Motor Protection

1
 Motor Protection Philosophy

For our purposes as protection engineers a large point

of the electrical generation and distribution system is
to deliver electrons to the systems that produce work
and the profit it creates
This mostly means motors, in resource industries
So our primary task is to protect the motor rolling
stock, while also protecting the process (loss of
production)

2
 Motor Downtime
Motor initial cost could be as low as 2% of its lifetime
operational cost.
The driven process downtime in many cases is more
expensive than motor.
Motor downtime contributors are:
Power system failures.
Inadvertent shutdown because of organic interface
issues or motor protection mal-operation
Motor failure
Load failure

3
 Motor Failure Rates and Cost
IEEE STUDY EPRI STUDY AVERAGE
FAILURE CONTRIBUTOR % FAILED COMPONENT % %
Persistent Overload 4.20% Stator Ground Insulation 23.00
Electrical
Normal Deterioration 26.40% Turn Insulation 4.00
Motor failure rate is Bracing 3.00
Related Failures

conservatively Core 1.00

estimated as 3-5% per Cage 5.00 33%

Electrical Related Total 30.60% Electrical Related Total 36.00%
year. High Vibration 15.50% Sleeve Bearings 16.00
Mechanical
Poor Lubrication 15.20% Antifriction Bearings 8.00
In Mining, Pulp and 5.00
Related Failures
Trust Bearings
Paper industry motor Rotor Shaft 2.00

failure rate is up to Mechanical Related

Rotor Core
Mechanical Related
1.00
31%
12%. Total
30.70%
Total
32.00%

High Ambient Temp. 3 Bearing Seals 6.00

Motor failure cost Abnormal Moisture 5.8 Oil Leakege 3.00 Environmental,
Maintanence &
contributors: Abnormal Voltage 1.5 Frame 1.00
Other Reasons
Abnormal Frequency 0.6 Wedges 1.00 Related Failures
Repair or Abrasive Chemicals 4.2
Replacement. Poor Ventilation Cooling 3.9
Other Reasons 19.7 Other Components 21.00
Removal and Environmental Related & Maintanence Related &
36%
38.70% 32.00%
Other Reasons: Total Other Parts: Total
Installation.
Loss of Production.
4
 Thermal Stress Causes Motor Failure
Many of the motor failure contributors (IEEE Survey) and failed
motor components (EPRI Survey) are related to motor overheating.
Thermal stress potentially can cause the failure of all the major
motor parts: Stator, Rotor, Bearings, Shaft and Frame.

STATOR BEARINGS

ROTOR SHAFT

FRAME

5
 Motor Management Relays

Thermal modeling is motor protection!

It is true protection, everything else is fault clearing
(50/51/87 etc), motor has already been damaged by
inadequate or improperly set thermal protection
The purpose of the modern digital motor relay (as
opposed to mechanical or analog legacy devices) is
to prevent damage to the motor while allowing it to
run through momentary system conditions, thereby
keeping the process running
Loss of production is a huge cost, as previously
noted

6
Motor Design
Motor characteristics are
determined by the design

Shaft height, length of rotor, rotor

bar design all effect the current,
torque and thermal load profile

These items can be modified to

increase or decrease the thermal
capacity, affecting the protection Motor can be
decisions 190C specified to run
180C
140C
165C at design
155C
120C 130C temperature rise
110C
at full load, or at
SF
40C 40C 40C
40C 40C
Protection is
selected based
on this
AMBIENT CLASS A CLASS B CLASS F CLASS H

7
 Two Main Risks for an Overheated Motor
Stator Windings Insulation Degradation
110

100

90
A B F H
Insulation lifetime
decreases by half if
80
PERCENTAGE OF LIFE (%)

70 For F class
insulation stator
60

50
A-CLASS (105 C)
temperature of motor operating
165C causes motor
40

30
B-CLASS (130C)
lifetime to decrease temperature
F-CLASS (155 C)
to 50%
20

10
H-CLASS (180 C) exceeds thermal
0
0 50 100 150

TEMPERATURE (C)
200 250 limit by 10C
Rotor Conductors Deforming or Melting
In most cases, rotor thermal limit is defined by the allowed motor
stall time. These motors are classified as rotor limited.

