402 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions

But f(a) = g(a) = 0, so

j'(c) f(x)
g'(c) g(x)"
As x approaches a, c approaches a because it always lies between a and x. Therefore,

lim f(x) = lim j'(c) = lim j'(x)

.r-a+ g(x) c-a+ g'{c) .r-a+ g'(x) ,
which establishes I'HOpital's Rule for the case where x approaches a from above. The case
where x approaches a from below is proved by applying Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem to
the closed interval [x, aj, x < a.

Exercises 7.5

Finding Limits in Two Ways . 3x - I

30. lun~1
In Exercises l--{j, use I'HOpital's Ru1e to evaluare the limit. Then eval- x-o~ -
uare the limil using a method studied in Chapter 2.
31. lim In(x + I) 32 r log, x
1. lim x+2 x_OO lo~x x!'.?o log, (x + 3)
x_-2x2 - 4
In(x' + 2x) 34. lim In (eX - I)
33. lim In
3. lim 5x' - 3x %-0+ x x-o+ Inx
x_OO 7x 2 + 1
Y5y + 25 - 5 ~-a
5. lim I - cosx 35. lim y 36. lim y ,a>O
y~O y~O
x-o x 2
37. lim (In 2x - In(x + I)) 38. lim (lnx - In sin x)
X~OO %-0+
Applying l'H6pital's Rule
Use I'H6pital's rule 10 fmd the limits in Exercises 7-50.
39 r
(lnx)'
x~+ In (sinx)
40. lim
x-o+
(3X + I__smX'
.1_)
7.lim x - 2 8. lim x' - 25 X

x_2x2 - 4 x--5 x + 5
41 lim (_1___1_) 42. lim (cscx - calx + cosx)
9. lim I' - 41 + 15 10. lim I' - I x-I+ x-I Inx x-o+
1--3 t2 - t - 12 1-14t 3 - t- 3
43. lim cos 0 - I
11. lim 5x' - 2x 12. lim x - 8x' 8_0efJ - 8-1
x_OO 7x 3 + 3 x_OO 12x2 + 5x

13. lim sm 1
. , 14. lim sin 5/
+ '
45. lim _et_1_
1_00 e' - t
1-0 t 1-0 21
. <ex - I)'
8x ' 48. lun .
15. lim=~. 16. lim sinX' - x x-o x smx
x-o cosX' x-a xl
49 lim 0 - sinO cosO r sin3x-3x+x 2
17 lim 20 - 'If 18 r 30 + 'If "~O lanO - 0 SO. x~ sin x sin 2x
'~w/' cos (2'1f 0) . '~'!!;/' sin (6 + ('If/3))
Indeterminate Powers and Products
19 lim I - sinO
6-1T/2 1 + cos 26
20.lim x-?
x_tInx - SIn 71'X
Find the limits in Exercise 51--{j6.
, 22. lim In (esc x)
51. lim x 1/(1-x)
x-I+
21 lim x
x~o In (sec x) x~w/' (x - ('If/2))' 53. lim (lnx)l/x
x~oo
/(1 - cos I)
23. lim . 24. lim 1 sin 1
1-0 (-SInt 1_01 - cost

25. lim
x-(7r/2)-
(x - ~2) sec x 26. lim
x-(n/2)-
(~2 - x) Ian x 57. lim <I
x~oo
+ 2x)I/(21u) 58. lim <ex
x~o
+ x)l/>
' 3"'" - I
lun
27. ,~o 0 28. lim
"~O
(1/2)" - I
6 59. lis x'
x~o
60. lim
x-o+
(I + l)X X
 7.5 Indeterminate Forms and rH6pitars Rule 403

80. For what values of a and b is

61. lim (Xx+- I2)' 62. lim (X' + I )'IX
x+2
+ "- + sin bX) = O?
%_00 x_OO
lim (tan 2x
x-a x3 xl X
63. lim x 1nx
x-o+
2
64. X
lim (In x)'
x-o+ D 81. oc - oc Form
6S. lim xtan(" -
x-o+ 2
X) 66. lim sin x olnx
X~O+
Estimate the value of
lim (x-~)
X~OO
Theory and Applications
I:H6pital's Rule does not help with the limits in Exercises 67-74. Try hy graphing f(x) =x - v'x' + x over a suitably large inter-
it-you just keep on eycling. Find the limits some other way. val of x-values.

67. lim "\I9x+1 68. lim Yx b. Now confirm your estimate hy fmding the limit with
x_OO ~ %-0+ Ysinx I'H6pital's Rule. Ail the fust step, multiply f(x) hy the frac-
69. lim sec x 70 lim cotx tion (x + ~)/(x + v'x' + x) and simplifY
%-(7f/2>- tanx x-o+ escx the new numerator.
ZX - 3x
. 82. Find lim (W+i - Yx).
71. x~3x + 4x x~oo

i' D 83. 0/0 Form Estimate the value of

I e
73 x~xex
lim 2x' - (3x + I)Yx + 2
75. Which one is correct, and which one is wrong? Give reasons for
x-I 1 X

your answers. hy graphing. Then confmn your estimate with I'H6pital's Rule.
84. This exercise explores the difference between the limit
a. lim x-3 = lim 1...=1.
x-3 x 2 - 3 x-3 2x 6
b. lim x-3 =Q=o
%-3 x 2 - 3 6
and the limit
76. Which one is correct, and which one is wrong? Give reasons for
your answers. . (1+"I)X =e.
lim
X~OO

