DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC SIDE-

STAND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM

Abstract:
The paper is explained about side stand releasing automatically by
using the
mechanical engage. That means the small (external) sprocket is
connected over the
chain of the two wheelers. While the vehicle is in moving condition
the side stand is
automatically released. Due to the rotation of the sprocket is lifting
the side stand by
using clutch cable. The one end of the clutch cable is connected to
the side stand, and
other end of the cable is connected to the sliding element. If the
vehicle is move, the
external sprocket is also rotate and strike the sliding rod.at the time
the sliding rod is
release the side stand by using cable. The engage is De-engaged
while the vehicle is
in moving condition .
 INTRODUCTION

Man is an ambitious creator. He has conquered the

world of science and has reached to this 21 ST century. In pre-cuts of perfection.

He has cared much for automation and product quality which is directly co

related to electronics.

In this fact developing society, electronic has come to

stay as the most important branch of Engineering. Electronic devices are being

used in almost all the industries for quality control and automation. They have

become a fast replacement of present workers army which is engaged in

processing and assembling of the factory.

Great strides taken in the industrial applications of

electronics during recent years have demonstrated that this versatile tool can be

of great importance in increasing production. Efficiency and control. The rapid

growth of electronic technology appears as a formidable challenge to the

beginners. The purpose of this introduction is the presentation of elementary

knowledge of modern electronics.

The branch of engineering which deals with current

conduction through a vacuum or gas or semiconductor and study of flow of

electrons through these is known as Electronics.

Electronics essentially deals with electronic devices

and their applications. As ELECTRONIC DEVICE is that in which electrons

flow through a vacuum or gas or semiconductors. Such devices have valuable

properties which enable is function and behave as a friend as man today.

Electronics has gained much importance due to its

numerous applications in industries. In Industries, electronic circuits and

electron devices are used in system on apparatus which quite useful.

Electronic devices are capable of performing lots of

different types of function.

 PURPOSE OF PROJECT

An engineer discover new ideas and identifies

opportunities in various sectors of national economy. He explores the

possibilities of starting adventures infield of agriculture, trade, industry,

transport and communication etc.

An engineering project is a combination of numerous

activities on the part of entrepreneurs, organisers, designers, workers and etc.

project is a reflection of hard but harmonious labour on the part of above

agencies.

The engineer is the key element in any project work

and it is not possible to attain success for every engineer. An engineer should

posses certain qualities and characteristics to achieve success in project or task

undertaken. The characteristics which contribute to engineers success in his.

 Technical competence, better judgement, intelligence,

leadership, self confidence, attitude of creativeness, honesty and emotional

stability.

The engineering project is a perfect co-detail of the

practical aspects of humanity and economics. The project provokes an engineer

to deal problem from a standpoint of view of the society. The engineer ultimate

aim is to do and dedicate himself for the society.

INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

Automatic induction motor starter with programmable timer.

Induction motors are popular due to their low-cost,

sturdy construction, fast pick-up , low maintenance expenditure and good

efficiency. The DOL ( direct-on-line ) starters and star/delta starters used for

starting and running of induction motors provide coarse type of protect ions

against voltage fluctuations and single phasing. Induction motors are very

sensitive to low voltage and single phasing during which they draw a heavy

current and can burn out unless switched of within few seconds of occurrence of

such conditions. This makes the requirement of a sensitive protective device

absolutely essential to avoid burning of induction motors under such conditions.

 The circuit of an automatic starter, incorporating the

important features given below, is described here. It is meant to be used in

conjunction with a DOL starter.

1. Under-voltage and over-voltage cut-out.

2. Single phasing prevention.

3. Automatic start on resumption of proper conditions.

4. 24-hour programmable off timer (on completion of actual runtime of the

motor).

5. Specially suited for remote operation of induction motor.

INTRODUCTION OF INDUCTION MOTOR

With the almost universal adoption of a.c. system of

distribution of electric energy for light and power, the field of application of a.c

motors has widened considerably during recent years. As a result, motor

manufacturers have tries, over the last few decades, to perfect various types of

a.c. motors suitable for all classes of industrial drives and for both single & three

phase a.c. supply. This has given rise to bewildering multiplicity of types whose

proper classification often offers considerable difficulty. Different a.c. motors

may however, be classified and divided into various groups from the following

different points of view:

1. AS REGARDS THEIR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

A) Synchronous motors

i) plain and ii) super-

B) Asynchronous motors

a) Induction motors

i) Squirrel cage {single, double}

ii) Slip-ring (external resistance)

b) Commutator motors

i) Series {single-phase, universal}

ii) Compensated {conductively, inductively}

iii) shunt {simple, compensated}

iv) repulsion {straight , compensated}

2. AS REGARDS THE TYPE OF CURRENT

i) single phase

ii) three phase

3. AS REGARDS THEIR SPEED

i) constant speed

ii) variable speed

iii) adjustable speed

4. AS REGARDS THEIR STRUCTURAL FEATURES

i) open ii) enclosed

iii) semi-enclosed iv) ventilated

v) pipe-ventilated iv) riveted frame eye etc.

PRINCIPLE OF INDUCTION MOTOR

As a general rule, conversion of electrical power into

mechanical power takes place in the rotating part of an electric motor .In

demotors, the electrical power is conducted directly to the armature (i.e. rotating

part) through brushes and commutator . Hence, in this sense, a dc motor can be

called a conduction motor. However , in a c motors, the rotor does not receive

electric power by conduction hut by induction in exactly the same way as the

secondary of a 2-winding transformer receives its power from the primary. That

is why such motors are known as induction motors. Infact, an induction motor

can be treated as a rotating transformer i.e. one in which primary winding is

stationary but the secondary is free to rotate.

Of all the a. c. motors, the polyphase induction motor

is the one which is extensively- used for various kinds of industrial drives. It has

the following main advantages and also some disadvantages :

Advantages :
1. It has very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable construction

(especially squirrel-cage type).

2. Its cost is low and it is very reliable.

3. It has sufficiently high efficiency. In normal running condition. No

brushes are needed, hence frictional losses are reduced. It starting

arrangement is simple especially for squirrel-cage type motor.

Disadvantages:

1. Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its

efficiency.

2. Just like a. d. c. shunt motor, its speed decreases with increase

in load.

3. Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of a. d. c. shunt

motor.

Construction

An induction motor consists essentially of two main parts :

a) a stator and b) a rotor.

a) Stator
 The stator of an induction motor is. in principle, the

same as that of a synchronous motor or generator . It is made up of a number of

stampings which are slotted to receive the windings. The stator carries a 3 phase

winding and is fed from a 3phase supply. It is wound for a definite number of

poles the exact number of poles being determined by the requirements of speed.

