15jul10 King Naresuan

King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection Khur Hsen 1
International Conference on Shan Studies

Maha Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok,
Thailand.
King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection
By
Khur Hsen
th
16 October 2009.
Domain of the Shan Saophas

The Town of Gyaing (Kran) {the place where Prince Naresuan declared independence}
The Shan Kingdom of organized by Kham Kai Noi (The site of Hsenwi before 1888)
Note: Hsenwi was once among the powerful Shan princedoms. During the time of Kham Kai Noi, the capital situated around the present
town of Muang Yai, which was now also know as the South Hsenwi. The Hsenwi State was separated and recognized North Hsenwi
& South Hsenwi in 1888 by the British. North Hsenwi situates north at the present site bearing this name. Muang Nawng was once a
part of Hsenwi and its rulers’ descents from Hsenwi line.
The two routes to the Shan Country.

Map of King Naresuan Last Trip

Content
1. King Naresuan and Shan Sao Pha Connection.

-Hsenwi
-Nanda Bayin Period (1581-1599)
- Revolts during the reign of Nanda Bayin.
- The Domain of Muang Gong in AD 1556.
- Muang Mit (Maing Mit) and Nanda Bayin.
- King Naresuan and Nanda Bayin.
- Hongsawadi’s war with Ava, Shan and Siam.
- King Nyaung Yan’s war on the Shans.
- King Nyaung Yan and Muang Nai.
- King Nyaung Yan and Kham Kai Noi.
- Situation of King Naresuan.
- The situation of the two routes to cross the Salween.
-Conclusion.
2. Shan and Ava.

-Pinya Dynasty (1312-1365).
-Sagaing Dynasty (1315-1363).
-The First Ava Dynasty. (1364-1421).
-The Second Ava Dynasty. (1364-1421).
-The Third and Last Ava Dynasty (1476-1544).
3. Bayint Naung’s War on Ava, Shan and Siam.

-Bayint Naung’s war on Ava.
-Bayint Naung’s war on Shan and Siam.
Reference.
In Shan.
1. Rasa Wang Muang Nai (Hand script) By the Muang Nai Court in 1887.
2. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945.
3. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, (Hand script). By Nadar Hsi Ha Muang Nawng. 1987
4. The Shan States History (Hand script) By Sao Yan Fa.
5. Hsur Khan Fa. By Khun Hsai Jai Yean, published 9.9.1994
6. The origin of Tai and a brief History of Shan States. By Khur Hsen, published 1996.
7. Interview - Mae Tao Noan (87 Ages) from Mae Kin

- Nang Moang from Mae Kin
- Lung Thein Aung from Naa Kong Mu
- Lung Laa from Naa Kong Mu
- Lung Sam Muang from Hwe Aw.
In Burmese.
8. A History of Mo Meik. By U KheMingda 1948.
9. Shan State’s Mirror (Award winner in national literature in 1963).

By Director Saya Myint.
10. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991.
11. Shan Mart Than. (Typescript) By Dr. Than Htun, Professor, History Department,
Art & Science University, Mandalay.
12. A Chae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Yae Thamaing. By Burma Socialist Programme Party.
13. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6
14. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 8
15. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 9
16. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 11
In English.
17. Harvey’s outline of Burmese History 1925. Published by Longmans Green & Co, Ltd.
18. History of Burma. By Sir Arthur Phayre.
19. Hsenwi State Chronicle (Article in The Guardian magazine, February 1967).
By Sir James George Scott.
20. History of the Shans in Upper Burma and Western Yunnan. By Neil Elias. Calcutta.
Printed at the Foreign Department Press. 1876
21. Our Wars with the Burmese. Thai-Burmese Conflict 1537-1767. By Prince Damrong Rajanubhab.
Translated into English by Phra Phraison Salarak
Thein Subindu (alias) U Aung Thein.
Published 2001.
King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection

By
Khur Hsen
Hsenwi
AD (1460-1523) Khun Kham Hip Fah was the Saopha of Hsenwi and his Mahadevi was Nang Kham
Mung (a daughter of the King of ChiangMai). They had a son Khun Kham Hseng Fah and a daughter
Nang kham Nan.
In 1523-1543, Khun Kham Hip Fah was succeeded by Khun Kham Hseng Fah. As the Saopha of
Muang Nai did not attend his coronation ceremony, Khun Kham Hseng Fah was not satisfied and
asked the king of Ava, Shwe Nan Kyeaw Shin’s help in capturing him. In return, he married his sister
Nang Kham Nan to the King of Ava.
Khun Kham Hseng Fah had 6 children:

1. Kham Han Fah.
2. Kham Pak Fah (The father of Kham Kai Noi)
3. Khun Kham Nan
4. Kham Hso Fah
5. Kham Wat
6. Kham Lwat.
1543-1549 the Hsenwi throne was succeeded by Kham Han Fah and he had no children. 1549-1561,
He was succeeded by Kham Pak Fah, who had three children:
1. Khun Kham Kieo (Kham Kai Noi)
2. Khun Kham Hseng Soong
3. Khun Kham Kheng
Kham Pak Fah had been known for his skills in war and martial arts since his younger days. Once he
became Saopha, he constructed his military strength, practiced martial arts and also trained his son,
Sao Kham Kieo (Later known as Kham Kai Noi).
In 1555-1556, after conquering Ava, Bayint Naung (King of Hongsawadi) attacked and captured
Hsum Hsai and Hsi Paw, threatening Hsenwi as his next target, but failing to take it. Thadoe Min Saw
(younger brother & son in law of Bayint Naung) became the new King of Ava. Kham Pak Fah was
not content with the new king and in 1559 marched to Ava on the pretext of returning his aunt Nang
Kham Nan to Hsenwi. His son, Sao Kham Kieo, accompanied him during the siege on Ava.
In 1559 Kham Pak Fah marched from Hsenwi to Ava and on arriving at Okpho Umin,The King of
Ava heard that news and sent envoy to inquire the reason of the march. After learning the reason, the
king of Ava said, it was not necessary to proceed further as he had already agreed to give his aunt
back, together with 100 elephants, 100 horses, 100 visses in gold, 100 visses in silver and 100 young
maids as tribute.
Sao Kham Pak Fah agreed with the terms and wait for the promised gifts to arrive. But Ava sent the
tributes in piecemeal, a tenth of the promise tribute was given as a token, on the pretext that, the gifts
were not in store and they were trying hard to make it in time. Actually, at that time Ava was short in
men and arms to withstand against Hsenwi troops, they were buying times for Bayint Naung’s troops
to return, from his campaigns in Siam and Lanchang.1
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg. 47- 52

