Name: Shubham Kumar

Roll no: 150107056

Date: 17/03/2017

CL-204 (Heat transfer operations)

Assignment: 2

1)
Assumptions : 1. Fouriers Law is valid at steady state.

2. Thermal Conductivity of the material is constant.

3. Cylinder has a very large length compared to its diameter so that

it may be assumed that the heat flows only in a radial direction so
that the only space coordinate needed to specify the system is r.

Given: 1. q= a+ b r where q is the generation rate per unit volume at r=ri.

2. T =Ti at r=ri and T=To at r=r0

We have the follow heat conduction equation:

2
r 2 + = ( )=-r

+ 2
( ) =

1
( ) = ( + 2 )

2 3
(
2 + 3 )
( ) = + 1

2
(
2 + 3 ) 1
= +

 Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017
1 2 3
= ( + ) + 1 + 2
4 9

Using the boundary conditions mentioned above and then solving for the
constants we get:
2 2 3 3
1 ( ) ( )
{ + }
4 9
c1 =

2 2 3 3
1 ( ) ( )
{ + }
1 2 3 4 9
c2 = + ( + )+
4 9 ln 0

2) Assuming variation of heat among length

Given: 1. Thickness of the wall = 2.6cm

2. Average thermal conductivity = 1.7 W/m 0C

3. Insulation thermal conductivity = 0.35 W/m 0 C

4. Heat loss per unit area should not exceed 1880 W.

5. inner surface temperature of the wall= 1300 0C

6. outer surface temperature of the wall= 40 0C

To calculate the thickness of insulation required we use the following formula for
heat loss :

= 1 2
(( ) +( ) )

where:

1. x1 and x2 are wall thickness and insulation thickness respectively

2. K=thermal conductivity

On solving we obtain:

q/A = (1300-40) / [ 0.015294 + x2/ 0.35 ]

x2= 0.22922 m.
 Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017

3)
Assumptions: 1)variation of heat along the direction
2)Insulated along the vertical ends of the faces of wall
3)Variation of temperature negligible vertically to heat transfer
direction.
kA= 150 W/m 0C

kB= 30 W/m 0C

kC= 50 W/m 0C

kD= 70 W/m 0C

AB = AD

To find the heat transfer per unit area:

q = T/R

Ra = = 1/6000

Rb = = 1/400

3
Rd= =2800

Rc= = 1/1000

1
R = + + [ 1 1
] = 1.9166 102
{ + }

q= 304/1.9166 * 10-2 = 15860.86 W

4)
Given: 1. Outside Diameter= 1m

2. Tsphere=1500C

T =250C

3. h= 35 W/m2.0C

4. kfoam=0.018 W/m.0C
 Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017
5. Temperature not to exceed 350C

Using,

q(without insulation)= hA(Tsphere - T) = (35 * 4 * * .52) * ( 125)=13744.46 W

4( 0)
q(with insulation) = 1 1 = 402 (0 )
{ }
0

ro= 0.5058 m

Hence thickness of insulation required = r0 ri = 0.5058 0.5 = 0.0058 m

= 35 * 4**0.5058 2 * (35-25) = 1125.215 W

Percentage of heat loss due to insulation = (13744.46 125.215)/13744.46

= 91.81 %

5)
For critical radius of insulation for a sphere

Considering heat transfer through conduction and convection, the total

heat transfer through an insulated sphere with inner radius r1 and outer
radius r2would be given by:

q= 1 1

1 2 1
+
4 42

For critical radius of insulation:

dq /dr2 = 0
1 1
So, =0
22
4 223
2
r2 =

6) Thickness of the wall = 5cm

Rate of internal heat generation = 0.4 MW/m3.
Environment Temperature= 95oC
h = 580 W/m2 o C+

k= 21 W/m oC
 Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017
To calculate Maximum Temperature of the wall:

q = 0.4 MW/m3

To Tw = ql2/2k = {[ (0.4 * 106) * (0.052)]} / (2 * 21) = 23.8oC

q LA = hA(Tw - T)

(Tw - T) = (0.4 * 106) * (0.05) / 580 = 34.48 0C.

o
Tmax = 95 + 23.8 + 34.48 = 153.28 C

7) Given equation: =
is the heat generation at the inner face of the wall exposed to gamma ray flux
a is a constant.

