Cash Flow Estimation

Problem Set

Question 1

MultiAlpha is considering replacing an old machine with a new one. Two months ago their chief
engineer completed a training workshop on the new machines operation and efficiency. The cost of
RM4000 cost for this workshop session has already been paid. If the new machine is purchased, it
would require RM5000 in installation and modification costs to make it suitable for operation in the
factory.

The old machine originally cost RM90000 five years ago and is being depreciated by RM15000 per year.
The new machine will cost RM80000 before installation and modification. It will be depreciated by
RM5000 per year. The old machine can be sold today for RM10000. The marginal tax rate for the firm
is 28%.

Compute the relevant initial outlay in this capital budgeting decision.

Suggested Solutions: RM73600

Initial Investment (Cash Outflow) Remark

Y0 RM
Price of Equipment 80000
ADD:
Cost of Training 0 Sunk costs
Shipping costs 0
Modification costs 0
Installation 5000
Initial Outlay 85000
Less:
Cash Inflow Upon Sale of (10000)
Existing Machine
Tax Saving on Disposal of (1400)
Existing Machine
Net Cash Flow for 73600
Investment

Cash Flow Upon Disposal

Sale of Existing Machine RM Of Existing Machine
Cost Of Equipment 90000
Less: Accumulated Depreciation
RM15000 x 5 years (75000)
Book Value 15000
Disposal Price 10000 10000
Loss on Disposal 5000
Tax Saving 28% 1400 1400

1
Question 2

Canggih Sdn. Bhd. is considering a new product. The company currently manufactures several lines of
school uniform. The new product, Canggih Jean, is expected to generate sales of RM1.0 million per year
for the next 5 years. They expected that during this five-year period, they will lose about RM250000 in
sales of existing line of jean. The new line will require no additional equipment or space in the plant
and can be produced in the same manner as the apparel products. The new project will, however,
require that the company spend an additional RM80000 per year on insurance for raw materials. Also
an additional marketing manager would be hired to oversee the line at a salary of RM45000 per year in
salary and benefits, in additional to the current manager who is earning RM60000 per year in salary and
benefits. Depreciation of RM100000 of existing plant and machinery is expected to remain the same.

If the marginal tax rate is 28%, compute the incremental after tax cash flow for
years 1-5.

Suggested Solutions: RM450000 per year

Yearly Cash Inflow Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5

Revenue 1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000
Operating Expenses:
Additional Insurance (80000) (80000) (80000) (80000) (80000)
New Marketing Manager (45000) (45000) (45000) (45000) (45000)
Lost in Current Sale (250000) (250000) (250000) (250000) (250000)
(Opportunity Costs)
Depreciation - - - - -
(non-relevant costs)
Net Profit Before Tax 625000 625000 625000 625000 625000
(Tax Payable) / Tax Saving 28% (175000) (175000) (175000) (175000) (175000)
Profit After Tax 450000 450000 450000 450000 450000
Add: Depreciation - - - - -
Net Cash Flow 450000 450000 450000 450000 450000

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Question 3

You have been asked by the president of your company to evaluate the proposed acquisition of new
equipment. The equipments basic price is RM193,000, and shipping costs will be RM7,700. It will cost
another RM23,200 to modify it for special use by your firm and an additional RM13,500 to install the
equipment. The equipment falls in the MACRS 3-year class, and it will be sold after 3 years for
RM30900. The equipment is expected to generate revenue of RM178,000 per year with annual
operating costs (excluding depreciation) of RM84,000. The firms tax rate is 28% and its cost of capital
is 10%..

What is the firms initial investment of the machine and what is the operating cash flow forom Year 1 -
3? Should the company invest in this new equipment?
Note: Under the MACRS 3-year class, depreciation is 33% in first year, 45% in second year, 15% in third
year and 7% in fourth year.

Initial Investment (Cash Outflow)

Y0 RM
Price of Equipment 193000
ADD:
Shipping costs 7700
Modification costs 23200
Installation 13500
Initial Outlay 237400

Yearly Cash Inflow Y1 Y2 Y3 Total

Revenue 178000 178000 178000
Operating Expenses (84000) (84000) (84000)
Depreciation (78342) (106830) (35610)
Net Profit Before Tax 15658 (12830) 58390
(Tax Payable) / Tax Saving 28% (4384.24) 3592.40 (16349.20)
Profit After Tax 11273.76 (9237.60) 42040.80
Add: Depreciation 78342 106830 35610
Cash Inflow 89615.76 97592.40 77650.80
PV Factor, Lump Sum, 10% 0.9091 0.8264 0.7513
PV of Inflow 81469.69 80650.36 58339.05 220459.0
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Terminal Year Cash Flow

RM Y3
Cost Of Equipment 237400
Less: Accumulated Depreciation (220782)
Book Value 16618
Disposal Price (30900) 30900
Gain on Disposal 14282
Tax on Gain 28% (4000) (4000)
Net Gain 10282
Terminal Year Cash Inflow 26900
PV Factor, Lump Sum, 10% 0.7513
Present Value 20201

Net Present Value RM

Initial Outlay (237400)
Present Value of Future Cash Inflows 220459.09
Present Value Terminal Cash Flow Y3 20201
NPV 3260.09
Decision invest in the new equipment since the NPV is
positive.

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Question 4

A machine was purchases 10 years ago at a cost of RM15000. The expected life of the machine was 15
years. Its salvage value was and is still zero. The machine is depreciated using the straight-line basis.
A new machine can be purchased for RM24000, which will result in cost savings for the firm of RM6000
per annum over the 5 year useful life. The new machine can be sold for RM4000 in 5 years time. The
old machines market value is RM2000, which is below its RM5000 book value. If the new machine is
purchased, the existing one will be sold immediately. The tax rate is 28%. Net working capital
requirements will increase by RM2000 at the time of replacement. The new machine falls into the 3-
year MACRS class (Depreciation in Year 1 33%; Year 2 45%; Year 3 15%; and, Year 4 - 7% on costs).
The cost of capital is 12%.

