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The modern commercial or office building consists of the HVAC system which is Heating, Ventilation,
Air-conditioned. In this report, well going to identify the purpose and goals of HVACS system, describe
HVAC types, describe HVACS parts and describe how this part works together or its working cycle.
Besides to air-conditioning there are ventilation systems like ceiling fan, fresh air supply and exhaust fan
where ceiling fan is used is used to ventilate the air with rotating blades and exhaust fan is used to
displace the inside air to the outside environment, fresh air supply is used to displace the inside air to the
outside environment by supplying fresh air from the outside air.
Objective
The objective of the report to know and understand the HVAC system, its working cycle, the HVAC parts
and types of HVAC. HVAC stand for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning. With ventilation we can
control the quality of air either by displacing the air to the outside or may be ventilating the air with
ceiling fan.
Introduction
Air quality is essential considerations in maintaining the productivity, comfort and health of the
occupants. If air quality and temperature are not maintained, occupants comfort in the work place can
suffer directly affecting productivity. Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties
of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more favorable conditions. The control of these conditions
may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants, or to meet the requirements of
industrial processes irrespective of the external climatic conditions. It is used to cool products or a
building environment. An air conditioning system is an assembly of different part of the system used
produce a specified condition of air within a require space or building. Refrigeration systems are also
used for providing cooling and dehumidification in summer for personal comfort (air conditioning). The
first air conditioning systems were used for industrial as well as comfort air conditioning. Eastman Kodak
installed the first air conditioning system in 1891 in Rochester, New York for the storage of photographic
films. An air conditioning system was installed in a printing press in 1902 and in a telephone exchange in
Hamburg in 1904. Many systems were installed in tobacco and textile factories around 1900. The first
domestic air conditioning system was installed in a house in Frankfurt in 1894. A private library in St
Louis, USA was air conditioned in 1895, and a casino was air conditioned in Monte Carlo in 1901. Efforts
have also been made to air condition passenger rail coaches using ice. The widespread development of air
conditioning is attributed to the American scientist and industrialist Willis Carrier. Carrier studied the
control of humidity in 1902 and designed a central air conditioning plant using air washer in 1904. Due to
the pioneering efforts of Carrier and also due to simultaneous development of different components and
controls, air conditioning quickly became very popular, especially after 1923. At present comfort air
conditioning is widely used in residences, offices, commercial buildings, air ports, hospitals and in mobile
applications such as rail coaches, automobiles, aircrafts etc. Industrial air conditioning is largely
responsible for the growth of modern electronic, pharmaceutical, chemical industries etc. Most of the
present-day air conditioning systems use either a vapor compression system or a vapor absorption system.
Principle of working cycle (how does it work?)
The goal is to keep it more comfortable inside the house than it is outside.
For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly. For this
reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation
in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from one area, to cool this area, and to
expel this heat in another area.
The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves
out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.
The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to
the outside air.
The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of
the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.
The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed
and changes it from a liquid to a gas.
As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is
repeated.
Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the center into a high side and a low side This refers to the
pressures of the refrigerant in each side of the system
A.C. works on the mechanism of refrigerant liquid. This liquid change to gas and evaporates as it extracts
heat from the air around it and in low pressure conditions it again gets converted to liquid and after
entering into the normal pressure region this again changes into gas. Any A.C. will comprise of 4 parts
i.e. a compressor, a condenser, expansion valve and an evaporator. Compressor and condenser are usually
kept outside the house where as an evaporator is kept inside the house. Compressor is the most important
part of all the three as it pumps the vapor refrigerant through the system.
In the evaporator, the fluid leaves as low pressure cool gas to reach compressor. The compressor will
compress the gas to liquid. As the gas becomes liquid, the molecules are together and their energy is high
resulting in high temperature. The working fluid leaves compressor and flows into condenser as hot air
which will convert this hot air to low pressurized liquid. One can observe the temperature around outside
unit, which is high due to heat dissipated from compressor.
The temperature in condenser is very low and this converts the high temperature gas into low pressurized
liquid. Through a small hole (expansion valve) this pressurized liquid will flow to into evaporator. In this
process, the pressure drops and the liquid is converted into low pressure cool air to start the cycle once
again. In the process of changing liquid to gas it extracts heat from the air around it. Evaporator has fins
and it will blow that cool air into the room. The hot air is lighter than cool air, so it is in the upper part of
the room whose heat is used to convert high pressurized liquid into low pressurized gas.
This process continues till the room attains the temperature you set. The thermostat present in the A.C.
will temporarily stop A.C. for some time; if the room temperature raises again, the thermostat will
automatically on the A.C. to set the temperature of your room to your desired level.
The basic elements of air conditioning system: --
The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities in between these two extremes.
The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
These units are used commonly in places like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small
halls, etc.
Conclusion
We have seen that how the A.C. works , different parts, types and the working cycle