{tran Exercises 1.157 (a Uaiestep fenton Ue) 17 The functions in Example 8 bau) cna EXAMPLE A function may fail to havea limit ata point in its domain, Discuss the behavior of the following funetions as x —> 0. 0, x<0 1 x20 x40 x=0 x50 x>0 2) Itjumps: The unit step function (/(x) has no limit us x + O because its values jump at x = 0. For negative values of x arbitrarily close to zero, U(x) = 0. For postive values of x arbitrarily close to zero, U(x) = 1. There is no single value L approached by U(x) as x > 0 (Fig. 1.7a), bb) It grows too large: 4(=) has no limits as x — 0 because the values of g grow arbitrarily lange in absolute value as x > 0 and do not stay elose to any real number (Fig. 1.76). ©) I oscillates too much: f(x) has no limit as x -+ 0 because the function's values oscillate between +1 and —1 in every open interval containing 0. The values do not stay close to any one number as x —> 0 (Fig. 1.Te). Exercises 1.1 Limits from Graphs 1, For the function g(r) graphed here, nd the following lis or cexpliin why they 60 mo exis. a) him gin) »58 Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity 2, For the function f(#) graphed here, ind the following limits or explain why they do not exist. ® jim fo BW lim sm 9 im Fo ‘3. Which of te following stomems about the fonction y = f(x) graphed here ane te, and which are false? a) fy f(x) ests tim so =0 © tim soo=t © tim foot © him soy =0 im f(x) exists at every point in (1,1) 44. Which ofthe following statements about the function y = f(x) raped here are ewe, and which are fase? 2 oy he a) Tim, fr) does wor exist by him Foy =2 ©) tim F(x) does not exist Tie, fle) exits a every point x in (1,1) ©) fim #2) exits at every point x in (1.3) Existence of Limits In Exercises 5 and 6, explain why the limits do not exis es 7. Suppose that a funetion (2) is defined forall real valves of ‘© cept «= sy. Can anything be said about the existence of| Jimny, £6)? Give reasons for your answer 8. Suppose that a function Fx) i8 defined for all x in (1.1 Con anything be sid about the existence of lim, £(2)? Give reasons for your answer 9. I tims F(x) = 5, must fbe defined at x= 17 IP it sy must 7? Can we conclude anyehing about the values off at ust Him) (8) exist? If it does, dea must Can we conclude anything shout lim, F(8)? Calculator/Grapher Exercises—Estimating ME Let f(x) = (@ = 9/43) 8) CALCULATOR Make a tale ofthe values of fat he points = -31, ~3.01,—3.001, and s0-0m a5 far as your caeula- torean go. Then estimate fim, FC). What estimate do you ative at i you evaknte atx = ~29, -299, ~2:999, instead? ‘GRAPHER Sepper your conclusions in (a) by graphing f sear xp = —3 and using ZOOM and TRACE to estimate ‘mls 00 the graph as — ©) Find Kim.» fs) slgeracaly 12, Let glx) = G2 ~29/er- V2). Bay CALCULATOR Make a able of the values of¢ atthe points {P= 14 141,414, ad so trough successive decimal approximations of v3. Estimate lim, yz #13) ‘GRAPHER Support your conclusion in (a) by sraphing rear xp = V2 and vsing ZOOM and TRACE to estimate values onthe graph as x — VE ©) Find tim,_s x60) algebraically 13 Lee Gay = (& F6y/0e2 F412) a CALCULATOR Make 2 uble of the values of G at x= $9,599, -5999.... Then eximate tim..« Gls) What eatimaic do you anve at if you evaluate @ at x = 6.1, 601, -6.01, instead? (GRAPHER. Support your conclusion in (3) by graphing G and wsing ZOOM and TRACE to estimate y-values on the graph as > —6. ©) Find lim, .