Determine the NPV of the replacement decision.

Initial Investment (Cash Outflow) Remark

Y0 RM
Price of Equipment 24000
ADD:
Cost of Training -
Shipping costs -
Modification costs -
Installation -
Cost of Equipment 24000
Less:
Cash Inflow Upon Sale of (2000)
Existing Machine
Tax Saving on Disposal of (840)
Existing Machine
Net Cash Flow for 21160
Investment
Increase in Working 2000
Capital Requirement
Total Net Investment 23160

Cash Flow Upon Disposal

Sale of Existing Machine RM Of Existing Machine
Cost Of Equipment 15000
Less: Accumulated Depreciation
(RM15000/5years) x 10 years (10000)
Book Value 5000
Disposal Price 2000 2000
Loss on Disposal (3000)
Tax Saving 28% 840 840

Yearly Cash Inflow Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5

Revenue (a) 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000
Operating Expenses: - - - - -
Saving on Depreciation of 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Existing Machine
Depreciation of New Machine (7920) (10800) (3600) (1680) nil
Cost RM24000:
(Net Increase) / Net Saving in (6920) (9800) (2600) (680) 1000
Depreciation Expenses (b)

Net Profit Before Tax (920) (3800) 3400 5320 7000

(a) + (b)
(Tax Payable) / Tax Saving 257.60 1064 (952) (1489.60) (1960)

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28%
Profit After Tax (662.40) (2736) 2448 3830.40 5040
Add: Depreciation 6920 9800 3600 1680 (1000)
Net Cash Flow 6257.60 7064 6048 5510.40 4040
PV Factor Due, 12%, 0.8929 0.7972 0.7118 0.6355 0.5674
PV of Future Cash Inflow 5587.41 5631.42 4304.97 3501.86 2292.30
Present Value of Future 21317.95
Cash Inflows

Terminal Year Cash Flow

RM Y5
Cost Of Equipment 24000
Less: Accumulated Depreciation (24000)
Book Value nil
Disposal Price 4000 4000
Gain on Disposal 4000
Tax on Gain 28% (1120) (1120)
Net Gain 2880
Terminal Year Cash Inflow 2800
PV Factor, Lump Sum, 12% 0.5674
Present Value 1634.11

Return on Working Capital 2000

PV Factor, Lump Sum, 12% 0.5674
Present Value 1134.80

Net Present Value RM

Initial Outlay (23160)
Present Value of Future Cash Inflows 21317.95
Present Value Terminal Cash Flow Y5 1634.11
Present Value of Return in Working Capital 1134.80
NPV 926.86
Decision invest in the new equipment since the NPV is POSITIVE.

Question 5

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Bina Mahjaya Sdn. Bhd. is a medium-sized manufacturing company that plans to increase capacity by
purchasing new machinery at an initial cost of RM3m. The following are the most recent financial
statements of the company:

Profit and Loss Accounts for years ending 31 December

2002 2001
RM000 RM000

Sales 5,000 5,000

Production Costs 3,100 3,000

Gross Profit 1,900 2,000
Administration and Distribution Expenses 400 250

Profit before Interest and Tax 1,500 1,750
Interest 400 380

Profit before Tax 1,100 1,370
Tax 330 400

Profit after Tax 770 970
Dividends 390 390

Retained Earnings 380 580

The investment is expected to increase annual sales by 5,500 units. Investment in replacement
machinery would be needed after five years. Financial data on the additional units to be sold is as
follows:

RM
Selling price per unit 500
Production costs per unit 200

Variable administration and distribution expenses are expected to increase by RM220,000 per year as a
result of the increase in capacity. In addition to the initial investment in new machinery, RM400,000
would need to be invested in working capital. The investment on working capital is released at the end
of year 5. The full amount of the initial investment in new machinery of RM3 million will give rise to
capital allowances on a 25% per year reducing balance basis. The tax benefit is as follows:

Year 1 2 3 4 5
RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000
Capital Allowance 750 563 422 316 949
Tax Benefits (Saving) 225 169 127 95 284

The scrap value of the machinery after five years is expected to be negligible.

Tax liabilities are paid in the year in which they arise and Bina Mahjaya Sdn. Bhd. pays tax at 30% of
annual profits.

The Finance Director of Bina Mahjaya Sdn. Bhd. has proposed that the RM34 million investment should
be financed by an issue of debentures at a fixed rate of 8% per year.

Bina Mahjaya Sdn. Bhd. uses an after tax discount rate of 12% to evaluate investment proposals. In
preparing its financial statements, Bina Mahjaya Sdn. Bhd. uses straight-line depreciation over the
expected life of fixed assets.

6
Required:
Calculate the net present value of the proposed investment in increased capacity of Bina
Mahjaya Sdn. Bhd. , clearly stating any assumptions that you make in your calculations.

2 (a) Calculation of tax benefits of capital allowances

Year 1 2 3 4 5
RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000
Capital allowance 750 563 422 316 949
Tax benefits 225 169 127 95 284

Calculation of NPV of proposed investment:

Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000
Sales 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750 2,750
Production costs (1,100) (1,100) (1,100) (1,100)
(1,100)
Admin expenses (220) (220) (220) (220) (220)
Net revenue 1,430 1,430 1,430 1,430 1,430
Tax payable (429) (429) (429) (429) (429)
Tax benefits 225 169 127 95 284
1,226 1,170 1,128 1,096 1,285
Working capital (400) 400*
Investment (3,000)

Project cash flows (3,400) 1,226 1,170 1,128 1,096 1,685
Discount factors 1000 0893 0797 0712 0636
0567
Present values (3,400) 1,095 9325 803 697
9555*

The net present value is approximately RM1,083,000

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Question 6

You buy a transporter for $50 million. It will cost another $5 million to install. You will depreciate it over
10 years, (10% each year). You expect to make $15 million each year in revenues. Operating costs will
be $2 million each year. Increase in working capital is expected to be $30 million which will be reversed
at the end of 10 years when you get out of the transporting business. At the end of 10 years, the
transporter will be salvaged for $10 million. You are in the 30% tax bracket.