Greater the number of poles, lesser the speed and vice versa. The sattor

windings, when supplied with 3 phase currents, produce a magnetic flux which is

of constant magnitude but which revolves (or rotates) at synchronous speed

(given by Ns =- 120f/P). The revolving magnetic flux induces an e.m.f. in the

rotor by mutual induction.

b) Rotor

i) Squirrel-cage rotor : Motors employing this type of rotor are known

as squirrel-cage induction motors

ii) Phase wound or wound rotor :- Motors employing this type of rotor

are variously known as phase-wound motors or wound motors or as

slip-ring motors.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

R. Hanitsch, - Energy Efficient Electric Motors, in Proc. RIO 02 World Climate Energy
Event, 2002, pp. 611 Energy efficient motors use less electricity, run cooler, and often last
longer than NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) B motors of the same
size. To effectively evaluate the benefits of high efficiency electric motors, we must define
"efficiency". For an electric motor, efficiency is the ratio of mechanical power delivered by
the motor (output) to the electrical power supplied to the motor (input).

Efficiency = (Mechanical Power Output / Electrical Power Input) x100%

Thus, a motor that is 85 percent efficient converts 85 percent of the electrical energy input
into mechanical energy. The remaining 15 percent of the electrical energy is dissipated as
heat, evidenced by a rise in motor temperature. Energy efficient electric motors utilize
improved motor design and high quality materials to reduce motor losses, therefore
improving motor efficiency.

The improved design results in less heat dissipation and reduced noise output.Most electric
motors manufactured prior to 1975 were designed and constructed to meet minimum
performance levels as a trade-off for a low purchase price. Efficiency was maintained only
at levels high enough to meet the temperature rise restrictions of the particular motor. In
1977, the (NEMA) recommended a procedure for labeling standard three-phase motors
with an average nominal efficiency.

These efficiencies represent an industry average for a large number of motors of the same
design. Table 1 compares the current Standard full load nominal efficiencies for standard
and energy efficient motors of various sizes. Note that these efficiencies are averages for
three-phase Design B motors. (Design B motors account for 90 percent of all general
purpose induction motors. See NEMA Specifications Publication MG-1-1.16 for
classifications of induction motors.) Motors of other types have slightly different
efficiencies, while single phase motors have substantially lower efficiencies. Energy
efficient motors are only marketed with NEMA B speed-torque characteristics.

When considering energy efficient motors, two factors will affect the payback period:
power cost and operating hours per year. Where electricity is inexpensive or operating time
is low, it may take several years for the savings from installation of high efficiency motors
to outweigh the difference in initial cost.

On the other hand, where power costs and the operating hours per year are high, it may be
possible to replace an existing standard efficiency motor with an energy efficient motor
and realize a paycheck of less than one year. Furthermore, the economic advantages of
energy efficient motors over rewound motors often provide the opportunity for an upgrade
to energy efficient motors when old motors burn out.

Not all high efficiency motors are created equal. NEMA requires that the average nominal
efficiency test method be listed on the nameplate. IEWC 34-2 and JEC 37 test methods
result in slightly higher efficiencies than the IEEE 112 method. Current NEMA codes
require that the motor nameplate carry both the efficiency and test standards.
Motors perform best at full load. An underloaded motor, energy efficient or not, is less
efficient than a fully loaded motor.Energy efficient motors are most attractive economically
when power costs and/or operating hours per year are high.

A Survey of Efficiency Estimation methods for in-service induction motors.

Condition monitoring of electric motors avoids severe economical losses resulting from
unexpected motor failures and greatly improves the system reliability and maintainability.
Efficiency estimation, which shares many common requirements with condition
monitoring in terms of data collections, is expected to be implemented in an integrated
product.

This brings more considerations into the selection of the efficiency-estimation methods.
This paper presents the results of an up-to-date literature survey on efficiency-estimation
methods of in-service motors, particularly with considerations of the motor-condition-
monitoring requirements.

More than 20 of the most commonly used methods are briefly described and classified into
nine categories according to their physical properties. Six categories of these methods are
more related to in-service testing and are compared in a table summarizing the required
tests and measurements, intrusion level, and average accuracy.

Estimation of the rotor speed and the stator resistance, the two stumbling blocks of various
efficiency-estimation methods, is also carefully studied; commonly used methods are
summarized. Based on the survey results, four efficiency-estimation methods are suggested
as candidates for nonintrusive in-service motor-efficiency estimation and condition-
monitoring applications. Another contribution of this paper is that a general approach for
developing nonintrusive motor-efficiency-estimation methods is proposed, incorporating
rotor speed, stator resistance, and no-load loss estimations

K-Wang Il,H-wang,Byoung-jo/choi,seok-hoon-kang Enhanced self configuration for a

robust Zigbee-based home automation; IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,vol
56,no.2,may 2010, In recent, ZigBee is considered as a potential solution for a scalable and
flexible home automation systems.

However, several constraints of the ZigBee might create node failure or frequent link
breakages and thus some nodes in the network might become orphans. This orphan
problem of ZigBee might bring a big confusion to a home automation environment in
which a number of consumer devices are interconnected in the multi-hop manner.

Therefore, in this paper, an enhanced self-configuration (ESC) scheme is proposed, which

can improve the robustness of the conventional ZigBee-based home automation systems by
coping well with orphan propagation problem and dynamic error environments. Through
experiments on real system implementation, it is demonstrated that the ESC is superior to
the conventional ZigBee network in terms of delay and robustness.

THE CIRCUIT

As the circuit being described is required to be used

with a DOL starter, the internal diagram of the same is given in Fig. 1. The three

phases (R. Y, and B) entering the starter are passed via fuses Fl, F2. and F3. The

current rating of the fuses would depend on contactor and motor current ratings.

The three phases from the DOL starter are extended to the automatic starter

circuit of Fig. 2 via points marked R ', Y', and B'. The other points which are to

be extended to Fig. 2 are marked C through F. All the points marked identically

in Figs I and 2 are to he connected together.

Functions of switches and relays. To understand the

circuit operation, it is essential to know the effect of switches S1 through S6 and

contacts of relays RLI and RL2 in on and off conditions. These are discussed

below.

When switches S1 and S2 are off, only manual

operation of the DOL starter, without protections offered by the circuit of Fig. 2,
is possible. The C and D points are shorted (via switch S1 in off position)

whereas E and F points remain open. in this state, relay contacts have no effect

on the DOL starter operation. The motor can be switched on by momentary

operation of start switch s6. Please note that red ( R ) phase is always connected

to one side of the EM (electromagnetic) coil of contactor. The blue ( B ) phase

gets extended to the other side of contactor coil through switch S6 (in depressed

state) , normally made contacts of stop switch s5 (red button) and shorted C and

D points (via switch S1 in off position). Once the contactor coil is energised, it

is latched via its own contact marked '5 ' and closed dry run points D1 and D2 to

provide alternate path for B phase to the contactor coil. All three phases (R. Y,

and B) are extended to the induction motor via the closed contacts of the

contactor, and the motor runs.

