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1. Let f (z) be analytic on and within a simple closed contour (SCC) C. Suppose that z0 = 0 is the
zf (z)
only zero of f inside C and that it has order m. Evaluate dz.
C f (z)
Solution.
Since f has a zero of order m at z0 , there exists a function (z), analytic and nonzero
at z0 , such that f (z) = (z z0 )m (z).
Note that (z) is analytic at z0 ; hence, all of its derivatives are analytic at z0 , in particular,
(z)
(z) is analytic at z0 . Because (z0 ) = 0, the quotient is analytic at z0 , which further
(z)
z (z) z (z)
+
implies that is analytic at z0 . Thus, has a power series expansion ak (z z0 )k
(z) (z)
k=0
about z0 , and
zf (z) mz0 +
=m+ + ak (z z0 )k
f (z) z z0
k=0
[ ]
zf (z) zf (z)
It is obvious that Res , z0 = mz0 . Observe that is analytic on and within
f (z) f (z)
zf (z)
C except at the pole z0 . Therefore, by Cauchys Residue Theorem, dz = 2imz0 .
C f (z)
2. Find the number of roots of the equation z 4 8z + 10 = 0 in the annulus : 1 < |z| < 3.
Solution.
Let h(z) = z 4 8z + 10, f (z) = 8z + 10, g(z) = z 4 , C1 : |z| = 1, and C2 : |z| = 3. Then
h(z) = f (z) + g(z) and N (h) = N (h) N (h) . Also, f (z) and g(z) are analytic on and within
int(C2 ) int(C1 )
C1 and C2 since they are polynomial functions.
On the SCC C1 ,
On the SCC C2 ,
TI
|f (z)| = | 8z + 10| 8|z| + 10 = 34 < 81 = |z|4 = |z 4 | = |g(z)|.
Thus, by Rouches Theorem, N (h) = N (g + f ) = N (g) . The only zero of g(z) in int(C2 )
int(C2 ) int(C2 ) int(C2 )
is 0, which is of multiplicity 4. Hence, N (h) = N (g) = 4.
int(C2 ) int(C2 )
[ + ]
x2
3. Evaluate P V dx .
(x2 + 2x + 2)(x2 + 1)2
Solution.
z2
Extend the integrand to f (z) = .
(z 2 + 2z + 2)(z 2 + 1)2
Let g(z) = z 2 and h(z) = (z 2 + 2z + 2)(z 2 + 1)2 . We solve for the zeroes of h(z), where
f (z) has isolated singularities.
z 2 + 2z + 2 = (z 2 + 2z + 1) + 1 = (z + 1)2 i2
= [(z + 1) + i][(z + 1) i]
= (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 i)
We see that h(z) has simple zeroes at 1 i and 1 + i and zeroes of order 2 at i and i.
Since g(z) and h(z) are polynomial functions, they are analytic at each of these zeroes. Also,
g(z) is nonzero at each. Thus, f (z) has simple poles at 1 i and 1 + i and poles of order
2 at i and i.
Let z1 = 1 + i and z2 = i. We only consider the poles in the upper-half plane, i.e.
z1 and z2 . Computing for residues at these poles, we have
{ }
z2
Res(f, 1 + i) = lim [z (1 + i)] 2
z1+i (z + 2z + 2)(z 2 + 1)2
[ ]
z2
= lim (z + 1 i)
z1+i (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 i)(z 2 + 1)2
z2
= lim
z1+i (z + 1 + i)(z 2 + 1)2
(1 + i)2
=
[(1 + i) + (1 + i)][(1 + i)2 + 1]2
3 4
= i
25 25
[ ]
1 d z2
Res(f, i) = lim (z i) 2
2
(2 1)! zi dz (z + 2z + 2)(z 2 + 1)2
[ ]
d z 2
= lim (z i)2 2
zi dz (z + 2z + 2)(z + i)2 (z i)2
[ ]
d z2
= lim
zi dz (z 2 + 2z + 2)(z + i)2
Note that f (z) is analytic on and within CR except at the poles z1 = 1 + i and z2 = i.
By Cauchys Residue Theorem,
2
[ ]
f (z) dz = 2i Res(f, zk ) = 2i Res(f, z1 ) + Res(f, z2 )
CR k=1
[ ]
= 2i Res(f, 1 + i) + Res(f, i)
[( ) ( )] ( )
3 4 3 9 7
= 2i i + + i = 2i i
25 25 25 100 100
7
= .
50
Next, we prove that lim f (z) dz = 0.
R+ R
2 Suppose z is on the contour R : Re , 0 t , R > 2. Then |z| = R, R2 1 >
it
( 2) 1 > 0, and
RT I
|z 2 + 1| |z|2 1 = |R2 1| = R2 1 > 0
|z 2 + 1|2 (R2 1)2
1 1
2
|z + 1|2 (R2 1)2
RT I
|z 2 + 2z + 2| |z|2 2|z| 2 = R2 2R 2
1 1
2 2
|z + 2z + 2| R 2R 2
( )( )
1 1 R2
|f (z)| = |z|2
|z + 2z + 2|
2 |z + 1|2
2 (R2 2R 2)(R2 1)2
By the M L-Inequality,
R3
0 f (z) dz
R (R2 2R 2)(R2 1)2