Stator limited motors are uncommon - if voltage rating is 10 times

greater than HP rating: For example: 500HP, 6900V

8
 Motor Thermal Limits Definitions
Running overload region

Thermal limit curve when

motor is cold
Time in seconds

Thermal limit curve

when motor is hot

Failure to Accelerate
region

Locked Rotor region

Acceleration curve @ 90%

rated voltage
Acceleration curve
@100% voltage
Phase current in multiplies of FLC

9
 Motor Operating Regions
The instant the starter closes, voltage
is induced in the rotor, allowing large
currents to flow. N
Locked Rotor, so the frequency seen
at that moment by the rotor is full
60hz, meaning the XL is at max
XL=2* 3.14*F*L
So PF is very low as most of the Z is
inductive.

As motor starts to accelerate motor S

enters failure to accelerate zone,
frequency seen by rotor starts to
drop, current drawn by motor starts
to decrease, PF improves.
Rotor is turning, fan is turning, more
heat is being removed.
At full speed, above 95% speed,
motor pulls into sync, current drops
off, PF optimum, the running
overload region

10
Motor Relay Zone of Protection

-Electrical Faults
-Abnormal Conditions
-Thermal Overloads

11
 Setting of the motor protection relay is based
on the motor datasheets information and
system configuration

Datasheets are normally provided by motor

manufacturer, required information must be
detailed during purchase

System configuration data can be obtained

from single line diagram

12
CT Selection

13
Phase CTs
The CT should be nominally sized at or
greater than motor FLA
Ideally FLA will be 75-150% of ct primary
value
The CT must have an accuracy class high
enough so that the voltage waveform
presented to the relay will allow the
overcurrent to operate

14
Phase CTs
A Motor has a FLA of 413 Amps
Maximum fault current is 22KA

15
Phase CTs
C100 If calculated magnitude is less than OC
pickup, the CT circuit will have to be
redesigned!

Saturated Magnitude Trace

16
Motor Data Sheets

Motor Performance Data Thermal Limit Curves

17
 Motor Thermal Parameters
G

Motor Data Sheet Parameters K

G. Temperature Rise, Insulation Class
H. Full Load Current
I. Locked Rotor Current
J. Locked Rotor Time; Cold/Hot
K. Number of Starts per hour; Cold/Hot 18
Motor Specifications

Information required to set Thermal Model:

Motor FLA
Locked Rotor Current
Locked Rotor Time Hot
Locked Rotor Time Cold
Service Factor
Motor Damage Curves
Running and Stopped cooling times

19
Settings Example
CT Rating, Voltage Sensing
FLA & Ground CT
Thermal Model Settings
Overload Pickup, Overload Curve, Unbalance Bias K Factor, Stopped & Running Cooling
Time Constants Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio, RTD Bias

Short Circuit Trip

Current Unbalance Alarm & Trip
Ground Fault
Acceleration Trip
Start Inhibit
Starts per hour, Time Between Starts
RTD Alarm & Trip
Phase Differential Trip
Undervoltage, Overvoltage Trip

20
Settings Example
Select CT Rating, Voltage Sensing

Phase CT
The phase CT should be chosen such that the
FLA is 75% to 150% of CT primary. Since the
FLA is 297 a 300:5 CT may be chosen.

CT: 75% <FLA <150%

300/5

Voltage Sensing
Enter the connection type and ratio. Enter
motor nameplate voltage. In this case, a
14400/120 PT will be used, so 120:1 ratio.

21
Settings Example
Select FLA, Ground CT
Motor FLA
Set the Motor Full Load Amps to 297A,
as specified by the data sheets.
Ground CT
For high resistive grounded systems
<25A, sensitive ground detection is
possible with the 50:0.025 CT. On
solidly grounded or low resistive
grounded systems where the fault
current is much higher, a 1A or 5A
secondary CT should be used. If
residual ground fault connection is to
be used, the ground fault CT ratio
must equal the phase CT ratio. If
residual connection is used, timer
must be set with respect to the
acceleration time to ride through.
The zero sequence CT chosen needs
to be able to handle all potential fault
levels without saturating.
Set:
FLA = 297 A
GF = System