When switch SI is on and switch S2 is off, the red (R)

phase connection to transformer XI through, while yellow (Y) phase is already

connected to bottom end of transformer X2. In this state, sensing circuit and B-

Y phase detector circuits of Fig. 2 are effective. If all phases are available and

voltages are within proper limits, relay RL1 will get energized (as explained later

in the text) to close contacts C and D. However, contacts E and F remain open

irrespective of the state of relay RL2 (contacts of relayRL2 come in parallel with

the contacts of start switch, provided switch S2 is on. Thus in this condition,
although safety circuits are functional, auto starting is not feasible. Manual start

button S6 has to be pressed for starting the induction motor. This mode of

operation is termed here as mode 1.

When switches SI and S2 are both on. then the

sensing circuit (for under/over voltages and single phasing) as well as auto start

circuits are operational. The effect of switch S1 and relay RL1 has already been

explained above. Relay RL2, which remains, on for a short while, along with

tenderization of relay RLI, acts in the same way as momentary depression of

start switch S6 to provide auto start/restart facility when 3-phase voltages are

within limits. This is termed here as mode 2 operation.

Switch S3 is used for automatic switching off of the

induction motor after it has operated for a pre-programmed period selected with

the help of rotary switch S4. During mode 1 (switch 1 on and switch 2 off)

operation when switch 3 is on, the induction motor will be switched off when

programmed on-time' is completed or whenever power fails. However, after

power resumes (and if all phase voltages are within limits), the motor can be

restarted with the help of start switch manually, provided the programmed period

is not over. During mode 2 (both switches S1 and S2 on)operation if switch S3 is

on, the motor will keep restarting automatically whenever power resumes (or all

3-phase voltages become all right) until the programmed running period is over.
 Power supply. The power supply for the schematic

circuit of Fig. 2 is derived from R and Y phases, using two mains transformers

with primary voltage rating of 230V AC connected in series across it through

DPDT slide switch S1. Their secondaries rated at 6V-0-6V AC, 200mA are also

connected in series to realise 12V-0-12V output across rectifier diodes Dl and

D2, connected as full-wave rectifiers. The output of rectifier, after some

smoothing by capacitor C1. is used for the purpose of sampling of under/over

voltage conditions. The output across capacitor C1, after passing through diode

D3, is further filtered by capacitor C3 before regulation by 9-volt regulator 7809

(ICI). The regulated output of ICI regulator is used for powering the entire

circuit. No heat sink is required for regulator 7809.

When two transformers (X1 and X2) are used in this

fashion, the AC output voltage should be checked after connecting the

secondaries of both transformers in series. If no voltage is present across anodes

of diodes Dl and D2 then either primary or secondary connections need be

reversed (but not both).

 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 4060

DESCRIPTION :

Integrated circuit 4060 is a sixteen pin CMOS

integrated circuit. It is a twelve stage Ripple Carry Binary Counter. The counters

are advanced one count on the negative transition of each clock pulse. The

counters are reset to the zero state by a logical I at the reset input independent

of clock.

CHARACTERISTICS ;

1. It has wide supply voltage range from Iv. To I 5v.

2. Integrated circuit 4060 had high noise immunity s 0.45 VDO.

 3. Its lower power Transistor Logic is Fan out of two driving 741. or one

driving 74LS.

4. Maximum speed of operation is 8 MHz. Tip. At = 10 volts.

5. It is used Schmitt trigger clock input.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING :-

7. Its .supply voltage VDD is -0.5v. to + 18v.

2. Its input voltage VIN is -0.5v. to + 0.5v.

3. It has storage temperature of T s -65o C to 150o C

4. It has package Dissipation

a) . In Dual-in-line 700 MW.

b) In Small-out-line 500 MW

5. It has head temperature (T,) of 260 o C

6. Soldering is within 10 sec. Nods.

RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITION :

 Its supply voltage VDD is +3 volts to + 15 volts

and input voltage Vin is volts to VBD. Its operating temperature range ( T 1) is

10o C to + 85o C.

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LM 393

DESCRIPTION .

LM 393 is eight pin linear IC consisting of two

opamps. It has two independent processing voltage comparators having offset

voltage specification as low as 2 mV designed specifically to operate on single

power supply over a wide range. Operation from split power supply current drain

is independent of magnitude of power supply voltage. These comparators also

have a unique characteristics that the input common-mode voltage includes

ground even if operated eight single power supply voltage.

Application areas includes limit comparators. Simple

analog to digital converter, pulse, square wave any time delay generator. It has a
wide range of Vco. MOS clock timers multivibrators and single voltage digital

logic gates. This series was designed to interface directly with TTI and CMOS

logic where its law power drain is a distance advantage over other standard

comparators.

SILENT FEATURES :

1. If gives wide supply voltage range. Dual supply varies from 2 VDC to 36

VDC and 1.0 VDC to 18 VDC.

2. If gives very low supply current drain about 0.4 MA.

3. It is independent of supply voltage.

4. It has low triasing current nearly about 25 mA and input offset current

upto 5 nA.

5. Maximum offset voltage is about 3 mV.

6. Its input common mode voltage range includes ground.

7. Its differential input voltage range to power supply voltage.

8. At 4 MA current its output low saturation voltage is 250 mV.

9. Its output voltage is compatible with TTl, DTL, ECL and CMOS logic

system.

ADVANTAGES :-

1. It is a high precision comparator.

2. If eliminates need power supply.

 3. It reduces Vos drift over temperature.

4. It is compatible with all forms of logic.

5. Power drain is suitable for battery operation.

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 7809

DESCRIPTION :

IC-7809 is a three terminal positive regulator, it is self

contained having fixed voltage capability upto 1.5 amperes load current and

input voltage upto 15ov. It has a unique feature to set the output voltage on

chips. The 7809 version is now much improved with load regulation

characteristics.

Though designed as fixed voltage regulator the output

voltage can he increased through us of simple voltage divider. The low quiescent

drain current of device insures good regulation when this method is used. In this
we give positive dry battery voltage to input terminal of 4809 and get + 9v.

regulated output voltage from o/p terminal of IC.

SILENT FEATURES :

1. Ifs output voltage is 9 v.

2. The maximum output current is I ampere.

3. Its output impedance Ro is 30 milli ohm.

4. The minimum input voltage required for operation is greater than

3v.