On his return from Chiang Mai, Bayint Naung reinforced his army and marched to rescue Ava.
Hsenwi lost the battle in 1561. Kham Pak Fah and Kham Kieo were captured in the battle. Kham Pak
Fah was executed, but Kham Kieo was spared due to the intervention and request of his grandmother
Nang Kham Nan, instead becoming a hostage in the Court of Ava and later in the court of
Hongsawadi. In 1562, after his conquest of Hsenwi, Bayint Naung marched on to subdue Muang
Mao, Se-Kwang, HoHsa, Naa Hsa and other city states now along the Burma-China border.1
In 1568-69 on hearing the report by Saopha Song Khae (later, King Maha Dhamma Raza of Ayudhya)
that Siam was going to revolt, King Bayint Naung sent Saopha Song Khae (Sawbwa Thaung Kyi in
Burmese) back to Pitsanulok with an advance force, in order to prepare provision for the main army
and the defense of the town itself.2
Sao Kham Kieo was among the officers in the advance force, during which he changed his name and
afterward known as Kham Kai Noi. As he had to reside in Pitsanulok and never return to his home
town until 1600, the Hsenwi Chronicle gave an account that he was being held as a hostage in Siam. 3
Meanwhile in Hsenwi, after Kham Pak Fah and Kham Kai Noi, lost in the battle of Ava, the ministers
did not resist. When Bayint Naung marched to Hsenwi, the ministers took the two princes (younger
brothers of Kham Kai Noi) and fled to seek refuge in Chengtu (in China). In 1565 they returned to
make peace with Ava and Khun Kham Hseng Soong (younger brother of Kham Kai Noi), attained the
Saophaship of Hsenwi and died in 1593.
In 1593, the youngest brother of Kham Kai Noi, Khun Kham Kheng, attained the Saophaship of
Hsenwi. In 1599 Khun Kham Kheng was assassinated by his two uncles, Kham Hso Fah and Khun
4
Kham Nan.
Nanda Bayin Period (1581-1599)
In 1581, in the month of TaSaungMong (12.11.1581) King Bayint Naung died and was succeeded by
his son Nanda Bayin. As Nanda Bayin ascended the throne of Hongsawadi, several towns and cities
were ruled by brothers, sons and relatives of Bayint Naung as follows.
Ava ruled by Thadoe Min Saw (younger brother of Bayint Naung).

Prome (Pye) ruled by Thadoe Dhamma Raza (Bayint Naung’s younger brother).
Toungoo ruled by Min Khong (younger brother of Bayint Naung).
Nyaung Yan ruled by Minye Nanda Meik (son of Bayint Naung).
Matama ruled by Thiri Thudhama Raza (son of Bayint Naung).
ChiangMai ruled by Nawrahta Saw (son of Bayint Naung).
Besides,
Siam ruled by Maha Dhamaraza (Saopha Song Kae)
Shan country ruled by the Shan Saophas. 5, 6
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg. 47- 52

2. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 98
3. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg 57
4. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg 53-54
5. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. VI -Pg-136-138
6. A Chae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Ye Thamaing-by BSPP-Pg 378-37
Revolt during the reign of Nanda Bayin.

After Nanda Bayin ascended the throne of Hongsawadi, several cities were in revolts.
-1582 Song Sop (Thaungdut in Burmese) and Santa (now in China) revolted.
-1586 Min Letya, the Viceroy of Ava died and his middle son, Min-ye Kyaw Swa was
appointed as viceroy.
-1587 Inn Ya- revolted.
-1590 Muang Gong (Mogaung) revolted.
-1593 Mawbi revolted.
-1594 Moulmein revolted.
-1596 Pye (Prome-Thadoe Dhamaraza), Taungoo and ChiangMai revolted.
-1594 Maha Uparat was killed in battle and Minye Kyaw Swa became heir apparent to the
throne of Hongsawadi. Minye Thihathu, The King of Taungoo, the father of Nat Shin
Naung, sent a message to Min Raza Gyi, the King of Arakan, asking him to join his
attack on Hongsawadi with a promise to give him his daughter after the battle was
won.
-1599 The combine attacks of the Arakan and Taungoo resulted in the fall of Hongsawadi.
The city was sacked and its king deported to Toungoo.
-1600 King Nanda Bayin was assassinated by Nat Shin Naung.
After the fall of Hongsawadi, the whole of Burma was in turmoil for 16 years.
-1604 -Muang Nai unsuccessful revolt attempt.

-King Naresuan’s unsuccessful attempt to attack Ava.
As soon as King Nanda Bayin attained the throne of Hongsawadi, Song Sop (Thaungdut in
Burmese) and Santa were the first to revolt. 1
At the coronation ceremony of Nanda Bayin, Prince Naresuan was present on behalf of Siam and
Saopha of Muang Gong (Kong) was not present. Regarding it as an open revolt, Nanda Bayin sent
three brigades to subdue it. Among the three brigades, one was commanded by Maha Uparat Min Gyi
Swa, the second by Nat Shin Naung of Taungoo, and the third by Prince Naresuan. The first two
armies failed to capture Muang Gong, while Prince Naresuan was successful in its capture. From that
time onwards, relation between Prince Naresuan and the other commanders changed. At that time
Prince Naresuan realized that many large and small kingdoms were not content or obedient to
Hongsawadi rule.2
Note: “Prince Naresuan attacked Muang Gong” was not mentioned in any of the Burmese
Histories or Chronicles of various Shan States. Perhaps the city was Song Sop and
not Muang Gong, because at that time Song Sop was included as a part of Muang
Gong and it was Song Sop that was among the first to revolt. (Khur Hsen)
In1584 Muang Gong and Muang Yang were crushed for not sending troops for the campaign against
Siam. Sao Kai Fah, the Saopha of Muang Gong, was captured and sent to the capital, where he was
displayed for 7 days each at the 20 palace gates before his execution.3, 4.
In 1591, Muang Gong rose up and revolted again. The town was laid siege by Nanda Bayin for 7
months, until all provisions of the defenders exhausted. Together with its Saopha, the town was
captured. 5 For not sending troops in his Ava campaign, Nanda Bayin attacked MuangMit.6 Other
Shan States were not so friendly with Nanda Bayin either, and once Hongsawadi collapsed, every
state declared its freedom.7
___________________________________________________________________________
1. A khyae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Ye Tha Maing by BSPP Pg 379-380.

2. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VIII, Pg 214 on referring to Thai History.
3. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg-43.
4. History of Burma by Sir Arthur Phayre. Pg 117.
5. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. 6 Pg 140
6. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi. By U KheMingda 1948. Pg. 142
Muang Gong (Muang Kong or Mogaung) was once among the twelve Shan Kingdoms and was
subjugated by Bayint Naung, who then re-formed the areas under his domain by including
Muang Gong as one of the Nine Shan Kingdoms in the southern part of Nam Mao. When
Bayint Naung launched his attack, Maung Gong was ruled by Sao Kai Fah (1564-1583) and it
was said to have (99) Princedoms in his domain. 1, 2
Muang Gong is now situated in Northern Burma under Myitkyina Township in the
Kachin State (N-25:17:95; E-096:56:34). Once a powerful state ruled by Shan
Saophas, it was mentioned several times in the Burmese History. At present it is
famous for its Jade mines. It situates by a stream called Mogaung Chaung, on the
Mandalay-Myitkyina railroad, 306 mile from Mandalay and 17 miles from
Myitkyina.
The first Saopha, Sao Luang Fah ascended the throne in 1215. While crossing the
stream, the Saopha found a drum shaped sapphire in its bed and since then the
state was named Muang Gong (Muang Kong).
In another story, “The legend of the four Shan cities” it is said that Udi king of
Shans in China (probably Yunnan) and his wife, Kinara Dewi gave birth to a blind
daughter who was put on a barge with provisions and set adrift along a river. On
the way, she met a tiger (some versions claim it to be a were-tiger) who cured her
blindness and they got married. They gave birth to four sons, all who went to visit
their grandfather. One son was given a dagger, the second a pet heron and the third
a drum. The youngest was given nothing, but was told to inherit his father the tiger
prince. The three brothers set out with men and families in search of new suitable
places to settle.
In one place, without hitting it, the drum sounded aloud. The prince regarded this
as an auspicious sign and he founded his city “Muang Gong”, after the drum given
to him by his grandfather.
At one place the heron sang aloud and a town named “Muang Yang” (MoNyin in
Burmese) was founded.
Places where the dagger suddenly stuck and left standing on the ground become
“Muang Mit” (Mo Maeik in Burmese).
And the last son went to inherit from his father, and he named his town “Weing
Hso” (Wuntho in Burmese) or “Tiger Town “in remembrance of his father.
Since then, Muang Gong has flourished under the Shan Saophas; some were
powerful enough to invade the lowland of Burma. Only in 1556 did King Bayint
Naung subdue Mogaung and the other Shan Cities with his vast Army.
After 20 years, Sao Tip Fah ascended the Muang Gong throne and his descendants
3
ruled continuously until they were occupied by King Alaung Phaya in AD 1753.
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. XI Pg. 388,
2. The origin of Tai and a brief History of Shan States. By Khur Hsen, published 1996. Pg 102
3. Burmese Encyclopedia, Vol. IX, Pg- 148
The Domain of Muang Gong in AD 1556.

Muang Gong comprising ninety-nine Muangs and the most important among them were:
1. Maing-lung (Assam),
2. Kassei (Manipur),
3. Part of Aracan,
4. The Yaw country (a,m),
5. Kalei (uav;),
6. Taungthwot (aomifoy G f) (Sumjok = SWc]SBp];) or Song Sop,
7. Maing-Kaing,
8. Maing-Yaung,
9. Maing-Kwon,
10. Sinkraing Khamti (Kham Nyang),
11. Maingli (Khamti proper),
12. Monyin,
13. Mautshobo (rkq;kd zdk),
14. Kunung-Kumun (Mishmi country),
1
15. Khang-sei (Naga country).
Dynasty of Muang Gong. .

2. Hsarm Luang Fah 1215-1228 AD
3. Sao Kam Fah (grandson of 1) 1228-1248
4. Sao Khun Lao 1248-1309
5. Sao Fu Reing 1309-1344
6. Sao Kai Fah 1344-1346
7. Paw Ngarm Muang 1346-1361
8. Khun Tao Fah 1361-1391
9. Sao Hong Fah 1391-1411
10. Sao Peaim Fah 1411-1446
11. Sao Si Fah 1446-1496
12. Sao Kai Fah (1) 1496-1530
13. Hsarm Luang Paw Muang 1530-1536
14. Sao Shwe Kieo 1536-1558
15. Sao Harn Fah 1558-1564
16. Sao Kai Fah (2) 1564-1583 1581-83 War with Nanda Bayin and became a new dynasty.
17. Sao Kon Kham 1583-1591
18. Sao Hom Fah 1591-1605 War with Ava- King Nyaung Yan.
19. Sao Ted Fah 1605-1626 founded the present Muang Gong.
20. Sao Hsin Luang 1626-1629
21. Interregnum 1629-1639
22. Luang Sao Paw 1639-1651
23. Keing Luang Ho Hoop 1651-1663
24. Sao Swe Yaw 1663-1673
25. Sao Swe Kheng 1673-1729
26. Sao Hom 1729-1739
27. Haw Sing 1739-1748
28. Haw Kham 1748-1765
29. Haw Sing 1765-1768 Sino-Burmese Wars at-Kong Tong
30. Muang Kyauk 1768-1771 Appointed by the Burmese King.
31. Muang Pin 1771-1775
32. Haw Sing 1775-1777
33. Interregnum 1777-1785
34. Sao Yaw Pan Khong 1785-1796. Captured and deported by the Kongboung dynasty.
______________________________________________________________________
1. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg 19, 45,46
No.13. Sao Shwe Kieo (1536-1558) conquered by Burma and become a vassal in 1556.
No.15. Sao Kai Fah (1564-1583) Coincided with King Nanda Bayin of Hongsawadi. Muang Gong was
first subjugated by Hsin Byu Mya Shin (Bayint Naung), and was again attacked for not sending
troops in the Siam Campaign together with Muang Yang (Monyhin) and Muang Mit. The battle
lasted for 3 years before the town and the Saopha himself were captured. He was sent to
Hongsawadi and displayed for 7 days at each of the 20 palace gates before execution.
No.17. Sao Hom Fah (1591-1605) . Wage war with King Naung Yan.1
Muang Yang (Monyin in Burmese).
Mong Yang was founded in AD 940 by one son of the Tiger King. Alongside with Muang Gong, it
was once a powerful State under the rule of the Shan Saophas. MoNyin Mintra (MoNyin Thadoe of
Ava), and MoNyin Saolong (Sao Luang Mong Yang in Shan) are famous in the Burmese History.
Now a small town, it situates on the Mandalay-Myitkyina railroad, 96 miles from Myitkyina and 227
miles from Mandalay. 2
Maing Mit (Muang Mit) and Nanda Bayin.
In 1582, Thadoe MinSaw of Ava revolted against Hongsawadi and called for support from
Muang Mit, but was rejected.
In 1559, the former king of Ava was married to the sister of Hso Sao Fah, the Saopha of
Muang Mit. For this good tie, Muang Mit sent troops in support during the campaign on Siam
in 1562; the Campaign on Chiang Mai in 1564 and the Campaign on Siam in 1568. But, in
1582 Muang Mit refused to cooperate with the new king.
In1605, Anaukpetlun (the Uparat of Ava and son of King Nyaung Yan) marched in force by
land and by boat to attack Muang Mit, which was forced to yield.3, 4
Ava and Nanda Bayin.