22
 ***Importance of Curve Selection***
All algorithms of the thermal model are based on the protection curve

Improper curve selection will lead to false trips and increased lockout
times, which increases operational costs, as per the early slides

Selecting a curve that is too low (more conservative) will cause the relay to
interpret a given amount of load current as an ever greater percentage of
the available motor capacity causing a trip too early, while the motor could
still serve the process

Since the lockout time after a shutdown/trip is based on a time constant

model, the lower the selected curve, the longer the lockout time

For example, if the TCU used on start is greater than 67% of TC the
lockout will extend into the second time constant, 89% puts it into the 3rd
time constant, etc

In extreme cases the relay can interpret start TCU as 100% and RTD bias
will prevent reset until 100% TC is available, which implies 40C, unlimited
lockout possible, days long in hot environment.
23
***Importance of Curve Selection***

24
Settings Example
Select Overload Curve for Thermal Model using Damage curves

Overload Curve
Set the overload curve just below cold thermal limit and above hot
thermal limit. If only hot curve is provided by mfgr, then must set at or
below hot thermal limit
The best fitting curve is curve # 9 in this example.

25
Settings Example
Select Overload Curve for Thermal Model

Overload Curve
Set the overload curve below cold thermal limit and above hot thermal
limit. If only hot curve is provided by mfgr, then must set at or below
hot thermal limit. The best fitting curve is curve # 9 in this example.
This can be verified with Hot Stall Time of 30s at 540% FLA by using the
standard overload curve equation above.

26
Settings Example
Select Overload Curve for Thermal Model
Select overload curve using Hot Stall Time and Locked Rotor Current when
Overload Curves are not available:
Example: For Hot Stall Time = 30s and LRA = 540% FLA

*****Warning*****
This may leave the selected
curve above the motor curve
at the low end
Substitute in the above equation: True damage curves are
always preferred
30s = CURVE MULTPLIER x 2.2116623 Custom curve can be used to
(0.02530337 x 4.42 + 0.05054758 x 4.4) maximize protection

CURVE MULTIPLER = 30 x (0.02530337 x 4.42 + 0.05054758 x 4.4)

2.2116623
= 9.66
SELECT Curve 9 (which is below this intersection point)
27
 Thermal Model
Determining The Overload Pickup:
Motors have long thermal constants and can handle low
overloads for very long periods
Motors with a 1.15 service factor, a maximum pickup of 125% of
the full load current can be selected
1.0 service factor motors max is 115% of full load current.
It is common practice to set the pick up to no more than the
rated motor full load current plus some % of the service factor
unless there is another independent measure of motor
temperature such as stator RTD's.
If the motors thermal capacity is being corrected by an RTD
biasing function to the thermal model, the overload pickup can
be safely increased to the maximum allowable value.
Note that the motor feeder cables are normally sized at 1.25
times the motors full load current rating which would limit the
motor overload pickup setting to a maximum of 125%.

28
Settings Example
Thermal Overload Pickup

Overload Pickup
This setting defines the current level at which the
motor is considered to be overloaded.

Motor Thermal Overload function can not be

disabled.

29
 Thermal Model - Current Unbalance
Rotor

Negative sequence currents (or

unbalanced phase currents) will
cause additional rotor heating that
will not be accounted for by
electromechanical relays and may
not be accounted for in some
electronic protective relays.
The rotating negative sequence S
vectors increase the frequency of
voltage induced in the rotor
The cumulative skin effect
increases the apparent impedance of
the rotor Stator Rotor Bars
30
 Thermal Model - Current Unbalance
If heating caused by unbalance is taken into account by the thermal model,
the process continues to run, our goal

A 3 phase motor can run with one phase completely absent, in these
circumstances extra heat is produced, but it does not necessarily mean the
motor must be tripped immediately

Low unbalance trip settings are a large contributor to false trips,

1%Vunbal=6%Iunbal

To compensate we calculate an equivalent current using a K-factor, this has

the effect of shifting the damage curve to the left, lowering the trip time for a
given measured current.

This allows the unbalance trip level to be set higher. **Note that once
unbalance trip is set, the relay will trip for single phase after 2 seconds if
the unbalance goes above 40%.