5. It has terminal load protection.

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 555

A 555 monolithic timing ckt. Is a highly stable

controller capable of producing an accurate time delay or oscillation. Additional

terminals are provided for triggering or resulting if desired. In the time delay

mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistive and

capacitive for a stable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequently and

the duty cycle are both accurately controlled. With two external resisters and

capacitors. The ckt. May be triggered 7 reset on falling waveform and the output

structure can source or sink upto 200 ml. Or drive TTL ckt. Fig.4.5 shows pin-

diagram of IC555.
 The NE versions are similar except for minimum

temperature ratings. The general purpose type NE 555 operates reliably only

over a range of 0 degree centigrade to 70 degree centigrade.

FEATURES
1. Timings from microseconds to hours
2. Operates in both stable & monostable modes
3. Adjustable duty cycle
4. High current output, can source or sinks zero ma.
5. Output can drive TTL
6. Temperature stability of 0.005/ deg. Centigrade.
7. Normally ON and normally OFF output.
APPLICATIONS .

1. Precision Timings

2. Pulse Generation

3. Sequential Timing

4. Time delay generation

5. Pulse width modulation

6. Pulse position modulation

7. Mission pulse detection

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS :- -

1. 7. Supply voltage- + 18 volts

2. 2. Power dissipation - 60 mw
 3. Operating Temperature Range - 0 deg. Ceg. To 70 deg. Ceg.

4. NE - 555

5. Storage Temperature Range - 65 deg. Ceg. To 150 deg. Ceg.

6. Lead Temperature- + 300 deg. Ceg. ( Soldering 60 sec. )

The external connections facilities for free tuning and self triggering mode for

operation are shown. The three equal register R for the deference level of upper

comparator at 2/3 vcc. There reference levels are required to control.

STUDY OF COMPONENTS

Apart from different ICs and gates we have used many

other components such as

a) Capacitor

b) Transistors

c) Resistors

d) Diodes

Lets discuss these components one by one is short.

a) CAPACITOR :

It is a system of electrical conductors and insulators

the principle characteristic of which is capacitance. The simplest form consists of

two parallel metal plates separated by layer of air or some other insulating
material that is, dielectrode such as ceramic, mica etc. The capacitor C of such

a parallel plate capacitor is given by :-

Where E = Permitivity of farad meter

A = Area of the plate

D = Distance of separation between plates

Hence, we can said that capacitor is the property of a

system which enables it to store Electrical Charge when a potential

difference exists between the conductors separated by a dielectric. The SI

unit of capacitance is farad. Fig. (4.1) shows capacitance.

The types of capacitors are :-

1. Electrolite Capacitors

2. Air Capacitors

3. Paper Capacitors

4. Polystyrene Capacitors

5. Ceramic, mica, glass Capacitors

The operating range of frequencies is different for

these different capacitors in general each type of capacitors is based in its own

operating range.

b) TRANSISTORS
 It is a semiconductor device capable of amplification

in a similar to thermionic values. It consists of two PN semiconductor junction

back to back forming either PNP or NPN structure.

c) RESISTORS :-

A resister is an electrical component which when

made part of an electrical ckt is intended to introduce a definite amount of d.c.

resistance in very compact form. In many application the amount of ckt.

Current to a predetermined value Resisters are made in many sizes and shapes

and in a variety of materials. The wire wound type makes use of a special alloy

wire or ribbon as the resistance element and is wound on an insulting form with

or without a ceramic covering.

Another type of fine resisters consists of a thin film of

metal deposited. On insulating form. Both the carbon and the deposited metal

types are low current units and are available in resistance values from several

ohms to as high as mega ohm and is having voltage rating from watts to 2

watts. As shown in fig. (4.3)

These types of carbon and deposited metal types are

connected by means of wire leads called pigtails.

d) DIODES :--
 The diodes are generally formed by diffusing a P -type

region and an N - type region in the same crystal structure. There are different

types of semiconductor diodes.

1. Zener Diodes.

2. Point Contact Diodes.

3. Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

4. Photo Diodes

5. Tunnel Diodes

6. Varacter Diodes

But our ckt. Contains LED i.e. Light emitting diode.

So let us take a brief look at these diodes.

Light Emitting Diodes [ LED ]

LEDs are now a day being used in almost all

instruments. In last decade upto electronics technology has developed very

rapidly and a number of new Opto-electronic product have come in the market of

various types, sizes & colours of LEDs have been developed to unit all

requirements.

LEDs is infect a diode which emits light when it is

reversed biased, it does not conducts and hence does not emit light. When the
diode is in forward biased, electrons are moved from N-side conduction band to

the P-side valance band. In making this transitions the electrons cross the energy

gap 'E.g.' that separates the two bands and hence they radiate energy. In ordinary

rectifier diode this energy is given off as heat but in Light emitting diode it

radiate as light.

When LEDs are to used in the ckt. Where the

operating voltage are much more than the forward voltage v.f. (2F), then first

Precaution to be taken is to see that the LED does not exceed the maximum rated

forward current ( 35 ma maximum ).

Polarity of LED :

It is shown as in fig. The electrode with small area in

an anode and the other with larger area in an anode and other with larger area in

cathode. Usually in red LEDs the terminal is shorten than the other. The shorter

terminal is called cathode and longer terminal is called anode.

LM78XX Series Voltage Regulators

General Description
 The LM 78 XX series of three terminal regulator is available with

several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of

applications. One of these is local on card regulation, eliminating the

distribution problem associated with single point regulation. The

voltage available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems

instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid state electronic equipment.

Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices

can be used with external components to obtained adjustable voltages

and current.

The LM78XX series is available in an aluminium

TO-3 package which will allow over 1.0 A load current if adequate heat sinking

is provided. Current limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe

value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal

power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat

sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from

overheating.

Considerable effort was expanded fop make the

LX78XX series of regulators easy to use and minimise the number of external

components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve
transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far

from the filter capacitor of the power supply.

RELAYS :-

The name relay is given too board class

electromechanical switches in which contacts are opened and/or closed by

various in the conditions of one electric circuit and thereby affect the operation

of other devices in the same or other electric ( usually control or signalling)

circuits. The term "relay " does not over devices, such as magnetic starters,

contractors, and the like, intended to switch power circuits.

Relays are very common components of automatic

Control systems. There may be a total of several hundred various relays in some

of them.

The way a relay acts is represented by its static

characteristic which relates its output y to its input x. This is a stepped

relationship. The output y jumps from y1 to y2 only after the input x has

changed to x2 ( the subscript 0 stand for operate ). Any further increase in x

will not affect the value of y. As the value of x falls stands for release, the

value of y again decreases stepwise.