Nanda Bayin’s son, Uparat Min Gyi Swa was married to Nat Shin Mae, the daughter of the King
of Ava (Thadoe Min Saw). In 1582 Uparat had a quarrel with his wife where she fall, hitting
her forehead on the hard corner of their couch and bleeding profusely. The blood were soaked
in her dress and sent it to her father. On hearing this news, the King of Ava was not satisfied
and prepared to seek revenge.
In1583, upon hearing the news of Ava gathering men and arms, Nanda Bayin marched to
Ava, leaving Hongsawadi under the care of the Uparat. He summoned Prome, Taungoo,
Chiang Mai and Ayudhya to follow him with their troops. Prome, Taungoo and Chiang Mai
sent troops immediately but King Maha Dhamma Raza of Ayudhya sent a message that he
would send troops with his son, Prince Naresuan, as the commander.5
___________________________________________________________________________
1. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg 45-46.
2. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. IX Pg 157
3. Shan Mart Than. (Type writing) Pg 108
4. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi. By U KheMingda 1948. Pg 142
5. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. VI Pg 137- 138.
King Naresuan and Nanda Bayin.
Once the news that Nanda Bayin had marched to Ava was heard, Prince Naresuan did not intend to
keep up with Hongsawadi troops, instead he marched slowly and on reaching Muang Kran near the
Thai-Mon border, he made his main camp and waited for news from Ava. With regards to the revolt
of Ava, he took it as a sign, telling him that it was time to seek for freedom. If Nanda Bayin won, it
was likely that he would attack Siam. In this case Prince Naresuan would take as many Thai families
as possible, those who had been settled in Hongsawadi, to strengthen Siam. If Nanda Bayin lost, he
would attack Hongsawadi.
When the information of Siamese troops camped at Muan Kran was heard, the commander of the
home guard, Maha Uparat, sent two Mon noblemen, Banya Gyan and Banya Ram to inquire, the
reason for the delay. He also arranged a plan, so that if Prince Naresuan marched north to
Hongsawadi, he would launch a frontal attack while the Mon would rise and attack from the rear. But
many Mons were not content with Burmese oppression. Many families even fled to Siam and in this
case, the plan was leaked to Prince Naresuan by a Mon monk. 1
Once he learned of Uparat’s plan, Prince Naresuan severed ties with Hongsawadi and declared
independence. Then he crossed river Sitaung and marched to Hongsawadi. Maha Uparat had to
prepare for the defence of the city, but as Prince Naresuan approached the city, news arrived that
Nanda Bayin had won the battle and the victorious armies were marching home. Prince Naresuan
withdrew to Matama (Martaban) and gathered many Siamese families for home. It was said that about
10,000 Siamese families went home with Prince Naresuan.2
Muang Kran was a town, situated on the borders of Siamese territory. This town was formerly called
Diangkrains by the Mons. Subsequently during the time of King Naresuan it was called Kreng. At
present the Burmese called it Gyaing (*sdKif;). It situates on the banks of the road leading to Mae Sot,
Tak Province. The people inhabiting Chiang Kran were Mons. It is suspected that the town was under
Siamese rule when Sukhothai was the capital of Siam, but Tabinshwethi probably thought that it was
Mon territory and wanted to annex to his dominions.3
Hongsawadi’s war with Ava, Shan and Siam.
Ava and the highland Shans had had good relations for centuries. As Shans and their descendents had
ruled Ava for over two centuries, the Shans regarded Ava as relatives and allies. When war broke out
between Ava and Hongsawadi, King Thadoe Min Saw of Ava called for the Shan’s aid. However
many could not arrive in time and only troops from Hsi Paw arrived with their Saopha. Even with this
aid Ava fell to Nanda Bayin. Thadoe Min Saw fled to get the Shan’s help4, but he died of illness at
Khamti. 5 the Saopha of HsiPaw was killed in the battle.6
After the victory, Nanda Bayin took his sister, the Queen of Ava, back home to Hongsawadi. On
hearing of the Siam threat, Nanda Bayin marched from Ava immediately to Siam. Prince Naresuan
launched his attack, forcing the Hongsawadi troops to retreat. As the monsoon was approaching,
Nanda Bayin recalled his troops on the campaign.7
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VI - Pg-138

2. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VIII- Pg-215
3. Our Wars with the Burmese Thai-Burmese Conflict 1537-1767. Pg. 11-12
4. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script)Pg 73
5. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 138
6. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script)Pg 72
In 1585, Hongsawadi renewed the attack on Siam with Maha Uparat as the commander. Prince
Naresuan headed a welcome attack at (La Guan). The Burmese launched a four prongs attack and
Prince Naresuan had to withdraw to (Sougali) where the offensive was repulsed. The retreating
Hongsawadi troops were then harassed by Prince Naresuan. 1
In1586 Nanda Bayin himself commanded the campaign on Siam and left Maha Uparat in command of
the home guards. Unsuccessful, he went home in 1587.
In 1590, the Saopha of Muang Gong revolted. On the twelfth 5th waxing moon of Ta Saung Mong
(12th month of the Burmese calendar), Nanda Bayin sent 11 brigades commanded, by his son, Thadoe
Dhama Raza, the King of Prome (Pye) and Nat Shin Naung, the son of Taungoo to subdue the
rebellion. They returned in success.
In 1590, on the 12th waxing moon of Ta Saung Mong (12th month of the Burmese calendar), with
Maha Uparat as commander, troops on the campaign against Siam marched again. Somdet Phra
Naresuan, who was now the King of Siam, met them at (Lagoon). The Burmese troops retreated in
disarray.
In 1591, a son of the Saopha of Maung Gong attacked and captured the town. Nanda Bayin sent
Minye Kyaw Swa, one of his sons, as commander to subdue Maung Gong. He laid siege to the town
for 7 months until all food and provisions of the town were exhausted. The town was captured with its
Saopha.
In 1592 on the second waxing moon of Natdaw (1st month of the Burmese calendar i.e. Nov-Dec),
Hongsawadi troops set out with Maha Uparat as their commander against Siam. Maha Uparat was
killed by King Naresuan in this campaign.2
The Burmese History gave an account of the battle. Throughout AD 1583, 1585, 1586, 1590 and 1592
Nanda Bayin marched 5 times to subdue Siam, but were defeated and had to retreat, mainly because
the defense of the city was too strong for the attackers, and the lack of provisions lead to starvation of
the Burmese troops. All 24 brigades of Maha Uparat, the son of Nanda Bayin were routed. In the last
battle in AD 1592, Uparat was hit by a shell from the Thai’s cannon while instructing his men to
battle. He was killed on the spot and the Burmese had to retreat.3, 4
In 1593, the Mons at Mawbi revolted and was subdued by Hongsawadi, after which every Mon was
executed regardless of their age or sex. Many Mon fled to seek refuge with the Arakanese and
Siamese. In 1594, Moulmein revolted. King Naresuan supported this revolt and marched with them to
invade Hongsawadi.
In the same year of 1593, Pye revolted, then under the rule of a son of King Nanda Bayin. In 1598, the
kings of Taungoo and Arakan attacked Hongsawadi.
In 1599, King Naresuan marched to Hongsawadi, launching his attack and laying siege to Taungoo
for a month. While he was attacking Taungoo, his provisions, in the depot of Hongsawadi were
attacked and destroyed by the Arakanese troops. Without provisions, King Naresuan had to withdraw
back to Siam. The King of Arakan ordered his men to burn down the Palace of Hongsawadi. In 1599,
Hongsawadi was sacked and it’s King, deported to Taungoo. In 1600, the King of Hongsawadi was
assassinated by Nat Shin Naung (Prince of Taungoo). 3, 5
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 140-141
4. A Chae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Yae Thamaing. Pg 380
5. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun Pg-102-103)
King Nyaung Yan’s war on Shans.
In 1597, when Hongsawadi was weakening under the constant attack by Siam, Minye Deikba well
known as The Prince of Nyaung Yan, younger son of King Bayint Naung, seek refuge in the town of
Pagan for his own safety. 5
In 1599, Hongsawadi collapsed with King Nanda Bayin deported to Taungoo, and was assassinated
by Nat Shin Naung in 1600. As the kingdom was held together with awe and military might, without
the mighty king, the once mighty kingdom split into several independent states, each declaring its own
freedom.2
On hearing the death of Nanda Bayin, Prince Nyaung Yan went to Ava, where he made his base,
marshalling his army and reconstructed Ava for the defense against invasion. He ascended the throne
of Ava and found the Nyaung Yan Dynasty.
On hearing Prince Nyaung Yan had made himself, the king of Ava, The kings of Pye and Taungoo
decided to crush before Ava could firmly established. The king of Pye and his army proceeded by
boat along the River Irrawaddy while the army from Taungoo marched on land to Ava. The fleet
which arrived far ahead of the land force encountered a naval battle, where Pye’s fleet was destroyed
and its king drowned in the river.
On hearing this lost, the king Taungoo withdrew his troops from Ava; instead he turned to Pye and
tried to occupy it. But the resistance of the home guards and loyal ministers proved too strong for him.
In the end, the king of Taungoo went home, failing to achieve both goals.
Ava was thus secure and firmly established. Prince Nyaung Yan was coronate as King Thiha
Thudharma Raza of Ava. As Ava was still a small kingdom, there were two Burmese kingdoms (Pye
and Taungoo) to the south; the north and east were occupied by several Shan kingdoms.
Therefore, building strength and expanding his domain became his top priority in order to survive. As
Shan kingdoms were loosely knitted, it will be easier to occupy some of them, before they could
reconcile in full force. Once in his fold, he could get more men and provision to strengthen his
expanding army. And thus Shan kingdoms became his first target to conquer. 5
In the south, Mons in Moulmein and Mawbi revolted. They asked for King Naresuan’s support, who
then marched to Taungoo. But his supply line was attacked by the Arakanese and had to withdraw. On
his return to Ayudhya, Chiang Mai requested for help and he had to march north once more.3
In the Shans view, Ava was ruled by Shan Kings or by Shan descendents. They had learned the lesson
of how misery to be under, the draconic rule of King Bayint Naung and for them it was unacceptable
to see a descendent of Bayint Naung ruling Ava. They wanted to restore the throne of Ava and some
of the Saophas formed alliances to achieve this goal.
For generations, the strength of Ava depended on the support of the Shan Princely States. As the
rulers were Shan or Shan descendents, the relations were mostly friendly except in some cases where
battles were fought for some reasons. Once the Dynasty was founded, King Nyaung Yan realized this
fact and invited the Shan to mend good ties and become his allies. But most of the Saophas did not
accept his offers, and instead were on their own way to restore the throne of Ava for the Shans. The
Shans were not content with Hongsawadi and did not wish to recognize its descendents. As a result,
some of the Shan Saophas requested for King Naresuan’s support.4
_________________________________________________________________________
1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 107
4. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). Pg 74-77
5. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg. 116
King Nyaung Yan and Muang Nai.
On receiving King Nyaung Yan’s envoy, the Saopha of Muang Nai rejected the offer almost instantly.
The Saopha of Muang Nai, considering that they were once occupied and ruled oppressively by King
Bayint Naung and now his descendents are asking to give the same bad treatment, which he could not
accept.
His refusal to recognize Nyaung Yan as the King of Ava resulted in battle. Maung Nai troops
marched against Nyaung Yan, but just as they reached Baw Rid That, near Yawnghwe, Nyaung Yan
sent his troops to subjugate Muang Nai. The Saopha fled to seek refuge in ChiangMai, asking for
King Naresuan to lead the Shan confederation. 4
Just as with the Saopha of Mong Nai, many Shan Saophas opposed Nyaung Yan and were crushed
brutally. Meanwhile, the campaign of King Naresuan in lower Burmese territory yielded little success,
and at the same time the Shan Saophas were requesting his help, King Naresuan decided to march
north into the Shan country.
King Nyaung Yan and Kham Kai Noi.
When Mong Nai and other Shan Saophas requested for his support, as an answer to their call, King
Naresuan sent Kham Kai Noi in advance, to marshal a strong force against Ava. Kham Kai Noi went
north through Hsa Htung, Muang Pai, Yawnghwe, Samka, Hsi Kip, Mauk Mai, Muang Nai and then
to Kengtung, Keng Rung (Sippsongpanna) and Muang Ting, Kung Ma, Muang Lem, Muang Huim,
Santa, Muang Mao, Muang Gong, Muang Yang and Muang Mit in the north and then to his
hometown, Hsenwi.1,3
On reaching Hsenwi, Kham Kai Noi found that his youngest brother was assassinated and his two
uncles Khun Kham Nan and Khun Kham Hso Fah were ruling the state. The presence of Kham Kai
Noi and his army was enough for his uncles to flee. Khun Kham Hso Fah did not wish surrender or
seek refuge in other states, he committed suicide. Khun Kham Nan went to China and asked for their
support.
After ascending the throne of Hsenwi in 1600, Kham Kai Noi neither sent envoys nor tributes to mend
ties with Ava or the Chinese. The Chinese asked Kham Kai Noi to send envoys in recognition of their
sovereignty. Kham Kai Noi rejected their requests, both Ava and China sent troops to subdue
Hsenwi.2
Nyaung Yan and his troops marched from the south to subdue Hsenwi while the Chinese army came
down from the north with the same goal. Kham Kai Noi had to fight on two fronts, facing two strong
enemies at the same time. He found that he could not withstand the double blow. Withdrawing from
Hsenwi, he went south in order to join with King Naresuan northbound force. But entering into a
battle with Nyaung Yan’s troops near Maung Nai, where he died fighting in 1605.2, 3 In the same
year, King Nyaung Yan died at Shwe Tha leong Tong, on his way back home after the battle of
Hsenwi
As previously planned, the Shan Saophas hoped that they could wrest and restore the Ava throne with
the support of King Naresuan’s Siamese army. They waited in vain for the help that did not arrive.
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Hsenwi State Chronicle. By Sir James George Scott. Pg 9

2. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, (Hand script).Pg 55-56
4. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945. 73-77
While Somdet Phra Naresuan was preparing for his northbound expedition, Kham Kai Noi
was ordered to march in advance, marshalling his army along the way. Several reasons for
the Shans to ask for King Naresuan’s help were that, he was regarded as being of the same
race, he was known for his military skills and successes, and he had firearms in his
possession to cope with Burmese troops.1, 2
Awaiting King Naresuan’s help, Kham Kai Noi had to fight on his own until he was killed in
battle. The Saopha of Muang Nai was also killed in battle and the old town situated to the
northeast of the present town was sacked and destroyed. The Muang Nai Dynasty, the direct
decedent of King Meng Rai came to an end and Burmese ministers ruled the state for 26
years. After that interregnum, with the request of the Shan ministers, the Saophaship of
1
Muang Nai was restored by the Muang Mit House.
The Saopha of Muang Gong, Sao Hom Fah (sw]:hBm],fL.) was also killed in battle and the
town sacked and destroyed. Muang Gong had to be reconstructed by the Saopha of a later
generation. Hsenwi was not exempted from the turmoil of war. Wan Maw (Bahmo in
Burmese) Muang Yang; Muang Mit suffered the same fate of being conquered.3, 4
In 1605, the then heir apparent of King Nyaung Yan, later who became King Anaukpetlun,
marched in full forced to attack Muang Mit, by boat and on land. Sao Hso Yawn Fah
(sw]:SiBw]yWn]:fL.), the Saopha of Muang Mit tried to withstand at Nga Sinkgu, Kyauk-le-bee
and Sagar Taung, but was overwhelmed by sheer numbers. 3, 7
Situation of King Naresuan.