Assumptions:
1) one direction heat flow in the wall
2) Fourier law is applicable so steady heat flow
3)Thermal conductivity is constant equal to k

2
=
2

On integrating twice,

= 1 + 2 ( 2 )

Applying boundary conditions:

1)T=Ti at x=0
2)T=To at x=L
now we have,

1 = 1 + 2

{ 1 (1 )2 }
2 =

) 2
{ 1 (1 }
= 1 + 2 + + 2

 Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017

8) Given:Inner diameter of steel pipe=3.5cm

Wall thickness=3 mm

= 600 2
.

= 15 2
.

= 50.2
.

Assumptions:

1) heat transfer in cylinder is in one direction r only.

2) Fourier Law and Newtons Law of cooling is applicable.
3) Heat loss due to radiation is negligible.
4) Thermal conductivity of Steel is constant and heat transfer coefficient is also
constant

1 ln 1

= , = ( ) , = ( )
2

Here the dominant term comes out to be Inside convection resistance.

=( ) =

1
=

the overall heat transfer coefficient is:
1
= 4.1
1 ( )(0.035) 0.035 1
3.50 )+(
( )+( )( )
600 100.4 0.041 15

= 17.05
2

9) Assumptions:
1)Heat transfer varies along x direction.
2)Fourier law of heat transfer is applicable.
3)Heat loss due to radiation is negligible.
Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017
 Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017

10) Given:
= 35
d=12.5 mm
L=40 cm

h=17 2 .
 Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017
= 385
1 = 180 2 = 95

Assumptions:
1) heat transfer inside the rod is in one direction x
2) Fourier Law and Newtons Law of cooling is applicable

Governing equation: = 1 + 2 (1)

At x=0: = 180 35 = 145, = 385
x=0.4: = 95-35=60
P=d=0.03927m
2
A= = 1.227 104 2
4
170.03927
m= == 3851.227104 =3.76
From equation 1 we have,
c1+c2=145 &
4.5c1+0.22c2=60
on solving:c1=6.56 & c2=138.43
= 6.56 + 138.43

=
0
= hP*34.74=525.23W

11)
Given: t = 0.0015 m,
L= 0.025 m,
r1=0.0125 m,
T0= 150C.
=20C,

h=150 2
K aluminum = 205 W/m.C
Assumptions:
1) heat transfer inside the fin is in one direction x
2) Fourier Law and Newtons Law of cooling is applicable
3) heat loss due to radiation is negligible
4) Thermal conductivity of rod is constant and heat transfer coefficient is also
constant.

Lc= L+t/2=0.02575 m,
rc=r1+Lc= 0.03825 m
 Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017
3

2 =0.569

= ( 1 ) = 0.0015(0.02575) = 3.86 105 2

2
m= = =31.234
tanh( )
=

0.6664
= = 0.83
0.8042
q= 2(2 2 )( )
0.83 150 2 (0.038252 2 )(150 20) = 148.8

Effectiveness=tanh(mLc) =28.44

12)
Here the heat delivered to the fluid by convection will be the same as heat
generated in the tube. Since the other surface is insulated, Temperature gradient
at other surface will be zero. Here it is not stated that whether the fluid is flowing
inside or outside of the tube. Thus we have to analyze both the cases. In both
cases the maximum temperature will occur at the Insulated surface. First assume
a surface temperature for the tube in contact with the fluid then well have the
surface area. Suitable combinations of the tube length and diameter may then be
examined to equal the total surface area. Then well assume a tube wall
thickness and use it to find the temperature of other surface using hollow cylinder
equation. The temperature of other surface should be reasonably low.
Conclusion: There will be many possible combinations to achieve that
temperature.
13)
Assumptions:
1) Thermal conductivity of rod is constant
2) Fourier law is applicable inside the wall and no other heat loss so convection
is negligible
3) one direction heat flow inside the fin

Radiation loss per unit surface area is given by:

= ( 4 4 )

: surface emissivity coefficient
:Stefan-Boltzmann constant
 Name: Shubham Kumar
Roll no: 150107056
Date: 17/03/2017
To base temperature(all T are in K)
2
2
( ) ( 4 4 ) = 0

Boundary conditions:
Base:T=0 at x=0
4
Tip: ( ) = (= 4 )
=

14)

Insulated Tip: = 0 =
Very long Fin: TTs as x