The principal parameters of relays follows :

 a) The operate value of a relay is the minimum value of

a physical quantity that will allow the operated load or retractile force of the

relay to un operate, or release, it. Thus release is the opposite of operate.

b) The release value of a relay is the maximum value of

a physical quantity that will allow the operated load or retractile force of the

relay to unoperate, or release, it. Thus release is the opposite of operate.

c) The power consumption of a relay is the amount of

power taken by the relay in a given duty.

d) The operate time is the interval required for a relay to

start its contents and to complete its function after a control signal has been

applied to its coil.

e) The waiting time in operate is the time required for

the pull of the electromagnet to become equal to the back tension, so that any

further increase in the pull will cause the relay to pick up.

f) The motion time in operate is the time that elapses,

after the armature just starts off, until the relay completes its intended function.

The relays are utilised in automatic control system as

transducers for an intermittent (desecrate ) control of actuating mechanisms by

means of low-power electric signals.

 The form of the relay is in a large measure determined

by the form of the parameter it checks ( temperature, pressure rate of

rotation) and the type of actuating mechanism (pneumatic, hydraulic, electric)

which the relay controls. Accordingly, all relays are classified as electric,

pneumatic, hydraulic, electropneumatic, etc.

All relays are classified as :

i. Electromagnetic.

ii. Moving-coil.

iii. Inductive.

iv. Electronic

According to power of control signal, electric relay sub-divided into :

i) Low power ( less than 1 W )

ii) Medium-power (from l to W )

iii) Hifh-power ( 10 W )

Finally according to pick-up time into quick :

i) Quick-response.

ii) Normal

iii) Delay.

iv) Time relays.

Now we will discuss the various types of relays in details.

A NATURAL ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY :

The principle of operation of a relay consists in the

fact that when the control current is fed to the -winding of the electric magnet its

core gets magnetised and attracts the armature. The movement of the armature

closes ( or opens ) the contract of the controllable electric circuit.

The relays used for signal multiplication and

separation of electric circuits operating in a common scheme, or as amplifier s of

relay action. These relays can be utilised for direct current of any polarity and for

alternating current.

Electromagnetic relays are designed with a hinged or

pull in armature.
TRANSFORMER :-

A transformer is a static ( or stationary ) piece of

apparatus by means of which electric power in one circuit is transformed into

electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or lower the

voltage ion a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current.

The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits

linked by a common magnetic flux. In its simplest form, it consists of two

inductive coils which are electrically separated but magnetically linked through a

path of low reluctance as shown in fig.

 The two coils posses high mutual inductance. If one

coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up

in the-laminated core, most of which is linked with the other coil in which it

produces mutually induced e.m.f. (according to faradays laws of Electro-

Magnetic Induction e = Mdl/dt. ) if the second coil circuit is closed, a current

flows in it and so electric energy is transferred from the first coil to the second

coil. The first coil. in which electric energy is fed from the a. c. supply mains, is

called primary winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is called

secondary winding. In brief, a transformer is a device that

i) Transfers electric power from one circuit other.

ii) It does so without a change of frequency,

iii) If accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and

iv) Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of

each other.

TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION :

The simple elements of a transformer consist of two

coils having mutual inductance and a laminated steel core. The two coils are

insulated from each other and the steel core. Other necessary parts are : some

suitable container for the assembled core and windings, a suitable medium for

insulating the core its windings from its container : suitable bushings ( either of
porcelain, oil-filled or capacitor - type ) for insulating and bringing out the

terminals of windings from the tank.

In all types of transformers, the core is constructed of

transformer sheet steel laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic

path with the minimum of air gap included. The steel used is of high silicon

content, some times heat treated to produce a high permeability and low

hysteresis loss at the usual operating flux. Densities. The eddy current loss is

minimised by laminating the core, the laminations being insulated from each

other by a light coat of core - plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface.

The thickness of laminations varies from 0.35 mm for a frequency of 50 Hz to

0.5 mm for a frequency of 25 Hz. The core laminations are joined as shown in

fig.

Constructionally, the transformers are of two general

types. Distinguished from each other merely by the manner in which the primary

and the secondary coils are placed around the laminated steel core. The two

types are known as

1. Core Type and

2. Shell type
 CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This project is for monitoring the speed and torque in induction motors in real time based
wireless sensor network. Embedded system is used for acquiring electrical signals from the
motors in a noninvasive manner. The processing for speed and torque estimation is done
locally.
Embedded system is used to control the speed of the motor & the real time monitoring of
various motors can be done at the base unit. The values calculated by the embedded system
are transmitted to a monitoring unit based wireless sensor network. Speed of deployment,
maintenance, low cost, security, reliability and throughput are the main advantages of
using WSN.
 CHAPTER 4

DESIGN METHODOLOGY
HARDWARE SYSTEM DESIGN & DESCRIPTION:

System has developed on work bench which consist of break pulley arrangement. The
proposed system mainly focuses on the need of more non-invasive monitoring of the
motor. Therefore the calculation is done from another base station so that the machine
interference with the working motor is smaller compared to other techniques.

That is the sensors are connected with the motor in the working station and the GUI screen
and the calculation part is done at a base station. There is transmitter section and a receiver
section for monitoring the dynamic torque and efficiency in induction motor.

Transmitter:

Transmitter section is control through microcontroller, and the block diagram for the
transmitter section is,

Three phase Sensors Signal Conditioner AVR

induction motor Microcontroller

Wireless module

Serial
Communication

Transmitter Section
SELECTION OF HARDWARE:

The hardware selected must be such a way that

Low Cost

Low power consumption

Must compute certain results in real-time without delay

Simple design

Easy maintainability & interoperability

ATMEGA 8

The Atmel AVR ATmega8 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega8 achieves throughputs approaching 1MIPS per MHz, allowing the system
designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

The Atmel AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one
clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs
up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

Features:

High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller

Advanced RISC Architecture

130 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

32 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
 On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

512Bytes EEPROM
1Kbyte Internal SRAM
Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
Data retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C(1)
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by
On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation
Programming Lock for Software Security

Peripheral Features

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode

One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Three PWM Channels
8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy
6-channel ADC in PDIP package Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Microcontroller Features

Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and Standby

I/O and Packages

23 Programmable I/O Lines

28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF

Operating Voltages

2.7V - 5.5V (ATmega8L)

4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)
 Speed Grades

0 - 8MHz (ATmega8L)
0 - 16MHz (ATmega8) C

Power Consumption at 4Mhz, 3V, 25

Active: 3.6mA
Idle Mode: 1.0mA
Power-down Mode: 0.5A

PIN CONFIGURATIONS
INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF ATMEGA 8
Internal Architecture of ATMEGA 8
 PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC : Digital supply voltage.

GND : Ground.

Port B (PB7..PB0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/ TOSC2 : Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O

port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port
B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the
clock is not running.

Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the
clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator
amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is
used as TOSC2..1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is
set.

Port C (PC5..PC0) : Port C is an 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics
with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that
the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C.

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this
pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not
running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.