-« G2) algebraically 14, Let h(x) = (0? —2x — 3/002 4 +9), Ha) CALCULATOR Make a table of the values of A at x= 29,299,299, and so on. Then estimate fins.) ‘What estimate do you rive at if you evaluate hat 7 = 3.1,3:01, 3.001. inseal? Bo) By35) GRAPHER Suppor your conehsions in (ay araphing ‘near ty =3 and using ZOOM and TRACE to estimate Jers on the graph a8 3 ©) Find times: x) algebra 18, Lat 0) = DARI) 4) CALCULATOR Male tales ofthe vaics of fat values Of stat approach zp —1 fom above and blow. Then esis ttf) GRAPHER Suppor your conson in (0) by graphing f nar sp —1 and sing ZOOM and TRACE to estate Sevan om he graph ae ©) Fi im, Fs) algebra 16, Lat Fea) = (x2 + 3e +29/(2— lab, a) CALCULATOR Make tables of values of F at values of x that appeesch xp = —2 from above and below: The estimate lim, Fla). Bb) GRAPHER Support your conclusion in (a) by graphing F pear to=—2 td using ZOOM and TRACE fo ete prabes on te gurh at > -2 ©) Bndlim-s, FC) alsa 17, Late) = (indy. Ba) “CALCULATOR Make tbe of valves ofa sls of @ that sprech & =O um above and be Then exe finn 20) ) GRAPHER. Suppor your colon in by saphing g m 18 Let Gi) 41 eon Ba) CALCULATOR Make ubles of values of Gat vals ot thet aprech =O tem above an below Then site ar Gl) b) GRAPHER Suppo your conch in () by saping G 19, Lat fea) = lt. Ba) CALCULATOR Makes of vais of fat ales ofa torre y =! fen above nd lowe Does epea f0 tives in ar x1? Ie, what wi ot yo GRAPHER Soppor your conan In) by Babine F Ma La fa) = 0" — Ds Bia) CALCULATOR Moke bes of vas of ft ves of x ttt oprnch 290 rm ove and ow. Does peat tote slit n> Os, wht nwt wy wt? GRAPHER Suppor your cnlnon in by Baplng f wears Limits by Substitution In Exercises 21-28 ind the limits by substitution. Support your an ‘owes with a grapher ov caleulator if evailale 24. tim 2 22 lim 2 Bs By Exercises 1159) 28. im, Ge) 25, im 3x@x~ 1) 27. im xsinx Average Rates of Change In Exercises 29-24, find the average rate of change of the function ‘over the given interval or imervals 2B. foy=P +; PI ORL 30. glx) IL 1-20) 3h it) = cote: 0) [r/4. 30/41, (0) /6, 7/21 32 gi) =2+e0sh; (10.2 [a1 ST, 10,21 4? +58; 1,21 38, Figure 1.8 shows the imeto-tistance graph for a 1994 Ford ‘Mustang Cobra accelerating fom a stands a) Estimate the slopes of secants PQ). PQs, PQs, and PQs. arranging them inorder in a able, What are the appropriate units for these slopes? 'b) Then estimate the Cobras speed af time ¢ = 20sec. Distance om 0s lapsed ime (ce) 1.8 The time-todistance graph for Exercise 35.60. Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity 346. Figure 1.9 shows the plot of distance fallen (m) vs. time for a ©) Use your graph w estimate here at which the profits were wrench tht fll fom the top platform of communications mast ‘hanging in 1992, nt eom ie dese neh en 38. CALCULATOR Make a table of values for the function F(x) = fa) Estimate the slopes of the secants PQ), PQs. PQs. and (+ 2)/cr—2) at the points x = 2, x= 11/10, x = 101/100, PQs, seanging them in a table like the one in Fig. 13, x 1) About how fast was the wrench going when i hit the rot? (01/100, = 0801/1000 ant = 1 2) Fad te aveage eof change of Fa) ovr he neva tha foreach nyu be vy Bowe te ee poe, ter be ofchnge of Fs) as= CALCULATOR Lat gs) = vi or #0 Ral dears am of hg gh) wi retin Over dh rea (1.2) {yt and = by Mudeatbleot ales ofthe erage of chang of wi tegect «overhear (1+ fo sone ae oh toponling er = 0010001 0001, 0000 sevonnood 69 What oc your blinds the mt ofc witcopes rat elt (Casas the tnt happachs ey ofthe eenge a prdagea «yee eee aT cen mee rare Bw cxcuator La fe) Fide avery of cge of th mips tome stacoan (fvifeca cma pees aD s of e0) Vt fort £0. 1) Make a table of values ofthe average rate of change of f with respect o over the interval (2, for some values of approaching 2 say T = 2.1, 2.01, 2.001, 2.0001, 2.00001, sand 2.000001, ©) What does your table indices i the rate of change of f with respect to at = 27 7 Calculate limit a5 T approaches 2 of the average rate of change off with respect ¢ over the interval from 2 to T pnd ine ‘You will have wo do some algobra before you ean substitute r=2 1.9 The time-to-cistance graph for Exercise 36. © CAS Explorations and Projects In Exercises 41-48, use a CAS to perform the folowing steps 2) Pot the funetion near the point x being approached, Year Profit in $10005, 'b) From your plot aves the vale of the imi. = ©) Evaluate the limit symbolically. How close was your guess? B37. CALCULATOR The profits of « small company for eact of the fit five yeas of it operation are given inthe following table 1990 6 16 1991 2 & z 1992 rr 1995 Mn 2. tm, 1994 14 aaa yeE-1 4) Plot points epreseming the profit as function of year and 43. im, jp them by as smooth a curve 8 you cn, ‘ b) What isthe average rat of increase of the profs between te cosx 1992 and 19949 oS esinExercises 12. 