a. lim x '-2x = l i m 2x - 2
x_ox2 - sinx x-O 2x - cosx Use I'H6pital's Rule to show that
= lim
x_o2
2
+ sin x
= _2_ = I
2+0
. (1+"I)X =e.
lim
X~OO

b. lim x' - 2x = lim 2x - 2 -2 D b. Graph

(I +:S
.%_ox2_ sinx x-O 2x cosx 0 - 1 = 2
77. Only one of these calculations is correct Which one? Why are the f(x) = and g(x) = (I +~)'
others wrong? Give reasons for your answers.
together for x '" O. How does the behavior off compare with
a. lim xlnx = 0(-00) = 0 thst of g? Estimate the value oflim~oo f(x).
x-o+
b. lim xlnx = 0'(-00) = -00 c. Confmn your estimate oflimx->oo f(x) by calculating it with
x-o+ I'H6pital's Rule.
c. x-'r!1l+ X In X = x~o+
lim Inx -00
(I/x) = """00 = -
1 85. Show thst

d. lim x In x = lim In/x

X~O+ X~O+ (I x)
lim (I
.... 00
+k 1")' = e'.

= lim (I/x) = lim (-x) = 0 86. Given that x > 0, fmd the maximum value, if any, of
x-o+ (-1/x 2) x-o+ a. Xl/x
78. Find all values of c thst satisfY the conclusion of Cauchy's Mean b. xl/i'
Value Theoreru for the given functions and interval.
c. xlix' (n a positive integer)
a. f(x) = x, g(x) = x', (a,b) = (-2,0)
d. Show that 1imx-oo xl/x = 1 for every positive integer n.
b. f(x) = x, g(x) = x', (a, b) arbitrary
87. Use limits to find horizontal asymptotes for each function.
c. f(x) = x'/3 - 4x, g(x) = x', (a, b) = (0,3)
79. Continuous OItension Find a value of c thst makes the function . y=xtan(~) b. y =
3x + e2x
"'2x'--'+-'e~3x"
9X - 3sin3x, x # 0
e-11i' x # 0
f(x) = 5x' 88. Findf'(O) for f(x) = { 0, ' x = O.
{
c, x= 0
continuous at x = O. Explain why your value of c works.
 404 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions

D 89. The continuous extension of(sinxf to [0, 'IT[
a. Graphf(x) ~ (sinxf on the interval :5 x:5 'IT. What value
would you assign to f to make it continuous at x = O?
b. VerifY your conclusion in part (a) by rmding lim,....o f(x)
with I'H6pital~ Rule.
c. Returning to the graph, estimate the maximwn value off on
[0, 'IT]. About where is max f taken on?
d. Sharpen your estimate in part (c) by graphing f' in the same
window to see where its graph crosses the x-axis. To simplifY
your work, you might want to delete the esponential factor from
the expression for f' and graph just the factor that has a zero.
D 90. The function (sin x)... (Continuation ofExercise 89.)
a. Graphf(x) ~ (sin x)"'" on the interva1-7 s x '" 7. How do
you account for the gaps in the graph? How wide are the gaps?
b. Now graph f on the interval :5 x '" 'IT. The function is not
dermed at x ~ 'IT/2, hut the graph has no break at this point.
What is going on? What value does the graph appear to give
for f atx ~ 'IT/2? (Hint: Use I'H6pital~ Rule to rmd limf as
x ..... ('IT/2)- and x ..... ('IT/2)+.)
c. Continuing with the graphs in part (b), rmd max f and min f
as accurately as you can and estimate the values of x at which
they are taken on.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

7.6
Inverse trigonometric functions arise when we want to calculate angles from side measure-
y
ments in triangles. They also provide useful antiderivatives and appear frequently in the
x = siny solutions of differential equations. This section shows how these functions are derIDed,
graphed, and evaluated, how their derivatives are computed, and why they appear as

2) VDomain:
'IT' . Y = sin-Ix
-1';x,,1
Range: -wl2 :S y :S 'lT12
important antiderivatives.

Defining the Inverses

_~ 1 x The six basic trigonometric functions are not one-ro-one (their values repeat periodically).
However, we can restrict their domains to intervals on which they are one-ro-one. The sine
function increases from -I at x = -1f/2 to + I at x = 1f/2. By restricting its domain to
2
the interval [-1f/2, 1f/2], we make it on.,.to-one, so that it has an inverse sin- 1 x
(Figure 7.14). Similar domain restrictions can be applied to all six trigonometric functions.

Domain restrictions that make the trigonometric functions one-to-one

FIGURE 7.14 The graph ofy ~ sin-1 x.
Y sin x Y tan x

y= sinx y= cosx y~ tao x

Domain: [-'IT/2, 'IT/2] Domain: [0, 'IT] Domain: (-'IT/2, 'IT/2)

Range: [-1,1] Range: [-1, 1] Range: (-00, 00)

Y sec x

-o;;t---,,;;;---;;,,~x ----;;,,;--c;cot---c,,;;-~x

-~
2
2

i(
y~ cotx y = secx y= cscx
Domain: (0, 'IT) Domain: [0, 'IT/2) U ('IT/2, 'IT] Domain: [-'IT/2, 0) U (0, 'IT/2]
Range: (-00, 00) Range: (-00, -1] U [I, 00) Range: (-00, -1] U [1, 00)