Port D (PD7..PD0) : Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are
externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D
pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET : Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length
will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to
generate a reset.

The ATmega8 provides the following features: 8 Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash
with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes of EEPROM, 1 Kbyte of SRAM, 23 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with
compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte
oriented Two wire Serial Interface, a 6-channel ADC (eight channels in TQFP and
QFN/MLF packages) with 10-bit accuracy, a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal
Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and five software selectable power saving modes.

The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down mode saves the register contents
but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next Interrupt or
Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing
the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping.

The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous
timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode,
the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This
allows very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption.

The device is manufactured using Atmels high density non-volatile memory technology.
The Flash Program memory can be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial
interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip boot
program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download
the application program in the Application Flash memory.

Software in the Boot Flash Section will continue to run while the Application Flash
Section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit
RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
ATmega8 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.

The ATmega8 is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools,
including C compilers, macro assemblers, program simulators, and evaluation kits.

SENSORS

The transmitter section which consists of sensors of sensing voltage, current and speed for
dynamic torque and efficiency monitoring in three phase induction motor. For that purpose
different sensors like voltage sensor, current sensor and speed sensors are connected to the
motor. For sensing supply voltage we used step down potential transformer of 220/9V. As
the input changes, line to line ac voltage is changes then output of transformer also
changes.

Voltage Sensor Circuit

Output from the Pt is given to the diode bridge rectifier. DC output voltage obtained in the
range 0-5V is then given to variable resister. By varying this variable resistor we get
proportional scaled output voltage. Current sensor, current transformer is used to measure
the current drawn by three phase induction motor. Output of the current transformer is AC
which gives the current in the range of 1 amp to 5 amp flowing through primary winding.
CT is shunted by resistor.

Current Sensor Circuit

The value is converted to voltage, this conversion is done because, direct measurment of
current is not possible. AC voltage obtained across this resistor is rectified using diode
bridge rectifier. Then DC voltage obtained proportional to current.
Now, for measurement of speed infrared (IR) sensor is used. Circuit given below is used to
measure the speed of motor in rpm. The circuit is worked on the principle of IR transmitter
and receiver.

Speed sensor circuit

When IR transmitter transmit IR rays that rays received by receiver and voltage across it is
zero i.e. IR is in conducting mode. Voltage is appeared at the base of transistor Q1 and it
goes into saturation so voltage at the base of Q2 is zero and it is working in cut off region
and output voltage is high. When IR transmitter rays are cut by any obstacle, receiver does
not conduct and Q1 goes into cutoff region and Q2 into saturation region. So, output
voltage will be zero. In this way we get pulse for every interruption of ray of IR
transmitter.

This basic concept is implemented to measure RPM digitally. Output signals obtained from
all these sensors is given to signal conditioning unit which is used to isolate, transmit,
convert, and amplify analog signals in an industrial environment in order to improve the
reliability of the process. Signals from that signal conditioning unit is sent to the inbuilt
analog to digital converter (ADC) of microcontroller where it is converted to digital
values .It only accept input voltage in the range of 0-5V. Information obtained after the
processing is given to wireless module through serial communication channel RS232.

SIGNAL CONDITIONER

A signal conditioner is a device that converts one type of electronic signal into a another
type of signal. Its primary use is to convert a signal that may be difficult to read by
conventional instrumentation into a more easily read format. In performing this conversion
a number of functions may take place.

They include:
Amplification

When a signal is amplified, the overall magnitude of the signal is increased. Converting a
0-10mV signal to a 0 -10V signal is an example of amplification.

Electrical Isolation

Electrical isolation breaks the galvanic path between the input and output signal. That is,
there is no physical wiring between the input and output. The input is normally tranferred
to the output by converting it to an optical or magnetic signal then it is reconstructed on the
output. By breaking the galvanic path between input and output, unwanted signals on the
input line are prevented from passing through to the output. Isolation is required when a
measurement must be made on a surface with a voltage potential far above ground.
Isolation is also used to prevent ground loops.

Linearization

Converting a non-linear input signal to a linear output signal. This is common for
thermocouple signals.

Cold Junction Compensation

Used for thermocouples. The thermocouple signal is adjusted for fluctuations in room
temperature.

Excitation

Many sensors require some form of excitation for them to operate. Strain gages and RTDs
are two common examples.

Receiver

Information gathered at transmitter section is transmitted to receiver section. Block

diagram of receiver section is as follow.
 Receiver Section

At receiver all the information is passed from wireless module through serial
communication for calculation of torque and efficiency. This calculation part is done in
Visual Basic (VB) language by using Visual Studio2008 software with local processing
capability.

The VB have Graphical User Interface (GUI) application for user to interface with system.
It gives the display of the parameters measured such as current, speed, voltage, torque and
efficiency on PC for real time monitoring as shown in following figure. Also we can see
their report from one selected date to other.

Serial Communication

Embedded electronics is all about interlinking circuits (processors or other integrated

circuits) to create a symbiotic system. In order for those individual circuits to swap their
information, they must share a common communication protocol. Hundreds of
communication protocols have been defined to achieve this data exchange, and, in general,
each can be separated into one of two categories: parallel or serial.

RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the latest revision of the
standard. The serial ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard. The
full RS-232C standard specifies a 25-pin "D" connector of which 22 pins are used. Most of
these pins are not needed for normal PC communications, and indeed, most new PCs are
equipped with male D type connectors having only 9 pins.

The asynchronous serial protocol has a number of built-in rules - mechanisms that help
ensure robust and error-free data transfers. These mechanisms, which we get for eschewing
the external clock signal, are:

Data bits,

Synchronization bits,

Parity bits,

Baud rate.
Through the variety of these signaling mechanisms, youll find that theres no one way to
send data serially. The protocol is highly configurable. The critical part is making sure
that both devices on a serial bus are configured to use the exact same protocols.

The baud rate specifies how fast data is sent over a serial line. Its usually expressed in
units of bits-per-second (bps). If you invert the baud rate, you can find out just how long it
takes to transmit a single bit. This value determines how long the transmitter holds a serial
line high/low or at what period the receiving device samples its line.

Baud rates can be just about any value within reason. The only requirement is that both
devices operate at the same rate. One of the more common baud rates, especially for
simple stuff where speed isnt critical, is 9600 bps. Other standard baud are 1200, 2400,
4800, 19200, 38400, 57600, and 115200.
The higher a baud rate goes, the faster data is sent/received, but there are limits to how fast
data can be transferred.