I EQ I M2 (1 K ( I 2 I 1 ) 2 )

31
Settings Example
Determine Unbalance Bias K Factor for Thermal Model
Unbalance Bias Of Thermal Capacity
Enable the Unbalance Bias of Thermal
Capacity so that the heating effect of
unbalance currents is added to the
Thermal Capacity Used.

K=175/LRA 2 = 175/ 5.4 2 = 6 K=230/LRA 2 = 230/ 5.4 2 = 8

(Typical) (Conservative)

32
Settings Example
Determine Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio for Thermal Model (method 1)

LRTHOT
HCR
LRTCOLD

Hot/Cold Ratio =
30/35
=> 0.86

Hot/Cold Curve Ratio

The hot/cold curve ratio is calculated by simply dividing the hot safe
stall time by the cold safe stall time or use the motor thermal limits
curve. For this example, both are available. Using the data sheets the
Hot/Cold Curve Ratio equals 30 / 35 = 0.86

33
Settings Example
Determine Hot/Cold Safe Stall Ratio for Thermal Model (method 2)

Overload Curve Method

Hot/Cold Curve Ratio
If the thermal limits curves are being used to determine the
HOT/COLD ratio proceed as follows:

From the thermal limits curves run a line perpendicular to

the current axis that intersects the hot and cold curves at
the stall point
LRTcold = 8sec Draw lines from each points of intersection to the time axis.
Record the corresponding times. In this case, 6 and 8
seconds respectively.
The Hot/cold ratio can now be calculated as follows:
= 6s/8s = 0.75
LRThot = 6sec
NOTE:
If hot and cold times are not provided and only one curve is
LRC = 5.4FLA given verify with the manufacturer that it is the hot curve (
which is the worst case), then the Hot/ Cold ratio should be
set to 1.0

34
Thermal Model - RTD Biasing

RTD Bias Curve Example RTD input is a good indicator of

the thermal capacity used,
dependent on stator temperature
RTDs are very slow and so are
not acceptable for primary
instantaneous protection, nor do
they measure rotor temp and so
do not help for transitory
conditions, like starting
RTDs are very good at correcting
the current based thermal model
over time
The relay will use the calculated
thermal capacity unless the RTD
thermal capacity is higher (rtd
cannot overrule current if current
modeled TCU is higher)

35
Settings Example
Determine RTD Bias Setpoints for Thermal Model
MAX POINT
TEMP: 155C
TCU: 100%

MID POINT
TEMP: 130C
TCU: 25%

MIN POINT
TEMP: 40C
TCU: 0%

Enable RTD Biasing

This will enable the temperature from the Stator RTD sensors, to be
included in the calculations of Thermal Capacity. RTD bias model
determines the Thermal Capacity Used based on the temperature of the
Stator and is separate from the overload model for calculating Thermal
Capacity Used. RTD biasing is a back up protection element which
accounts for such things as loss of cooling or unusually high ambient
temperature. This measured temperature is used to bias or modify the
thermal capacity value stored in the motor relay. It places the motor
damage curve in the right position to be able to react to overloads.
36
Settings Example
Determine RTD Bias Setpoints for Thermal Model
Motor relay will use the calculated thermal
MAX POINT capacity unless the RTD thermal capacity is
TEMP: 155C higher.
TCU: 100%
This feature will not trip the motor at the
max point temp unless the average current
is greater than the overload pickup setting

RTD Bias Function

MID POINT
TEMP: 130C Set to Enabled/YES
TCU: 25% RTD Bias Minimum
Set to 40 C which is the ambient temperature obtained from the
MIN POINT data sheets.
TEMP: 40C RTD Bias Center Point
TCU: 0% The center point temperature is set to the motors hot running
temperature and is calculated as follows:
Temperature Rise of Stator + Ambient Temperature.
The temperature rise of the stator is 80 C + 10% hot spot allowance,
obtained from the data sheets.
Therefore, the RTD Center point temperature is set to 900C + 400C or
130 C.
RTD Bias Maximum
This setpoint is set to the rating of the insulation or slightly less. A
class F insulation is used in this motor which is rated at 155 C, so
setting should be 150 C.
37
Settings Example
Determine RTD Bias Setpoints for Thermal Model