1. What is your initial outlay?

2. What is your net income for the first nine years?

3. What is your operating cash flow each year?

4. What is your terminal cash flow at the end of year 10? Do not include the operating cash flow.
( 4 marks)
Soln:
1. 50 + 5 + 30.= $85 milliom

2. Operating income $15 $2 = $13 depreciation (10% of 55 = 5.5) = $7.5 million before tax.
$7.5(1-.3) = $5.25 million after tax.

3. Operating cash flow is 5.25 + 5.5(depreciation) = $10.25 million.

4. Sell for $10 million, book value is zero at this time so you have a gain of $10 million minus $3 million
in taxes for $7 million. Add back working capital of $30 million (no longer will need it so working capital
is now reduced by $30 million) so terminal cash flow is $37 million.

Question 7: New project NPV

i
. Blair Bookstores is thinking about expanding its facilities. In considering the expansion, Blairs finance
staff has obtained the following information:

The expansion will require the company to purchase today (t = 0)

$5 million of equipment. The equipment will be depreciated over the following four years at the
following rate:

Year 1: 33%
Year 2: 45 Stock increase by $400000, Acc
Year 3: 15 receivables increase by $200000 and
Year 4: 7 payables by $100000

The expansion will require the company to increase its net operating working capital by
$500,000 today (t = 0). This net operating working capital will be recovered at the end of four
years (t = 4).
The equipment is not expected to have any salvage value at the end of four years.
The companys operating costs, excluding depreciation, are expected to be 60 percent of the
companys annual sales.
The expansion will increase the companys dollar sales. The projected increases, all relative to
current sales are:

Year 1: $3.0 million Old New

Year 2: 3.5 million Year1 0.5m 3.5m
Year 3: 4.5 million Year2 0.8m 4.3m
Year 4: 4.0 million Year3 1.0m 5.5m
Year4 1.2m 5.2m

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 (For example, in Year 4 sales will be $4 million more than they would have been had the project
not been undertaken.) After the fourth year, the equipment will be obsolete, and will no longer
provide any additional incremental sales.
The companys tax rate is 40 percent and the companys other divisions are expected to have
positive tax liabilities throughout the projects life.
If the company proceeds with the expansion, it will need to use a building that the company
already owns. The building is fully depreciated; however, the building is currently leased out. The
company receives $300,000 before-tax rental income each year (payable at year end). If the
company proceeds with the expansion, the company will no longer receive this rental income.
The projects WACC is 10 percent.

What is the proposed project's NPV?

a. -$1,034,876
b. -$1,248,378
c. -$1,589,885
d. -$5,410,523
e. -$ 748,378

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i. New project NPV Answer: b Diff: T

Depreciation Schedule Depreciable Basis: $5,000,000

MACRS
Depreciation Annual
Year Rates Depreciation
1 0.33 $1,650,000
2 0.45 2,250,000
3 0.15 750,000
4 0.07 350,000

The following table shows how to compute the cash flows:

01234Cost($5,000,000)Net operating working capital
(500,000)Sales$3,000,000$3,500,000$4,500,000$4,000,000Operating costs, excl. depr. (60%) 1,800,000 2,100,000
2,700,000 2,400,000Depreciation 1,650,000 2,250,000 750,000 350,000Operating income before taxes($ 450,000)($
850,000)$1,050,000$1,250,000Taxes (40%) (180,000) (340,000) 420,000 500,000After-tax operating income($
270,000)($ 510,000)$ 630,000$ 750,000Plus: Depreciation 1,650,000 2,250,000 750,000 350,000After-tax operating
cash flows$1,380,000$1,740,000$1,380,000$1,100,000After-tax loss of rental income (180,000)(180,000)(180,000)
(180,000)Recovery of net operating working capital$ 500,000
Net cash flow($5,500,000)$1,200,000$1,560,000$1,200,000$1,420,000
Enter the NCF amounts into the cash flow register (at 10%) and obtain the NPV
of the cash flows is -$1,248,378.

(10 MARKS )

Question 8
LitrakNPC Sdn. Bhd. is considering an investment proposal that requires initial investments of RM250000 in
plant and machinery. Fully depreciate existing equipment may be disposed off for RM40000 before tax. The
proposed project will have a five-year life, and is expected to produce additional revenue of RM80000 per
year. Expenses other than depreciation will be RM15000 per year. The new plant and machinery will be
depreciated to zero over the five year useful life, but it is expected to be sold for RM30000. The corporation
tax rate is 28%.