Snapshot of GUI

TORQUE AND EFFICEINCY ESTIMATION

Torque is produced on the shaft of the motor only if the rotor is running at a speed lower
than the synchronous speed (Ns), i.e. if the slip speed (N) is a nonzero value. The
mechanical power Pout available from motor is,
Therefore, torque developed in N-m is,

There are many methods used to field efficiency evaluation. The coefficient of efficiency is
the ratio of mechanical output power obtained at the motor shaft to the active power
absorbed by the induction motor[3]

and it defines as follows,

This calculation part is performed in software for estimation of measured values but for
doing performance analysis over this parameters, it is required to estimate their actual
values manually.
For actual parameters evaluation, mechanical torque developed is given as,

Where,

w is the reading on spring balance in kg-wt.

r is distance in meter. Efficiency is calculated as given in equation (3). Thus analysis is
made by comparing measured values with actual values.
 CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 EXISTING SYSTEM

In an industrial environment, mechanical systems driven by electric motors are used in

most production processes, accounting for more than two-thirds of industry electricity
consumption. Regarding the type of motors usually employed, about 90% are ac induction
based, mainly due to its cost effectiveness and mechanical robustness. Torque is one of the
main parameter for production machines. In several industry sectors, torque measurements
can identify equipment failure, which makes their monitoring essential in order to avoid
disasters

Transformer Rectifier Inverter Induction Motor

Transformer Driver Unit IR Sensor

Embedded Unit
Embedded Serial Port Zigbee
Unit
 Existing System Transmitter Side

Zigbee Serial Port

Module

Existing System Receiver Side

In critical production processes for e.g., oil and gas, mining, and sugar and alcohol
industries.
For decades, researchers have studied methods and systems for determining the torque in
rotating shafts. There are basically two methods of estimation of torque and efficiency:
 Direct torque measurement on the shaft
Estimated torque measurement from motor electrical signals.

The methods for direct torque measurement on the shafts are less accurate and highly
invasive, considering the coupling of the measurement instrument between the motor and
the load. But the estimated torque from the motors electrical signals (i.e. current and
voltage) makes the system less invasive.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system presents an embedded system for determining torque and efficiency
in industrial electric motors by employing WSNs technology. For a set of electric motors,
current and voltage measures are gathered for later processing into an embedded system.
Torque and efficiency results are then sent to a base unit for real-time monitoring.
Preventive actions can be taken whenever low efficiency motors are detected and in cases
of torque outbreaks. The air gap torque (AGT) method will be used for the estimation of
the motor shaft torque and efficiency, because it is non invasive, more accurate method for
determining torque and efficiency

Transmitter Section
The proposed system overcomes the drawbacks of the existing system. System is a
standalone which monitor Torque and Efficiency values. Differences in the proposed
system are that speed of the motor is acquired through sensor implemented at the motor
shaft in a manner which will not disturb the working of the system. System has developed
on work bench which consist of break pulley arrangement.

It mainly focuses on the need of more non-invasive monitoring of the motor. Therefore the
calculation is done from another base station so that the machine interference with the
working motor is smaller compared to other techniques. That is the sensors are connected
with the motor in the working station and the calculation part is done at a base station [6].
There is transmitter section and receiver section for online monitoring of dynamic torque
and efficiency in induction motor.

This section consists of sensing voltage, current and speed for online dynamic torque and
efficiency monitoring in three phase induction motor. For that purpose different sensors
like voltage sensor, current sensor and speed sensor are connected to the motor. For
sensing supply voltage we used step down potential transformer. As the input changes i.e.
line to line AC voltage is changes then output of transformer also changes.

Current sensor i.e. current transformer (CT) is used to measure the current drawn by the
induction motor. Output of the current transformer is AC which gives the current in the
range of 1 amp to 30amp flowing through primary winding. For measurement of speed
Hall Effect sensor is used. It measures the speed of motor in revolution per minute (rpm).
Hall Effect sensors can be applied in many types of sensing devices, if the quantity to be
sensed incorporates or can incorporate a magnetic field.

Receiver Section

Information gathered at transmitter section is transmitted to receiver section. Block

diagram of receiver section is as follow. At receiver all the information is passed from
wireless module through serial communication for calculation of Torque and Efficiency.
This calculation part is done in Visual Basic (VB) language by using Visual Studio2008
software with local processing capability. The VB have Graphical User Interface (GUI)
application for user to interface with system. It gives the display of the parameters
measured such as current, speed, voltage, torque and efficiency on PC for real time
monitoring.

Motor efficiency is main factor we are all think further as the cost of power is increasing
day by day, and shrinkage of the non-renewable resources. Through this project we can
implement a system which can help us to improve motor efficiency to a good extend.
Wireless system employed can easily log the data for monitoring the motor has degraded
or not. Even through this we can turn ON/OFF the motor remotely through wireless
protocols.

Snap shot of GUI

TORQUE AND EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION

Torque is produced on the shaft of the motor only if the rotor is running at a speed lower
than the synchronous speed (Ns), i.e. if the slip speed (N) is a nonzero value. The
mechanical power Pout available from motor is,
Therefore, torque developed in N-m is,

There are many methods used to field efficiency evaluation. The coefficient of efficiency is
the ratio of mechanical output power obtained at the motor shaft to the active power
absorbed by the induction motor[3]

and it defines as follows,

This calculation part is performed in software for estimation of measured values but for
doing performance analysis over this parameters, it is required to estimate their actual
values manually.
For actual parameters evaluation, mechanical torque developed is given as,

Where, w is the reading on spring balance in kg-wt.

r is distance in meter.

Efficiency is calculated as given in equation (3). Thus analysis is made by comparing

measured values with actual values.

EXPECTED RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result obtained for measured and actual values of motor parameters at different load
condition are as following table.
 Table.1: PARAMETERS OF MEASURED VALUE

Table.2: PARAMETERS OF ACTUAL VALUE

Graphical representation of speed, torque and efficiency for both measured values
and actual values.
Speed Vs load Curve
Torque Vs Load Curve
Efficiency Vs Load Curve
From above comparisons it was shown that as the speed is decrease from its higher value
corresponding torque and efficiency of motor increases with increase in load. Also we
analyzed by making comparative study, that the measured and actual values of speed,
torque and efficiency are approximately same.

IMAGE FOR PROJECT MODEL

Transmitter Section
 Receiver Section

From above comparisons it was shown that as the speed is decrease from its higher value
to lower value with increase in load corresponding to that torque and efficiency of motor
Increases. As we keep the value of load constant that time speed also constant.

Motor efficiency is main factor we are all think further as the cost of power is increasing
day by
Day, and shrinkage of the non-renewable resources. Through this project we can
implement a system which can help us to improve motor efficiency to a good extend. By
adjusting the motor speed we can reduce the initial cost of the higher gearbox also.
Wireless system employed can easily log the data for monitoring the motor has degraded
or not.
 CHAPTER 6

OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE
 SOFTWARE TOOLS

AVR Studio4

AVR Studio4 is a development tool for the AT90S Series of AVR microcontrollers. This
manual describes that how to install and use AVR Studio. AVR studio enables the user to
fully control execution of programs on the AT90S in-circuit Emulator or on the built-in
AVR instruction set simulator. AVR studio supports source level execution of assembly
programs assembled with the Atmel Corporations AVR assembler and C programs
compiled with the IAR systems ICCA90 C Compiler for the AVR microcontrollers.