As previously agreed, King Naresuan arranged his northbound army, in order to join hands
with the Shan Saophas. He and his brother, Prince Ekathotsarot, left the capital on the sixth
waning moon of the second Siamese month, 1604. They went by boat as far as Phra Lo,
where they and the army landed and marched through Kamphaengphet. On reaching Chiang
Mai the king rest for a month arranging his army.
King Naresuan planned to cross the river Salween at Ta Hsang via Muang Hang and then join
force with Muang Nai and other Saophas, before the attack on Ava could begin. From Chiang
Mai, King Naresuan ordered his brother, Prince Ekathosarot to march by way of Muang
Fang, while he and his main army marched to Muang Hang.
He made his main camp in a plain called Htung Ta Kwarng (Tbc].tL:kCac]:)8 (Keao in Thai
version), which situates on the eastern bank of Nam Hang. It was in this camp where he
suffered from a septic pustule, occurred on his chin. As his conditions worsen, he sent
couriers to summon his brother. Three days after the arrival of his brother, King Naresuan
died, on Monday, the 8th waxing moon of the 6th Siamese Month (25th April 1605) after
reigning for 15 years. 5
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945. 73-77
3. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi. By U KheMingda 1948. Pg 145
4. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg-42-44
5. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg 118
6. King Naresuan the Great by H.R.H Prince Damrong Rajanubhab
7. Shan Mart Than. (Type writing) Pg 110
8. Interview.
The spot where he had die, situates to the north-east of Hui Auw, on the eastern bank of Nam Hang,
near Wan Auang Long. According to the old traditions of the Tai (Shan) was, when a ruler or leader
died, the corpse was cremated on the site and the ashes enshrined in a stupa like structure.
The dead were never allowed to carry across villages, towns or any settlement, by doing so, they
believed evil would befall on the whole community, and in another ancient tradition, when a lord or
leader died on the way before his goal could be achieve, the corpse must be cremated ahead of the
place where he died. Meaning, he did not retreat, instead marched ahead even after his dead. In this
case King Naresuan died at Hui Auw on the eastern bank of Nam Hang; he was cremated further
north, about a mile south of Naa Kong Mu, where a stupa was built.
Even in the present days, the locals still believe that this place was sacred, protect them from harm in
time of danger. Many claimed that they went to hide there and no Burmese patrol could find them.
Further they added, in 2005, a long dead tree stump situates at this place have came back to live and
in full greening again.3
The situation of the two routes to cross the Salween.
As some scholars argued that King Naresuan died in Weing Heng (Chiang Mai Province) and not in
Muang Hang (Muang Ton town ship, Shan State). This is the situation of the two routes to cross the
Salween.
By choosing Weing Heng (Chiang Mai Province), as his base camp, he would march across the
Salween at Ta Phar Leng (Ta Hpa Deng) via Muang Kyawt, by a shorter route. But the way was
difficult for large transport, with narrow pathway and difficult in approaching the river. Some lightly
armed infantry detachments could have used it, but not the heavy transports, cannons and elephants.
By choosing Muang Hang as his base, he could cross the Salween at Ta Sarng (tL:sac].), with more
favorable approach to the river on both banks. For heavy transports and beast of burden, crossing at
Ta Sarng was better than Ta Phar Leng.
River Salween or Nam Khong flows between deep gorges, with banks towering some hundred meters
on both side. Although there were several crossing, few have favorable approach for large transport.
Ta Sarng was one of them. It was called Ta Hsalar after a village situates on the eastern bank. Since it
was among the best, suitable enough for elephants, it was called Ta Sarng or Elephant Ferry or
Elephant Crossing. Later became Ta Hsaang (tL:Sac];) after Burmese records as they could not
pronounced correctly. During Bayint Naung’s several campaigns against Northern Siam and Lan
Chang the armies of Hongsawadi passed this way. 4
From Chiang Mai, the Siamese army split into two columns, the main column under Somdet Phra
Naresuan to Muang Hang and the second or supportive column marched to Muang Fang. As both
columns would cross the Salween on the same crossing, it seems the splitting meant to ease the
burden in finding provision, especially to ensure enough fodder for the beasts of burden. 5
___________________________________________________________________________