1. What is the initial outlay for the proposed project? (2 marks)

Cost of new P&M = RM250000 - 1

Cash inflow from disposal of existing asset = RM40000 (1-28%) = (RM28800) 1
Net Initial Outlay = RM221200

2. What is the operating cash inflow from years 1-4? ( 3 marks)

Cash inflow Year 1-4Amount (RM) Revenue80000 - Less;Operating(15000) Depreciation (250000/5)

(50000) - 1PBT15000Tax 28%(4200) PAT10800Add: depreciation50000 Cash inflow60800

3. What is the total cash flow at the end of year five (operating cash flow for year five plus terminal cash
flow)? (2 marks)

Cash inflow Year 5Amount (RM)Cash inflow60800 Disposal of AssetBook Value0Sold30000Gain 30000
Tax 28%8400 Cash inflow30000 - 840021600 Gross Inflow82400
 4. What is the NPV for this project (cost of capital is 8%) (3 marks)

ItemPV 8% 5 yrs PVCash Inflow Year 1- 460800 per year60800 x 3.3121 - 1201375.68Terminal Cash
inflow YR58240082400 x 0.6806 - 156081.44257457.12Initial Outflow(221200) 1NPV36257.12

Question 9

Given the following information, calculate the NPV of a proposed project: Cost = $4,000; estimated life = 3
years; initial decrease in accounts receivable = $1,000, which must be restored at the end of the projects
life; estimated salvage value = $1,000; earnings before taxes and depreciation = $2,000 per year; tax rate =
40 percent; and cost of capital = 18 percent. The applicable depreciation rates are 33 percent, 45 percent,
15 percent, and 7 percent.

a. $1,137
b. -$ 151
c. $ 137
d. $ 544

Question 10: Relevant Cash Flows and Calculation of NPV and Payback Period. (14 marks)

a. The management of SevenDragon Restaurant has been experiencing losses in the most recent months and
is considering converting the operations to drive-in fast food takeaways.

The fitting-out of the premise will cost RM40,000, and the equipment will have a life of ten years with disposal
value of RM1000. However, RM8,000 overhaul is necessary at the end of the fifth (5 th) year.

Currently the restaurant incurred RM30,000 per annum to operate and did breakeven in this past year. The new
service will save RM10,000 of these costs.

Projected sales are 1,000 units per week, for full 52 weeks per year except in year 5 when the overhaul will force
a 4-weeks shutdown. Each unit will provide a contribution of RM0.20.

Ignore Tax

REQUIRED:

i. The annual cash inflows (and outflows) expected from the new project over the life of the asset..
ii. The Net Present Value of the operations if management is expecting a 20% rate of return.
(Ignore taxes)
(10 marks)
b. Calculate the Payback Period using the above example. (4 marks)

Solutions:
a.i.
Yr0Yr1Yr2Yr3Yr4Yr5Yr6Yr7Yr8Yr9Yr10Initial
Investment(40000)/Saving10000//100001000010000100001000010000100001000010000Sales
1000 x 0.20 x 52 weeks
1000 x 0.20 x 48 weeks10400//104001040010400

9600/1040010400104001040010400Overhaul (8000)/Disposal Price 1000 /Net Cash

Inflow(40000)2040020400204002040016002040020400204002040021400Discount Factor 20% /
0.83330.69440.57870.48230.40190.33490.27910.23260.19380.1615PV of inflows /82161(40000)NPV42161/
(10 marks)
Payback

1 + (40000-20400) = 1 + 19600 = 1.96 years

20400 20400

(4 marks)

Question 11

DIGITAL TWO plc, a software company, has developed a new game, Narugo, which it plans to launch in the
near future. Sales of the new game are expected to be very strong, following a favourable review by a popular
PC magazine. DIGITAL TWO plc has been informed that the review will give the game a Best Buy
recommendation. Sales volumes, production volumes and selling prices for Narugo over its four-year life are
expected to be as follows.

Year 1 2 3 4
Sales and production (units) 150,000 70,000 60,000 60,000
Selling price (RM per game) RM25 RM24 RM23 RM22

Financial information on Narugo for the first year of production is as follows:

Direct material cost RM540 per game
Other variable production cost RM600 per game
Fixed costs RM600,000 per year

Advertising costs to stimulate demand are expected to be RM650,000 in the first year of production and
RM100,000 in the second year of production. No advertising costs are expected in the third and fourth years of
production. Narugo will be produced on a new production machine costing RM800,000. Although this
production machine is expected to have a useful life of up to ten years, government legislation allows DIGITAL
TWO plc to claim the capital cost of the machine against the manufacture of a single product. Capital allowances
will therefore be claimed on a straight-line basis over four years.
DIGITAL TWO plc pays tax on profit at a rate of 30% per year and tax liabilities are settled in the year in which
they arise. DIGITAL TWO plc uses an after-tax discount rate of 10% when appraising new capital investments.
Ignore inflation.

Required:
(a) Calculate the net present value of the proposed investment and comment on your findings. (14marks)

YearY1 000Y2 000Y3 000Y4 000Sales Revenue3750168013801320Direct materials(810) (378)

(324) (324) Variable production(900) (420) (360) (360) Advertising(650) (100) Fixed costs(600)
(600)(600)(600)Depreciation(200) (200) (200) (200) EBT590(18)(104)(164)Tax 30%(177)
5.431.249.2EAT413(12.6)(72.8)(114.8)+Depreciation200200200200Net cash
flow613187.4127.285.2Discount 10%0.9090.8260.7510.683PV557.2154.895.5358.2PV865.74Initial
Investment800NPV65.74

(b) Operating cash flows rather than operating profit formed the basis for capital budgeting decisions.
Briefly explain THREE (3) types of costs that need to be considered in determining incremental cash
flows. (3 marks)

Sunk Costs
Opportunity Externalities.

(c) Lists THREE reasons why the net present value investment appraisal method is preferred to other
investment appraisal methods such as payback, return on capital employed and internal rate of return.
(3 marks)
Any Three
NPV considers cash flows
NPV considers the whole of an investment project
NPV considers the time value of money
NPV is an absolute measure of return
NPV links directly to the objective of maximising shareholders wealth

Question 12

LBD Bina Sdn. Bhd., a manufacturer of electronic equipment, has prepared the following draft financial
statements for the year ended 2006. These financial statements have not yet been made public.