65 Exercises 1.2 it Calculations Find the limits in Exercises 1-16 lim, Or +5) 2 tim 10-30) lig (= Se—2 (2244048 lig 8650-7) 6 ig, es 2 Sieh ya 10 Spy ee we 12, im x +3) 13. 14. him (22 — 8°" 1s wy 1 Vorrae2 Find the limits in Exercises 17-30, ms a4 iy =, 18 Un ts P41 Bate+10 19, hn, PAH 2 Using Limit Rules 3H Suppose line f(2)= 1 and Timp gl) = 5. Name the tales im Theorem I that ar used 16 aecoplish steps a (bh and (6) ofthe following easton, img 2/00—ats) _ Hm BPH) 80) BE pen I ~ “Tg FOIE IT @ lin, 270) — tim 900 aot a, fo) (ig, (Fe+7) 2g 70) a (ig ot ers) _7 Let lim AC) = S,Dim.o1 pC) = Hy amd Timp (8) = 2. [Name te rales in Theorem I that are used to accomplish steps (4), (), and () of the ftiowing calculation, vars Im CT o BS Fala=r ~ fey ere fix -—_ ey (im 209) (ig @=ren) Siig Fay oa co 9) (iy 4H re) = <5 the=3 73 Suppose tise 8) = and ie 6(0) = 2. Find 2 tim feria ») im 2ftnecnr fa) OD Fam © tim (Fee) +3400 Soppose tim. fC) =O and hime (8) 8) him Goo +3) by lim 2 tim wo? ® im Soppose limo f() = 7 and tims» st2) 8) im (a) + 8h0) by tim £62) + ¢) © lim dete) him foxy/atey 5. Sappese that ime. pe) =4.tim 3 r(x) = 0, and Tim-1 50x) = 3. Find 8) im, (pla) +r) +5600) by im, pla) U2) (2) ©) Bim, p14) + Sromr/stay65 Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity Limits of Average Rates of Change Because of thelr connection with secant Hines, angers, and instants neous ates, limits ofthe form feb fe) a ‘ceur frequently in caleulus. In Exercises 37-42, evaluate this limit for the given value of x and function Using the Sandwich Theorem 48. Uf VSHBE = fox) < YEH for 1 0. By fn 2eoss),and y= 1 46, 8) Suppose that the inoqualites By hold for values of x close to zero. (They do, ax you will yee in Section 8.10.) What, if anything, does this tell you about [cosy Give reasons for your answer, GRAPHER Graph the equations » = (1/2) ~ 02/24), (1 —cosxy/s2, and y = 1/2 together for ~2 = Comment om the behavior of the graphs as x —> 0. 22 Theory and Examples ” a, #. su 2. ss, sa, Wax! © f(x) <9 for in (1, Wand x? < fia) <° for < I, at what points © do you itomatclly know Him sc £(2)? What can you say about the value of the tii at these points? Suppose that g(x) < (x) < Ae) forall x and suppose that, s ling gC) = im, hea = Can we conclude anything about the values of fg, and A at x= 2? Could f(2) =07 Could lim, 27x) = 07 Give reasons for your answers. Itim =8 £0) fis). fe) 1 AF tim, 2 = 1, find a) tim, f(2) and) Jim, £2 tig L955 0.4m se fo) -5 w tig £5 find tim (0 fo 1) GRAPHER Graph ss) ~ cin (1) estate Time g2), soning lon the ein scm. Colina our nan witha prot {GRAPHER Ging 2) = sos (1/2 timate Tine A) somes on gi ss. 1) Ceatn your exis wi pot find (a yf) and) kim, Target Values and Formal Definitions of Limits Im this section we give a formal definition of the limit introduced in the previous ‘two sections, We replace vague phrases like "gets arbitrarily close" in the informal det ition with specific conditions that ean be applied to any particular example. ‘To do this we first examine how to control the input of a function to ensure that the output is kept within preset bounels Keeping Outputs near Target Values We som funetion y = + need to know what input values x will result in output values of the (je) nee a particular target value, How near depends on the context