also the day Serbia was 28-1912 when the Turks
freed themselves from Turkish Rule, but the democracy he was considering
making some concessions to the Slavs. This causes him to have enemies on both
sides. The assassination of the Archduke by a Serbian nationalist group called the
After his nephews murder, the Austrian emperor, Francis Joseph blamed Serbia
and issued them an ultimatum (a set of demands). The demands were almost
impossible to meet in the time they were given. Serbia tried to satisfy Austrias
Alliances:
Russia turned to France because they knew that France was anxious to avenge
their loss against Austria in the Franco-Prussian War. Germany demanded France
remain neutral, when they refused, Germany declared war on France too.
Triple Entente-France, Russia and Great Britain, When the U.S joins it will
it is known as the Central Powers. Ottoman Empire joins in 1914 and Bulgaria in
1915.
Guns Of August -
Germany is afraid of launching a two front war. Their greatest fear was that
Russia would attack from the east and France would attack from the west.
Schlieffen Plan - Genera Schlieffen had developed a plan to avoid fighting a two
front war. This plan called for Germany to attack France first then get the German
troops across Germany on railroad and attack Russia before they could even
mobilize their armies. The plan was to attack France through Belgium and not
right across Germanys border to France. The decision to invade through Belgium
drew Britain into the war. Belgium had been guaranteed neutrality, when
Problems with the Schlieffen Plan - 1. Russia mobilized faster than Germany
had considered. 2. Belgium put up a fight which slowed the Germans down in
their march in France. 3. German tanks had trouble getting through the forests in
Belgium. 4. Germany was forced to move some of their troops to the eastern front
stretched hundreds of miles across France. For four years the troops dug in and
Eastern Front - Death tolls were even higher on the eastern front and the battles
swung back and forth between the Russians and the Germans. Russia was poorly
Russian Revolution - Russians were in a bad economic state when the war began
after three years of fighting rebellions in Russia. After the Romanovs were
assassinated, Lenin came to power. He signed a peace treaty with Germany called
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918. This early withdrawal from the war will
cause Russia to lose war reparations (payments) after the war is over.
U.S Entry - Early in the war Britain and France had set up naval blockades to
stop any shipments to Germany. The U.S. was not thrilled with the interruption of
trade, but the rest of Europe was buying up U.S. products U.S. economy was
flourishing.
British ships. In 1915 Germany sank the British ship the Lusitania, which was
carrying weapons as well as passengers. More than 1,000 civilians were killed
along with 139 Americans. U.S. demanded Germany halt submarine warfare.
Germany relaxed its efforts to avoid drawing U.S. into the war. In 1917 Germany
became convinced they could starve Britain into surrender if they cut off supplies
to the island. They returned to submarine warfare and began annihilating British
warfare against commerce is a war against mankind. U.S. enters the war in April
1917.
the Central Powers. So did Irish Americans who didnt want to align themselves
with England.
had promised Mexico that in return for their support in the war the return of
Mexican land from the U.S. This telegram caused intense anti-German feelings in
the U.S.
Social Impact - The demand for workers led to higher wages and poor people
were actually better off financially than before the war. Rationing and food
police officers. For the first time in history women became highly visible. Their
Germany, and Austria all granted women the right to vote immediately following
war.
Homefront - Thanks to the industrial Revolution WWI produced many new
contribute financially to the war effort. Total war also meant controlling public
untrue.
the Eastern Front, but faced a united France, Britain and fresh U.S. forces. They
were quickly defeated by the western Allies at the second Battle of the Marne.
Germans knew they had lost, but the emperor refused to surrender.
After Austrias surrender on Nov. 3 the people of Berlin revolted and demanded
Socialist leaders declared Germany a republic on Nov. 9 and agreed to the terms
of the Allies.
Nov. 11th 1918 the armistice went into effect and the war was over.
Great War -
After World War I, prosperity and new ideas began changing life in America
New technologies helped create a mass culture shared by millions in the worlds
developed countries.