Profit and loss account RM000

Turnover 9,600
Cost of sales 5,568

Gross profit 4,032
Operating expenses 3,408

Profit before interest and tax 624
Interest 156

Profit before tax 468
Taxation 140

Profit after tax 328
Dividends 300

Retained profit 28

 Balance Sheet RM000
Capital and reserves:
Ordinary shares, par value 50cents 1,000
Profit and loss 3,100

4,100

LBD Bina Sdn. Bhd. plans to invest RM1 million in a new product range and has forecast the following financial
information:

Year 1 2 3 4
Sales volume (units) 70,000 90,000 100,000 75,000
Average selling price (RM/unit) 40 45 51 51
Average variable costs (RM/unit) 30 28 27 27
Fixed costs (RM/year) 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000

The above cost forecasts have been prepared on the basis of current prices and no account has been taken of
depreciation, inflation of 4% per year on variable costs and 3% per year on fixed costs.

Working capital investment accounts for RM200,000 of the proposed RM1 million investment and machinery for
RM800,000. LBD Bina uses a four-year evaluation period for capital investment purposes, but expects the new
product range to continue to sell for several years after the end of
this period. Capital investments are expected to pay back within two years on an undiscounted basis, and within
three years on a discounted basis. The company pays tax on profits in the year in which liabilities arise at an
annual rate of 26% and depreciation on machinery on a 25% per year basis.

The ordinary shareholders of LBD Bina Sdn. Bhd. require an annual return of 12%. Its ordinary shares are
currently trading on the stock market at RM180 per share. The dividend paid by the company has increased at a
constant rate of 5% per year in recent years and, in the absence of further investment, the directors expect this
dividend growth rate to continue for the foreseeable future.

Required:
(a) (i) Calculate the current dividend per share of LBD Bina Sdn. Bhd. (2 marks)
(ii) Calculate the ordinary share price of LBD Bina Sdn. Bhd. predicted by the dividend growth model. (4
marks)

1 (a) (i) Number of ordinary shares = 1,000,000/05 = 2 million

Current dividend per share = 100 x (300,000/2,000,000) = 15p

(ii) Share price predicted by dividend growth model = (15 x 105)/(012 005) = 225p

(b) (i) Using LBD Bina Sdn. Bhd.s current average cost of capital of 10%, calculate the net present value
of the proposed investment. (14 marks)

Exhibit 1
Present Value Present Value of an Annuity
of RM1 at the End of n Periods: of RM1 per Period for n Periods:

Period 10% 10%

1 0.9091 0.9091
2 0.8264 1.7355
3 0.7513 2.4869
4 0.6830 3.1699
5 0.6209 3.7908

Total: 20 Marks

(b) (i) Calculation of NPV

Year 1 2 3 4
RM000 RM000 RM000 RM000
Sales revenue 2,800 4,050 5,100 3,825
Variable costs 2,184 2,722 3,024 2,349

Contribution 616 1,328 2,076 1,476
Fixed costs 515 530 546 563
Depreciation 200 200 200 200

Taxable cash flow -99 598 1,330 713
Taxation - 26% 26 -156 -346 -185

-73 442 984 528
Depreciation 200 200 200 200

After-tax cash flow 127 642 1,184 728
11% discount factors 09091 08264 07513 06830

Present values 116 531 890 497

RM000
Sum of present values of future benefits 2,034
Less initial investment 1,000

Net present value 1034

Because the investment continues in operation after the four-year period, working capital is not recovered in
the above calculation. It is possible to make an assumption concerning incremental investment in working
capital to accommodate inflation, but no specific inflation rate for working capital is provided. An assumption
of 34% inflation in working capital would be reasonable given the expected inflation in variable and fixed
costs.

(ii) Calculate, to the nearest month, the payback period and the discounted payback period of the
proposed investment. (4 marks)

Payback = 2 + (1000 127 642 ) = 2.2 years

1184

Discounted Payback = 2 years + (1000 116 531 ) = 2.4 years

890

(iii) Discuss the acceptability of the proposed investment based on the calculation made in b(i) and b(ii)
and explain ways in which your net present value calculation could be improved.

(iii) The proposed investment has a positive net present value of RM833,000 over four years of operation
compared with an initial investment of RM1 million and so is financially acceptable. The company has
payback and discounted payback targets, but these are not a guide to project acceptability because of the
shortcomings of payback as an investment appraisal method. The proposed investment fails to meet the
payback target of two years, but meets the discounted payback target of three years. While discounted
payback counters the criticism that payback ignores the time value of money, it still ignores cash flows
outside of the discounted payback period and so cannot be recommended to evaluate
other than conventional investments.

The net present value calculation could be improved in several ways. One obvious improvement would be the
consideration of project cash flows beyond the four-year evaluation period used by Hendil plc. The company
expects the new product range to sell for several years after the end of the evaluation period and if these
sales are at a profit, the net present value would be higher than calculated. Another improvement would be
more detailed information about the new product range, for which only average selling price and average
variable cost data are provided. The basis for these averages is not stated and it is not known whether the
products in the new range are substitutes or alternatives, or whether a constant product mix is being
assumed. The basis for the changing annual sales volumes should also be explained.

The assumption of constant annual inflation for variable and fixed costs is questionable. The information
provided implies that inflation may have been taken into account in forecasting selling prices, but the selling
price growth rates are sequentially 125%, 133% and zero, and so some factor other than inflation has also
been used in the selling price forecast. The net present value evaluation could be improved if the basis for
the forecast was known and could be verified as reasonable.

Question 13

You have been asked by the president of your company to evaluate the proposed acquisition of new equipment.
The equipments basic price is RM193000, and shipping costs will be RM7700. It will cost another RM23200 to
modify it for special use by your firm and an additional RM13500 to install the equipment. The equipment falls in
the MACRS 3-year class, and it will be sold after 3 years for RM30900. The equipment is expected to generate
revenue of RM178000 per year with annual operating costs (excluding depreciation) of RM84000. The firms tax
rate is 28% and its cost of capital is 10%..