MAX POINT
TEMP: 155C
TCU: 100%

MID POINT
TEMP: 130C
TCU: 25%

MIN POINT
TEMP: 40C
TCU: 0%

38
 Thermal Model - Motor Cooling
Thermal Model Cooling Motor Stopped Thermal Model Cooling Motor Tripped

When the motor is stopped, its thermal capacity used value will decay according to
a formula. If the thermal capacity used was at 100% before stopping the motor, the
thermal capacity used will take 5 time constants or 2.5 hours to decay. Note that after
only three time constants, the motor would be within 5% of its final value of zero from
its initial value. If the same motor were stopped with 85% of its thermal capacity
used, it would decay according to the same formula taking 5 time constants to decay
to zero completely and would be within 5% of zero from its initial value after 3 time
constants.
**As noted, RTD bias and the stopped motor cooling times can conspire to create long
unneeded lockouts if curve selection is too conservative, impacting process

39
Settings Example
Stopped & Running Cool Time Constants

Stopped and Running Cool Time Constants

This information is usually supplied by the motor manufacturer but is not part of the data that was given
with this motor. If RTDs are present and will be wired to the relay biasing of the thermal model will be
used so it is not as critical to have these cooling times from the manufacturer: the default values of 15
and 30 minutes can be used for the running and stopped cool times respectively. These become the
baseline
**Important to know if supplied cool times are total or represent one time constant**
40
Settings Example
Determine Short Circuit Trip Settings

Short Circuit Trip For Breaker Applications

**Short circuit must be applied with care when fuse contactors are used**
The short circuit trip should be set above the maximum locked rotor current but below the short
circuit current of the fuses. The data sheets indicate a maximum locked rotor current of 540%
FLA or 5.4 x FLA. A setting of 6 x FLA with a instantaneous time delay will be ideal but nuisance
tripping may result due to the asymmetrical starting currents and DC offset. If asymmetrical
starting currents limits the starting capability, set the S/C level higher to a maximum of 9.2 x FLA
to override this condition (1.7 x 5.4 = 9.2 where 1.7 is the maximum DC offset for an
asymmetrical current). With 300:5 CT, 9.2 x FLA = 9.2 x 297/300 = 9.10 CT

41
Settings Example
Determine Current Unbalance Alarm/Trip Settings

Unbalance Alarm and Trip

The unbalance settings are determined by examining the motor application and
motor design. The heating effect of unbalance will be protected by enabling
unbalance input to thermal memory; described previously.

A setting of 10-15% x FLA for the Unbalance Alarm with a delay of 5-10 seconds
would be appropriate.

Trip can be set to 20-40% x FLA with a delay of 2-5 seconds. The relay will trip for
single phase after 2 seconds for greater than 40% automatically

42
Settings Example
Ground Fault & Acceleration Trip Settings
Ground Fault
Limit the ground fault current to less than 7.5 to 10amps.
In this example, use 0.15 x CT or 0.15 x 50 = 7.5A

Acceleration Trip
Acceleration Trip, like Mechanical Jam, is load protection, not motor protection
This setpoint should be set higher than the maximum starting time to avoid
nuisance tripping when the voltage is lower or for varying loads during acceleration.
A value greater than 15 seconds should be entered (based on motor data sheet).

43
Settings Example
Enable Start Inhibit

Enable Start Inhibit

This function will limit starts when the motor
is already hot. The motor relay learns the
amount of thermal capacity used at start. If
the motor is hot, thus having some thermal
capacity used, the relay will not allow a start if
the available thermal capacity is less than the
required thermal capacity for a start.

If Start Inhibit is not used, must wait until

Thermal Capacity Used (TCU) falls below 15%
before the motor can be re-started.

Using Start Inhibit allows one to start a motor

sooner, minimizing loss of process.

44
TCU / Start Inhibit Example

Thermal Capacity required to start

For example, if the THERMAL CAPACITY USED for
the last 5 starts is 24, 23, 27, 25, and 21%
respectively, the LEARNED STARTING CAPACITY is
27% 1.25 = 33.75% used.