AVR studio runs under Microsoft Windows95 and Microsoft Windows NT. AVR studio
enables execution of AVR programs on an AVR in-circuit Emulator or the built-in AVR
instruction set simulator. In order to execute a program using AVR studio, it must first be
compiled with IAR systems C Compiler or assembled with Atmels AVR Assembler to
generate an object file which can be read by AVR studio.

In addition to the source window, AVR studio defines a number of other windows which
can be used for inspecting the different resources on the microcontroller. The key window
in AVR studio is the source window. When an object file is opened, the source window is
automatically created. The source window displays the code currently being executed on
the execution target( i.e. the Emulator or the Simulator), and the text marker is always
placed on the next statement to be executed. The status bar indicates whether the execution
target is the AVR In-Circuit Emulator or the built-in instruction set simulator.

By default, it is assumed that execution is done on the source level, so if source

information exists, the program will start up in source level model. In addition to source
level execution of both C and Assembly programs, AVR studio can also view and execute
programs on a disassembly level. The user can toggle between source and disassembly
mode when execution of program is stopped. All necessary execution commands are
available in AVR studio, both on source level and disassembly level.

The user can execute the program, single step through the code either by tracing into or
stepping over functions, step out of functions, place the cursor on a statement and execute
until that statement is reached, stop the execution, and reset the execution target. In
addition, the user can have an unlimited number of code breakpoints, and every breakpoint
can be defined as enabled or disabled. The breakpoints are remembered between sessions.
The source window gives information about the control flow of the program. In addition,
AVR studio offers a number of other windows which enables the user to have full control
of the status of every element in the execution target.

The available windows are:

Watch window: Displays the values of defined symbols. In the watch window, the user
can watch the values of for instance variables in a C program.

Register window: Displays the contents of the register file. The registers can be modified
when the execution is stopped.

Memory windows: Displays the content of the program memory, data memory, I/O
memory or EEPROM memory. The memories can be viewed as hexadecimal values or as
ASCII characters. The memory contents can be modified when the execution is stopped.

Peripheral windows: Displays the contents of the status registers associated with the
different peripheral devices:

EEPROM Registers

I/O ports

Timers

Message window: Displays messages from AVR studio to the user

Processor window: Displays vital information about the execution target, including
program Counter, Stack pointer, status register and cycle counter. These parameters can be
modified when the execution is stopped. The first time an object file is being executed, the
user needs to setup the windows which are convenient for observing the execution of the
program, there by tailoring the information on the screen to the specific project. The next
that object file is loaded, the setup is automatically reconstructed. If an AVR In-Circuit
Emulator is available in the system, it is automatically selected as the execution target. The
Emulator must be connected through a serial port. If an Emulator is present in the system
but cannot be identified, close the file reset the Emulator and try once more. For
information regarding the AVR In-Circuit Emulator, see the AVR AT90ICE1200 User
Guide or the AVR AT90ICEPRO User Guideif the user wants to use the simulator, even
if an Emulator is present in the system, disconnect or switch off the Emulator before
opening of file.

PROTEUS

Proteus is a powerful management tool, which can help your company to monitor and
analyze the usage of your telephones hence allowing you to have more control of your
telecommunications services.

USES OF PROTEUS

Proteus can be used to:

Apportion costs within your organization.

Identify anomalies and use or abuse of your facilities.

Monitor the quality of service provided by your customers when they call you.

Identify whether you have a sufficient amount of lines to handle the traffic your
organization generates.

Proteus records information about the connection and disconnection of each call,
which takes place on the telephone system and stores this information in a file. The
information can then be used to generate different reports for example, costing,
operator, traffic etc.
 CHAPTER 7

SOFTWARE LANGUAGE

Embedded C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C

standards committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, Embedded C programming requires nonstandard
extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point
arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.

The C standard committee extended the C language to address these issues by providing a
common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not
available in normal C, such as, fixed-point arithmetic named address spaces, and basic I/O
hardware addressing.

Embedded C use most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main () function,
variable definition, data type declaration, conditional statements( if, switch, case), loops
(while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros,
unions, etc. Embedded C is used for microcontroller based applications applicable in
Embedded Systems. Embedded C has to use with the limited resources (RAM, ROM,
I/Os) on an embedded processor unlike that of desktop systems like PC where we need not
bother about memory.

Embedded C requires compilers to create files to be downloaded to the microcontrollers

where it needs to run. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and functions of standard C,
eg, main (), variable definition, data type declaration, conditional statements( if, switch,
case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings, bit operations etc.

ADVANTAGES:

It is small and reasonably simpler to learn, understand, program and debug.

Compared to assembly language, C code written is more reliable and scalable, more
portable between different plat form.

C compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and there is
a large pool of experienced C programmers.

Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not specific to

any particular microprocessor/ microcontroller or any system. This makes it
convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on most of the systems.

As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high level

languages, C is treated as a middle-level computer language or high-level
assembly language.

It is fairly efficient.

It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large embedded

projects.

SIMULATION RESULT

Proteus is software for microcontroller simulation, schematic capture, and printed circuit
board (PCB) design. The required components are given form the library block of Proteus
design schematic and placed in the model. PIC16F877 is a family of CMOS 8 bit flash
microcontroller with 8K * 14 words flash Program memory and 368 * 8 of RAM and 256
* 8 of EEPROM and many other extra peripherals. The PIC16F877 MCU is based on
reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture. It supports five I/O ports.
Fig. :
Micr ocontr
oller
Simulation

Different ports of microcontroller are interconnected with the 16x2 LCD display,
potentiometers, LED, universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter channel
(USART), switch and digital oscilloscope. For interfacing each component with the
microcontroller and to perform required operation the program is written in embedded C
language.

The tool used here is the MPLAB IDE software to convert the original code into hex file.
The converted hex file is dumped into the microcontroller in the Proteus design using
WinPic800 programmer. Then the simulation is compiled and verified the conditions.
 CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

The developed system gives an efficient mechanism for online monitoring of torque and
efficiency in induction motor. Performance analysis is done for measured and actual
values. By verifying their result it is found that both values are approximately same. All the
data processing is done locally through in noninvasive manner, so we can reduce the
inconvenience of the user to deal with the working motor and its surrounding.
Through this model we can implement a system for online monitor and control of multiple
motors in real time through an efficient microcontroller and wireless module with more
maintenance and low cost.

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