REQUIRED:

i. What is the firms initial investment of the machine and

ii. What is the operating cash flow form Year 1 - 3?
iii. Should the company invest in this new equipment?

Note: Under the MACRS 3-year class, depreciation is 33% in first year, 45% in second year, 15% in third year
and 7% in fourth year.

Initial Investment (Cash Outflow)Y0RMPrice of Equipment193000ADD:Shipping costs7700Modification

costs23200Installation13500Initial Outlay237400

Yearly Cash InflowY1Y2Y3TotalRevenue178000178000178000Operating Expenses(84000)(84000)

(84000)Depreciation(78342)(106830)(35610)Net Profit Before Tax15658(12830)58390(Tax Payable) / Tax
Saving 28%(4384.24)3592.40(16349.20)Profit After Tax11273.76(9237.60)42040.80Add:
Depreciation7834210683035610Cash Inflow89615.7697592.4077650.80PV Factor, Lump Sum,
10%0.90910.82640.7513PV of Inflow81469.6980650.3658339.05220459.09

RMTerminal Year Cash Flow Y3Cost Of Equipment237400Less: Accumulated Depreciation(220782)Book

Value16618Disposal Price(30900)30900Gain on Disposal14282Tax on Gain 28%(4000)(4000)Net
Gain10282Terminal Year Cash Inflow26900PV Factor, Lump Sum, 10%0.7513Present Value20201

Net Present ValueRMInitial Outlay(237400) Present Value of Future Cash Inflows220459.09Present

Value Terminal Cash Flow Y320201NPV3260.09Decision invest in the new equipment since the NPV is
positive.

Question 14

3. Cash Estimation
(a) Rupab Sdn. Bhd has in issue five million shares with a market value of $381 per share. The equity beta of
the company is 12. The yield on short-term government debt is 45% per year and the equity risk premium is
approximately 5% per year.

The debt finance of Rupab Sdn. Bhd consists of bonds with a total book value of $2 million. These bonds pay
annual interest before tax of 7%. The par value and market value of each bond is $100.

Rupab Sdn. Bhd pays taxation one year in arrears at an annual rate of 25%. Capital allowances (tax-allowable
depreciation) on machinery are on a straight-line basis over the life of the asset.

REQUIRED: Calculate the after-tax weighted average cost of capital of RupabSdn Bhd. (6 marks)

3 (a) Calculation of weighted average cost of capital

Cost of Equity : ke= krf + (km-krf )
Cost of equity = 45 + (12 x 5) = 105%

The companys bonds are trading at par and therefore the before-tax cost of debt is the same as the interest rate
on the bonds, which is 7%.
After-tax cost of debt = kd (1 T)
After-tax cost of debt = 7 x (1 025) = 525%

Market value of equity = 5m x 381 = $1905 million

Market value of debt is equal to its par value of $2 million
Sum of market values of equity and debt = 1905 + 2 = $2105 million

WACC = (105 x 1905/2105) + (525 x 2/2105) = 100%

WACC = weke + wdkd (1 T)

(b) Ruparb Sdn. Bhd is now considering a project where they would open a new facility in Johor Bharu. The
companys CFO has assembled the following information regarding the proposed project:

It would costs RM500,000 today (t=0) to construct the new facility. The cost of the facility will be
depreciated on a straight-line basis over five years.
If the company open the facility, it would need to increase its inventory by RM100,000 at t=0. RM70,000
of this inventory will be financed by account payable.
The CFO has estimated that the project will generate the following amount of revenue over the next 3
years:
Year 1 Revenue = RM1.0 million
Year 2 Revenue = RM1.2 million
Year 3 Revenue = RM1.5 million
Operating costs excluding depreciation equal to 70 percent of revenue.
The company plans to abandon the facility after three (3) years. At terminal year, the projects estimated
salvage value will be RM200,000.At the same time, the company will also recover the net operating
working capital investment that it made at t=0.
The company tax rate is 27 percent.
The project cost of capital is as per calculated in 3(a) above.

REQUIRED: What is the projects net present value?

NPV = -530000 + 902699.3 = 372699.3
0
1
2
3Cost of Equipment-500000NOWC
(10000-70000)-30000sales100000012000001500000Operating Costs(70%)-700000-840000-
1050000Depreciation
(500000 / 5 yrs)-100000-100000-100000Income Before Tax200000260000350000Tax 27%-54000-70200-
94500Income AfterTax146000189800255500Add: depreciation100000100000100000Operating Cash
Flows246000289800355500Salvage Value (no gain no loss)200000Recovery of NOWC30000Operating
Cash Flows-530000246000289800585500PVIF 10%0.9090.8260.751PV Cash Flows-
530000223614239274.8439710.5902699.30

Question 15

Roslan Rose, CFA, is a financial analyst with Langkawi Marina Sdn. Bhd. a manufacturer of sailboats and
sailing equipment. Roslan is evaluating a proposal for Langkawi Marina to build sailboats for a foreign competitor
that lacks production capacity and sells in a different market. The sailboat project is perceived to have the same
risk as Langkawi Marinas other projects.

The proposal covers a limited time horizonthree yearsafter which the competitor expects to be situated in a
new, larger production facility. The limited time horizon appeals to Langkawi Marina, which currently has excess
capacity but expects to begin its own product expansion in slightly more than three years.

Roslan has collected much of the information necessary to evaluate this proposal in Exhibits 1 and 2.