Thermal Capacity used due to Overload

If the motor had been running in an overload condition
prior to stopping, the thermal capacity would be some
value; say 80%.

If Motor is Stopped:
When the motor has cooled and the level of
thermal capacity used has fallen to 66%, a
start will be permitted.

45
Settings Example
Starts/Hr, Time Between Starts

Starts/Hour
Starts/Hour can be set to the # of cold starts as per the data sheet.
For this example, it is 2
Mechanical relays had no memory and so starts per hour was devised as a
way to protect the rotor primarily.
**Motor thermal capacity calculations will always over rule starts/hour
settings so if curve selection is conservative the relay may not allow desired
number of starts

Time Between Starts

In some cases, the motor manufacturer will specify the time between motor
starts. In this example, this information is not given so this feature can be
disabled or set at a typical 20 min between starts.

46
Settings Example
RTD Alarm & Tripping

Stator RTDs
RTD trip level should be set at the maximum temperature rating of the
insulation as a final trip precaution if motor temp continue to rise but
currents stay below pickup. For example, a motor with class F insulation
that has a temperature rating of 155C could have the Stator RTD Trip level
be set to 150-155C The RTD alarm level should be set to a level to provide a
warning that the motor temperature is rising, 130-135C for a class B rise,
depending on max local ambient this alarm could be lowered.

Bearing RTDs
The Bearing RTD alarm and trip settings will be determined by evaluating
the temperature specification from the bearing manufacturer.

47
Settings Example
Phase Differential
Core Balance Method

Summation/Residual Method

To prevent nuisance tripping in this configuration, the differential

level may have to be set less sensitive, and the differential time
delay may have to be extended to ride through the CT differences
during motor starting.

48
Settings Example
Phase Differential - Six CTs:
Biased differential protection method allows for
different ratios for system/line and the neutral
CTs
This method has a dual slope characteristic. Main
purpose of the percent-slope characteristic is to
prevent a mis-operation caused by unbalances
between CTs during external faults. CT
unbalances arise as a result of CT accuracy errors
or CT saturation.
Characteristic allows for very sensitive settings
when the fault current is low and less sensitive
settings when the fault current is high and CT
performance may produce incorrect operating
signals

49
Settings Example
Phase Differential
Core Balance Method

Summation/Residual Method

To prevent nuisance tripping in this configuration, the differential

level may have to be set less sensitive, and the differential time
delay may have to be extended to ride through the CT differences
during motor starting.

50
Settings Example
Undervoltage & Overvoltage Tripping
The overall result of an under or overvoltage condition is an increase in
current and motor heating and a reduction in overall motor performance.

The undervoltage trip should be set to 80-90% of nameplate unless

otherwise stated on the data sheets. Motors that are connected to the
same source, may experience a temporary undervoltage when one of
motors starts. To override these temporary sags, a time delay setpoint
should be set.

The overvoltage element should be set to 110% of the motors nameplate

unless otherwise started in the data sheets.

51
 Motors Operated on VFD
No traditional inrush as the motor always operates in
the v/hz region and as a result there are no starts per
hour considerations

Modern digital relays incorporate settings for use on

variable frequency which changes how the relay
looks at zero crossings to alter the algorithm, required
so the relay accurately calculates the thermal capacity
used and unbalance

Without this setting these algorithms start to miss-

Relay operate below ~50hz

When enabled the relay operates accurately down to

~25hz, well below the vast majority of VFD application
minimum speed ranges, 869 is accurate down to 3 hz

Constant torque applications present special

problems, as the motor can run at full current but
reduced speed and thereby reduce cooling air flow
which increases the need for the RTD biased thermal
model, unless the motors are forced ventilated 52
 Motors Operated on VFD

No If the VFD application has a bypass

circuit it is important that the relay
sees the motor current at all times

Regardless of the fact there is no

inrush the VFD current still uses up
motor TC and the relay needs to
adjust the model accordingly so it has
Relay an accurate representation of the
motor state when it is transferred to
the bypass circuit

When the motor is operating on vfd

Relay
the relay provides redundant I2T
protection but it is more accurate
protection via RTD inputs and biased
thermal model, which no VFDs do