Labor saving devices freed women from time consuming household chores. Women
Radios brought news, music, and sports into homes throughout the western world. People
were listening to the same music and using the same stang.
Migrations from the rural south to the urban north. Jazz brought blacks and whites to the
same neighborhoods and clubs. Harlem, Renaissance elevated art, poetry, and music
Fashion was less conservative and rebellious young women became Flappers. Women
18th and 21st Amendment - Conservative Americans were discouraged by clubs and
drinking that a Temperance lobbied to have drinking outlawed by the 18th Amendment,
Prohibition. 1920 - 33, until it was repealed with the 21st Amendment.
The United States in the Postwar Era - The country emerged from WWI in excellent
shape.
The United States stayed out of the League of Nations, However, the nation took a
During a Red Stone in 1919 and 1920, police rounded up suspected foreign-born
The country emerged from WWI in excellent shape. The United States stayed out of the
League of Nations. However, the nation took a leading role in international diplomacy
During a Red Scare in 1919 and 1920, police rounded up suspected foreign-born
President Franklin Roosevelt introduced the New Deal, a massive package of economic
persecution.
military weapons.
government.
Ideology - 1) sets goals of the state. 2) glorified aims of the state. 3) glorified
govern.
George Orwell illustrated the horrors of a totalitarian government in his novel, 1984. The
novel depicts a world in which personal freedom and privacy have vanished. It is a world
made possible through modern technology. Even citizens homes have television cameras
Fascism
Centralized all power in himself as leader (total control of social, economic, and
political life). He marched on Rome and King Victor Emmanuel allowed him to
become PM.
Women were valued for child rearing, awards were given for 14 or more.
Hideki Tojo
Country - Japan
Though Japan had an emperor, the military had taken control of the government.
Emperor Hirohito could not stand up to the powerful generals, but he was
Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China (The League of Nations did
nothing).
After WWI, abdicated his throne to moderate Socialists who became unpopular for
1919 - New German republic known as the Weimar Republic was created. They created a
both men and women the right to vote and included a Bill of Rights. The government
came under criticism by both leftists and communists who wanted who wanted more
1924 the U.S and G.B. convinced France to relax war reparations on Germany.
Adolph Hitler-Austrian born, but fought for Germany in WWI. He became leader of the
1923 - He tried to seize power in a beer hall was jailed for one year. While in jail he
wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), which reflected his extreme nationalism, racism and
anti-semitism. He taught that Germans were members of a master race or Aryans or light
1933 - He is elected chancellor because the Reichstag think they can use him.
Adolf Hitler -
Country - Germany
Inflation and depression weakened the Democratic Government in Germany and allowed
Believed the Western powers had no intention of using force to maintain the The Treaty
of Versailles.
Lebensraum - Unite all German speaking nation's. Living space for Germans.
Nazism
Within a year, Hitler was master of Germany. He made Germany a one-party state and
Economic Policies
Cultural Policies
School courses and textbooks were written to reflect Nazi racial views.
Political Policies
Social Policies
Many German Jews fled Germany and sought refuge in other countries.
Joseph Stalin
Brought his country to world power status but imposed upon it one of the most
KGB =Secret police killed thousands of army officers and prominent Bolsheviks
Stalins Police attack opponents with public force and secret actions.
They monitored telephone lines, read mail, and planted informers everywhere.
Even children told authorities about disloyal remarks they heard at home.
The Great Purge (Great Terror) - terror campaigns against Stalins perceived
enemies.
The purge involved - 1) The old Bolsheviks who helped in the 1917 Revolution.
By the end of 1938, Stalin is in complete control; 8-13 million people are dead as
a result.
propaganda posters.
Artists are censored, controlled; their work is harnessed to glorify the Party.
Religious Persecution
Magnificent churches and synagogues are destroyed. Religious leaders are killed.
Statues of Stalin replace religious icons and Marxist books replace sacred ones.
Economy
Economic Systems
Capitalism
interference.
Competition controls prices.
Communism
employees as inevitable.
Socialism
Economic system which tries to end poverty and lessen the gap between