Exhibit 1: Selected Data for Sailboat Proposal

(RM millions)Initial fixed capital outlay60Annual contracted revenues 60Annual operating costs 25Initial working
capital outlay (recovered at end of the project) 10Annual depreciation expense (both book and tax accounting)
20Economic life of facility (years) 3Salvage (book) value of facility at end of project 0Expected market value of
facility at end of project 5
Exhibit 2 : Selected Data for Langkawi Marina

Book value of long-term debt/total assets

28.6%Book value of equity/total assets 71.4%Market value of long-term debt/market value of company
23.1%Market value of equity/market value of company 76.9%Coupon rate on existing long-term debt
8.5%Interest rate on new long-term debt 8.0%Cost of equity 12.74%Marginal tax rate 35.0%Maximum
acceptable payback period 2 years

Roslan recognizes that Langkawi Marina is currently financed at its target capital structure and expects that the
capital structure will be maintained if the sailboat project is undertaken.
REQUIRED:

a. Determine the weighted cost of capital for Langkawi Marina (to the closest of),
b. Determine the projects net present value?
(The project cost of capital is as per calculated in (a) above.)

[Total 10 Marks]

a. WACC = WdKd(1-T) + WeKe

= 0.231(8%)(1-0.35) + 0.769(12.74%)
= 1.20 + 9.8
= 11.00 //

b.

Year 0Year 1Year 2Year 3Initial Capital Outlay(60,000) /Initial WC(10,000) /Revenue60,000 /
60,00060,000Less:Operating costs(25,000) /(25,000)(25,000)Depreciation(20,000) /(20,000)
(20,000)EBT15,00015,00015,000Tax 35%(5250) /(5250)(5250)EAT9,7509,7509,750Add:
depreciation20,000 /20,00020,00029,75029,75029,750Recovery WC10,000 /Salvage Value5,000 /Less: tax
on Salvage Value(1750) /Cashflows(70,000)29,75029,75043,000PVIF, 11% /0.9009 0.81160.7312PV
Cash(70,000)26,80224,14531,442NPV(70000)+26802+24145+31442= 12389 /

Question 16

Harris SCIB Sdn. Bhd. is evaluating the proposed acquisition of a new milling machine. The
machines base price is RM108,000, and it would cost another RM12,500 to modify it for special use
by the firm. The machine falls into the MACRS 3-year class, and it would be sold after 3 years for
RM65,000. The applicable depreciation rates are 33%, 45%, 15%, and 7%. The machine would
require an increase in net operating working capital (inventory) of RM5,500. The milling machine
would have no effect on revenues, but it is expected to save the firm RM44,000 per year in before-tax
and depreciation. Harriss marginal tax rate is 35%. The cost of capital for this project is 12%.
REQUIRED:

a. Determine the projects net present value.

The cash flow analysis for this project is:

Year 0 1 2 3
Investment outlays
Machine RM(108,000) /
Modifications RM(12,500) /
Increase in WC RM(5,500) /
Operating Cash Flows
Total Costs RM44,000.00 / RM44,000.00 RM44,000.00
Depreciation [RM39,765.00] / [RM54,225.00] /
[RM18,075.00]/
EBIT RM4,235.00 RM(10,225.00) RM25,925.00
Taxes - 35% [RM1,482.25] / RM3,578.75 [RM9,073.75]
NOPAT RM2,752.75 RM(6,646.25) RM16,851.25
Depreciation RM39,765.00 / RM54,225.00 RM18,075.00
Operating Cash Flows RM42,517.75 RM47,578.75 RM34,926.25
Terminal Cash Flows
Return of WC RM5,500.00/
Net Salvage Value RM45,202.25/
Net Cash Flows RM(126,000.00) RM42,517.75 RM47,578.75
RM85,628.50
PVIF 12% 0.8929 / 0.7972 0.7118
PV Cash Inflow 37964.10 7929.78
60950.37

PV Cash Inflow 136,844.24/

Initial Investment [126,000] /
NPV +10844.24

/ 12 @0.5 = 6 marks

Cash Flow
Net Salvage Value: Cost 120500
Acc Depr 93% [112065]
Book Value 8435
Sold 65000 65000
Gain 56565
Tax on gain 35% [19797.75] 19797.75
45202.25

b. i. Harris SCIB uses debt in its capital structure, so some of the money used to
finance the project will be debt. Given this fact, should the projected cash flows
be revised to show projected interest charges? Explain.
[1 mark]

No. The cost of capital already reflects the returns required by all investors in the
firm, including the bondholders. If we subtracted interest charges from revenues,
we
would essentially be counting the cost of debt twice.
 ii. Suppose you learned that Harris SCIB had spent RM50,000 to renovate the
building last year, expensing these costs. Should this cost be reflected in the
analysis? Explain.
[1 mark]
No. The renovation expenses are a sunk cost and should not have any impact on
the decision to invest today.

iii. Now suppose you learn that Harris SCIB could lease its building to another party
and earn RM25,000 per year. Should that fact be reflected in the analysis? If so,
how?
[1 mark]

Yes. This is an example of an opportunity cost. The foregone income which

could be obtained from leasing the building should be considered as a real cost.

[Total 10 marks]

Question 17 (May 2010 Sem)

[a] The president of Fly Asia Airlines has asked you to evaluate the proposed acquisition of a new
airplane. The aircraft price is RM40,000 and it is classified in the 3-year MACRS class. The
purchase of the plane would require an increase in net working capital of RM2,000. The airplane
would increase the firm's before-tax revenues by RM20,000 per year, but would also increase
 operating costs(excluding depreciation) by RM5,000 per year. The airplane is expected to be used
for 3 years and then sold for RM25,000. The firm's marginal tax rate is 40% and the project's cost
of capital is 12%. Use the following MACRS rates for 3-year property: 33%; 45%; 15%; 7%

[7 marks]

Y0Y1Y2Y3Cost40000 /NWC2000 /Revenue 20000 /2000020000Operating Costs[5000] /[5000]

[5000]Depreciation MACRS[13200] /[18000]/[6000]/PBT1800-30009000Tax 40%[720] /
1200 /[3600]PAT1080-18005400ADD: Depreciation13200 /
180006000142801620011400Reversal NWC2000 /Disposal25000 /Tax on Gain[8880]/Cash
Inflow142801620029520PVIF 12%0.8929 /0.79720.7118PV Cash
Inflow12750.6112914.6421012.34Costs40000Acc. Depr[37200]PV Cash
inflows46677.86/Book Value2800Cash Outflow[42000]/Sold25000NPV4677.86Gain22200Tax
40%8880/ 14 items @ 0.50 = 7

[b] A firm plans to expand into a new product line. In preparation, it has spent RM275,000 in
unrecoverable planning and systems work and another RM225,000 on land and
improvements, which could be sold now for RM200,000. The future cash flows of the
division were originally estimated to have a present value of RM580,000, well worth the
original RM500,000 investment. Now, with new information, it estimates that an additional
RM150,000 must be spent and the project will be delayed six months. Estimates of returns
once the new product line is available have not changed.