53
 Motor Starting
A weak electrical system gives a similar effect to a soft-start
A soft-start works by reducing the amount of voltage impressed on the
motor windings, thereby limiting the amount of induced current flow
An Autotransformer does this by using fixed taps
A solid state (ss) soft-start uses SCRs as a chopper circuit to reduce
the voltage to the motor
Each has strengths and weaknesses. An Auto-tx can produce more
torque for a given voltage, but a SS can provide a softer ramp in,
easier on the equipment
In all cases, this is a fixed frequency application and so the torque
produced is directly related to the square of the voltage.
The more you reduce the voltage to reduce current inrush and
flicker, the more the torque is reduced
There are practical limits to how low you can go before the motor
refuses to turn
To use a softstart to limit starting current to 300% would imply ~50%
voltage limit, which then would allow the motor on the next page to
produce 25% of LRT
Since the motor LRT is ~50% of FLT, in this situation the motor could
only develop 20% of FLT

54
Motor Starting - MV

FLT 100% > LRT

Full volts, LRT 80% of

FLT

80% volts, 64% LRT

= 50% of FLT

Constant torque app

may have a problem
Diminishing returns

55
Motor Starting - MV

Motor data sheets typically show

starting curves at two different
voltages
100% and some other point
defined by the customer
From the standpoint of the motor
it does not matter if it is caused
by a weak bus or a soft start

56
Motor Starting - LV

LRT > FLT = 120% in this example

The NEMA motor usually produces

much higher LRT
At reduced voltage of 80%, this
motor will produce almost 80% of
FLT vs 50% on the medium voltage
motor
As a result RVSS is more
applicable to the LV motor
application, and must be analyzed
further on MV motors

With a VFD there is no inrush.

The motor is always operated to
the right of the breakdown torque
point, v/hz region, and so starts
per hour, time between starts and
other such elements have no
function.

57
Motor Health Heat Rejection

58
 Motor Protection Enhancements

Multilin 869 thermal Overload Protection

Input Motor Currents 1-Cycle RMS Filter Filtered Motor Load Motor Load curve

Conventional thermal Overload Protection

Input Motor Currents 1-Cycle RMS Filter Unfiltered Motor Load Motor Load curve

Thermal model response - Match heating time to cooling time constant

59
 Motor Protection Enhancements - VFD
Source Side VFD Protection Load Side Motor Protection Combined, economical

Figure 7b

Combined protection requires special enhancements to

ensure the vfd upstream works on 60HZ basis while the vfd
output protection is done via a separate sampling algorithm

60
 Motor Protection Enhancements - VFD
Motor Load Filter Interval
Frequency tracking switched from
voltages to currents
Frequency range of 3Hz to 72Hz.
Thermal Model Voltage Dependent
(VD) function is blocked
VFD Not Bypassed operand could be
used to block the voltage elements.
All motor current functions except
Short Circuit, Ground Fault and
Differential elements are using Motor
Load Filter Interval
Elements that use filtered current
Acceleration Time When VFD configuration support
Current Unbalance Function is enabled and Bypass
Mechanical Jam Switch is closed, then frequency
Overload tracking source will be switched back
Thermal Model from currents to voltages, all voltages
Undercurrent elements will work as normal
Power Factor All motor functions will then be using
Power
the normal RMS currents

61
 Broken Rotor Bar Detection

Eliminate costly downtime

with intuitive analysis and
detection of broken rotor bar
conditions.
Uses advanced Motor Current
Signature Analysis (MCSA) for
detecting a broken rotor bar
conditions
Fully programmable and
operates while the motor is in
service
Programmable alarm
conditions allowing
maintenance to be conducted
at convenient times

62
 Broken Rotor Bar Detection
Traditional VS Modern approach

FFT of stator current of induction FFT of demodulated stator current of

machine with rotor bar fault induction machine with rotor bar fault

63
Broken Rotor Bar Detection

64
 Stator Turn-Turn Fault Detection
The method is based on measuring
the Cross Coupled Impedance of the
motor

65
 CT Saturation

2ms 18.7ms
869 469

Sub Cycle Operation Even with CT Saturation

66