G44 Chapter 8: Infinite Series 3, Uh Cay sna tnt 37st ha at * De OO 0 E meanif p= td drome 2 tart tis 2 show Te [ siaer samen fant ob 1b} What implications does the Fat (a) have Fr the conven ence ofthe sees (4 poshive constant) lai” Cine reasons for your answer, (Contsaon of Exercise 39) Use tee wesult im Exercise 3920 Aetermine which ofthe following series converge and which di- ‘ergs. Support your answer i each case et es 4 & ” 2 tea ® Sem ot ° Eee © Ean 41, Euler's constant. Grip like those in Fig 8.13 sugges thi as increases there i ile change in the difference between the nd te icegral wan f Ete ‘To explore this idea, carryout the following steps. 8) BY aking F(x) = 1) in inequality (2), show that ne@rnets te 1 prethsrtin Tha epi ae appa tani a » foone aye teswasn-me and Use this result 1 show thal the sequence fa) in pat (decreasing, Since a decreasing sequence tht is bounded from below con serges (Exercise 41 in Section 8.1), the mumbers ag defined in (a) converge: 1 thiey. ‘The mumbor y; whose vale i 0.5772 «i allot Euler com sta Tn contrast (0 ther special nunbers ike x and e, no caer ‘expression wih simple In of Formulator has eres been ound for y: 42, Use the itera st show dat Ec comerges. Comparison Tests for Series of Nonnegative Terms “The key question in using Corollary 1 the preceding section is how to determine {in eny particular instance whether the 5,"s are hounded from above. Sometimes We ‘can establish this by showing that cact 5, is less than ar equal to the corresponding partial sum of series already known to converge, EXAMPLE 1 the series at 08.5 Comparison Tests for Series of Nannegative Terms 645 converges because ts terms are all positive and Jess than or equal to the eoere- sponding terms of @) “To see how this relaionship leads to an upper bound for the partial sums of TE A/ead), ler and observe that, for each n, “Thus the partial sums of Zg(I/(nt)) are all less than 3, so Co (2/(e) cow verges, ‘The fast that 3s an upper bound forthe partial sums of ot ean thatthe series converses to 3, As we will see in Sestion B.10. the series comerges to € a ‘The Direct Comparison Test We established the convergence in Example 1 by comparing the tems of the given series with the terms of & series known to converge. This idea ean be pursued further to yield a number of tests Known as comparison test: Direct Comparison Test for Series of Nonnegative Terms Let Ya be a series with no negative terms 2) See converses if teas is a convergent series See with ay = all a= N. foe some integer N. by Say alverpes if there is divergent series of nonnegative toms Soy ‘with a, > forall n > N, for some integer N ‘Proof in part (a), the partial sums of dy are bounded above by fetitact 3 ee at “They therefore form a nondecreasing sequence with a limit £ = le prt), the partial sums of Soa, are not bounded fom above. If they were, the partial sums for Sal, would be bounded by Mad dtd te Fay and Ea would have to converge instead of diverge a ‘To apply the Direct Comparison Test wa series, we nced not ince she early terms of the series. We can sar the test with any index N provided we include al the terms of the series beng teste from there onGAG Chapter Infinite Series EXAMPLE 2 Does the following series converge? Zot lyt SHat tata tata Solution We ignore the fst foue tems and compare the remaining terms with those ofthe convergent geomet series 3°", 1/2". We see that root rit atatat Satatgt ‘Therefore, the original series converges by the Direct Comuparison Test Qa To apply the Direet Comparison Test, we need to have on Band 2 list of sores whose convergence or divergence we know. Here is what we know 50 far: Convergent series Divergent series Geometric series with |r| < 1 Geometric series with |r| = 1 Telescoping series like ‘The hanvonie sees Bo 2mm) x The series > Any series 3a for whch am lime soe des not exist or liye #0 The prscrics J 1 with p > 1 The pacts J with p <1 Le Lie The Limit Comparison Test ‘We now introduce a coniparison test that is particularly handy for series in whieh 4a, 18.4 rational function of 1 Suppose we wanted to investigate the convergence of the sees, 2n = 8ar* + 10007 + 1000 o> eet Leos In determining convergence or divergence, only the tails matter. And when wis very large, the highest powers in the numecator and denominator matter the ros, ‘So in (a), ve might reason this way: For » lage, zn nal Iochaves like 2n/x? = 2/n, Since 3 1/m dineages, we expect Tay to diverge, too. In¢h) we might reason that fm hnge e+ 100n? + 1000 ns will behave approximately like (80)/(21®) = jn. Sinoe 34m? converges (tis 4 times convergent pers), me expect Tay so converge, 10. Our expectations sbout $oay in each case ar cocrect, asthe Sllowing test shows