Should the company continue the project? What costs and returns would you compare
and what considerations would you include?
[3 marks]

Solution:
RM500,000 are spent and cannot be recovered: RM275,000 + RM225,000 these
costs are SUNK COST / which are not relevant for the NPV analysis.

The relevant costs/ are the RM150,000 of new spending and the RM200,000 of recoverable
value on land and improvements(opportunity costs of not proceeding with the project),/
for a total of RM350,000. This is considerably less than the RM580,000 in estimated revenue,
so the project should be completed.

[Total 10 marks]

Question 18 [August 2010 Sem]

Parker Products manufactures a variety of household products. The company is considering

introducing a new detergent. The company's Chief Financial Officer has collected the
following information about the proposed product.
 The project has an anticipated economic life of 4 years.

The company will have to purchase a new machine to produce the detergent. The machine has an
up-front cost of RM2.0 million. The machine is in the 4-year MACRS class (33%; 45%; 15%; 7%).
The company anticipates that the machine will have a salvage value will equal to RM175,000.

If the company goes ahead with the proposed product, it will have an effect on the company's net
working capital. At the outset, inventory will increase by RM140,000 and accounts payable will
increase byRM40,000. At year 4, the net working capital will be recovered after the project is
completed.

The detergent is expected to generate sales revenue of RM1 million the first year, RM2 million the
second year, RM4 million the third year, and RM8 million the final year. The project will add fixed
costs to the company of RM1,000,000. The variable cost of production (not including
depreciation)are expected to equal 50 percent of sales.

The company's interest expense each year will be RM100,000.

The new detergent is expected to reduce the sales of the company's existing products by
RM250,000 a year. These existing products have the same production cost factors as our new
detergent.

Because the project is expected to be profitable, the CEO has assigned the entire Companys
advertising budget to this project. Advertising is RM1,500,000 per year.

The company's cost of capital is 10 percent.

The company's tax rate is 28 percent.

REQUIRED: Should the company accept this project?

[Total 10 marks]

YoY1Y2Y3Y4Cost20000001000000200000040000008000000nwc [140-
40]100000FC1000000100000010000001000000VC500000100000020000004000
000INTEREST EXP0000OPP.COST250000250000250000250000ADvERT
COST1500000150000150000150000DEPRECIATION660000900000300000140000
PBT-2910000-13000003000002460000Tax 28%814800364000-84000-
688800PAT-2095200-
9360002160001771200DEPRECIATION660000900000300000140000-1435200-
360005160001911200Salvage Value175000Taxes-49000NWC100000Cash
Inflow2100000-1435200-360005160002137200PVIF
10%0.90910.82640.75130.683PV Cash Inflow2100000-1304740.32-
 29750.4387670.81459707.6SUM512887.68initial Investment2100000NPV-
1587112.32Cost2000000Depreciation2000000Book
Value0Disposal175000Gain175000Tax49000

Question 19 (January 2011)

You are evaluating an investment that has an expected net income (net of all costs and taxes)
of RM250,000 per year over the next 15 years. The investment will require the purchase of
new machinery that will require an initial outlay of RM4,500,000. The machine can be
depreciated using a constant dollar amount (Straight Line) to an estimated salvage value of
zero. You estimate that you should be able to sell the machine at the end of the project for
RM750,000 even though it has been fully depreciated. For this analysis assume the
marginal tax rate is 40% on ordinary income. The firm is estimating its weighted average
after-tax cost of capital at 12%.

a. What yearly cash flows should be used to evaluate this investment in years 1-14?

The cash flow for this is equal to the Net Income plus Depreciation. Since depreciation
is a non-cash expense, it is added back to the Net Income. This treatment will result in
the tax shield from the depreciation being recognized as cash flow.

RM250,000 + RM300,000 (RM4,500,000 / 15) = RM550,000

b. What is the expected cash flow from this investment in Year 15?

Annual Cash Inflow = RM550,000

Disposal of Machine:
(RM750,000 less tax of 40%) = RM450,000
Total Cash Inflow = RM1,000,000

c. What is the NPV of the project?

PV Annuity Year 1 14 : 550,000 x 6.6282= 3,645,510

PV Lump Sum for Year 15 of the project at 12% = RM1,000,000 x PVIFA 12%, 15 yrs
= RM1,000,000 x 0.1827 = 182,700

Total PV = 3,645,510 + 182,700 = 3,828,210

Cash Outflow =(4,500,000)
NPV = (671,790)
d. What item should not be shown in the projected profit-and-loss accounts for the project,
but should nevertheless be taken into account when doing an NPV analysis? Why?

Depreciation should not be shown in the projected profit and loss accounts
since it is a non cash item but it is included due to its tax implication. But
nevertheless it is added back as part of the adjustment to determine the cash
inflow.

e. Why should you exclude interest from the cash flow analysis?

Interest, as a cost of fund has been imputed when deriving to the cost of capital.
To include interest in the cash analysis would have double effect on the
calculation.