2. King Naresuan the Great by H.R.H Prince Damrong Rajanubhab
3. Interview Mae Tao Noan (87 Ages) from Mae Kin, Nang Moang from Mae Kin
Lung Thein Aung from Naa Kong Mu, Lung Laa from Naa Kong Mu,
Lung Sam Muang from Hwi Auw.
4. Khur Hsen’s view
After crossing the river Salween, the nearest suitable camping site for a vast army was at the town of
Muang Pan. According to King Naresuan’s behavior in battle, he was very cautious and would not
risk his men’s life unnecessary. To march in thin files along the rugged terrains was seem as very
risky, therefore he required secure base camps as stepping stones before he sent his troops crossing
the river which could last for days or perhaps weeks even if not in months.
By learning the situations of both pathway and the river crossings, it’s up to the scholars and readers
to decide, by which pathway Somdet Phra Naresuan could have marched with his army, in order to
reach Shan States.
Conclusion.
When King Bayint Naung and King Nyaung Yan subjugated the Shan kingdoms, almost every state
opposed and later revolted against their rules, but with the Shan Princely states situated in the
landlocked highlands, they had no opportunity to get the modern sophisticated weapons and
knowledge as in the seaports. No match for swords and spears against firearms, which was the main
cause of their defeat.
The Saophas had planned to join with Siam in order to build a strong empire. Their lives, their
sacrifices lost with their failure. Above all, it is very sad to learn that, even today, very few people
knew of their plans and sacrifices. No record was written for the people, who had lost their lives to
execute this plan. As a consequence, the Shans living in Shan States are still suffering the retaliation.
But no one knows it was the results of the failure.
Today, on behalf of the Shans, I have represents my research to this study. I also wish to remind for
all people concerned, to remember of what our ancestors had done for us. Many were mislead to think
that our ancestors were useless and have done nothing for us, so we had to suffer. If you have such
concepts in mind, please do not keep it any more, just forget it.
Wherever they may be, bless with Metta for the souls of our ancestors to rest in peace and forgiveness
for the Shan people, who have been misunderstood to think against their goodwill. May the soul of
our ancestors help us to be free from abuses and sufferings which we are facing in the present days.
Khur Hsen.
17th June 2009.
Note:
Muang, Mong, Moeng or Maing.
A Princedom consisted of a domain and its ruler was called a Mong or Maing
in Shan. During the British spelled it Mong, while the Thai spelled it Muang,
both for the same meaning. Maung is a Burmese title for a man’s name like
Mister or Mr. in English.
Myosa Myanmar title for the ruler of town.
Shan and Ava.
As a middle school student, we had learned about the Pinya era, The Sagaing Era, the Ava
Era which was known as “The Period of the Three Shan Brothers” or “The Shan Period”. In
nowadays, some claimed that there was no “Shan Period” at all. Only some kings during the
First and Last Ava Periods were Shans or of Shan descendent. They emphasized on Hso Harn
Fah, the son of Saopha of Muang Yang “Sao Luang” and branded him as a tyrant and the
most evil throughout the entire Burmese History.
The detail of the dynasty was described to make sure whether the kings of Pinya, Sagaing and
Ava were Shans or not. By studying their line of heritage, it could shed a light on these
periods and the reason for the Shan Saophas to ask for King Naresuan’s help in restoring the
throne of Ava.
The reference of these dynasties was the works of a Burmese researcher, a literacy award
winner in 1963, during the time when Burma Revolutionary council was annihilating the
Shan Saophas. 1
In the ancient Burmese History, It described about the dynasties into several periods or eras,
as The First TaGong Period, The Second TaGong Period, Tha-re-khitra Period (Srikhetra),
The Pagan Period, The Ava Period, The Taungoo Period, Hongsawadi Period, Nyaung Yan
Period, Kong Baung Period and so on. And also in old Burmese saying, “Burmese started from
2
TaGong or TaGong was the cradle of the Burmese”. TaGong was also described as “TaGong was
3
a Shan word which means Drum Ferry”.
The First TaGong Period was founded by King Abirazar, with 33 kings in its dynasty. During
the reign of the last King Bainaka, The city was attacked and sacked by the Chinese. The king
fled with his men, across the river Irrawaddy, but he died at Ma-lae Chong. His men split into
3 separate groups and one of which lead by the king’s younger brother Bainakarit went east
and found the City of Muang Mao.4
After the collapse of Tha-re-khitra (Srikhitra), Tha-muak-darit gathered 19 villages and found
the city of Pagan. The dense forest around the newly founded city harbored wild beasts, the
boars, the tigers, giant birds and giant gliders (flying squirrels) which destroyed the crops and
harmed the people. Giant birds were said to be large enough to peck and eat a whole adult
human being.
For 12 years, the people of Pagan were harassed by these wild beasts and at last a young hero
appeared and destroyed these wild beasts. His name was Pyu-Saw-Hti or Pyu Sao Hti in
Shan, which meant “The ruler of the Pyu” (Hti means the most highest which could be a king/
prince/ sole leader). 5
The king was very satisfied, where he married Pyu-Sao-Hti to his daughter and made his heir-
apparent. After the king had died, Pyu-Sao-Hti invited his mentor, a hermit to ascend the
throne. This king was known as Ya-thae-kyawng or the Hermit King. 6
__________________________________________________________________
1. Khur Hsen note:
4. Shan State’s Mirror (Award winner in national literature in 1963) By Director Saya Myint. Pg. 5
5. Myanmar Yarsawunagin. By U Poe Kyar. Published 1936. Pg. 14-16
Since then Pagan flourished and ruled consecutively and during the time of the 42nd king of the
dynasty King Anawratha(1044-77), the daughter of the Saopha of Muang Mao Luang Sao Nang Moan
Lar (Saw Moon Hla in Burmese) became his Queen. It was a tradition to provide attendants and
followers for a bride to serve in her new home.
Since that time Shan artisans and farmers who had followed with the queen settled around Pagan.
Since they had the advance knowledge in irrigation, they soon gained control on most of the best
cultivatable land and they had much influence in the court of Pagan: as the Shan proverb goes “The
1
riches are influential and those who had rice (provision) in hand are the lords”.
nd
By the reign of the 52 King of Pagan dynasty King Narathihapate (Tayok Pyae Min 1255-1287),
the Shan had become influential ministers in the Court of Pagan. One of the most prominent Shan
minister was Thing-Kha-Bo in Burmese (Hseng Kham Pan in Shan = Sqc]Km];pn];) 2, a royal Shan
Prince who had a dispute with his brother Thing-Kha-O, fled to Myin Saing where he married
with a rich woman and bore three sons and a daughter. The three sons served in the Court of
3
King Narathihapate.
For their good service, Athingkaya (Ai Hseng Hkai in Shan-Aa}:Sqc]K},), the first son was
appointed as the governor of Myin Saing; RazaThingyan (Yi Hseng Kam-yI:Sqc]km],),the middle
son was appointed as governor of Mekhara (Makhaya), and the youngest son Thihathu (Hsam
Hseng Hsai-Sam]Sqc]S]C) was appointed as the Governor of Pinle.2
The daughter was married to Thihathu (or) Kala Kya Min, the Governor of Pye (Prome), who
was also the son of King Narathihapate. Athingkaya, RazaThingyan and Thihathu were famous in
the Burmese history as “The Three Shan Brothers”.2
The three Shan brothers grew stronger enough to oust the King of Pagan Kyaw Swa (1286-
1299). After which the three brothers ruled alongside in their respected areas.
Min Saw Oo the wife of the deposed King Kyaw Swa was married and became the queen of
Thihathu the Governor of Pinle. She was in three month pregnancy in the time of their
marriage.
The three ruled as the governors for 5 years until the middle man, Razathingyan of Mekhara
died. In 1310, Athingkaya of Myin Saing was poisoned to death by Thihathu, his youngest
brother.4
Thihathu,
the third son, then mustered all his brothers’ men, together with his men from Pinle,
moved to reside in Myin Saing. In 1312 Thihathu founded Pinya in the name of WizayaPura.3
________________________________________________________________________________________
1. The origin of Tai and a brief History of Shan States. By Khur Hsen, published 1996.
2. Hsur Khan Fa. By Khun Hsai Jai Yean. published 9.9.1994 Pg 11-13
3. Shan State’s Mirror Shan State’s Mirror. By Director Saya Myint. Pg. 5-7
Pinya Dynasty.
AD (1312-1365)
There were 6 kings in line.
1. Thihathu AD (1312-1322).
Pinya (Pangya in Shan) was founded by Thihathu the youngest brother of Three Shan
Brothers. He got a white elephant and was known as Ta-see-shin Thihathu (The king of one
white elephant). His Queen Min Saw Oo, who was already pregnant before their marriage
gave birth to Uzana. With Thihathu she also gave birth to Kyaw Swa and Nawratha. The
queen of the north palace, who was also the late wife of Athingkaya of Myin Saing, gave
birth to Athingkaya Saw Yun (later founded Sagaing) She also had a son Taraphya with her
late husband (Athingkaya).
2. Uzana (1312-1342)
He was the son of Thihathu and Min Saw Oo. He was known for his donation of the 7
monasteries. In 1342 he abdicated and made his younger brother Kyaw Swa the king of
Pinya.
3. Kyaw Swa (1342-1350).

Son of Thihathu (Shan Brothers) and Min Saw Oo. For owning five white elephants he
was known as Ngar-See-Shin Kyaw Swa (King of the five white elephants). He gave
Nawratha, his younger brother the town of Pinle. As their relation ran sour, Nawratha
went to reside with MinYeGyi of Sagaing who gave him the town of Kanni. He was later
known as Nawratha of Kanni. Five elephants Kyaw Swa had three sons namely-Chethein
Uzana Pyong (Uzana Pyong the lame), Kyaw Swa and Narathu. Kyaw Swa died after reigning
for 8 years.
4. Kyaw Swa (1350-1359)

He was the second son of Nga-See-Shin Kyaw Swa and known as Lay-see shin because
during his reign only four white elephants were left in his possession.
5. Narathu (1359-1364)
He was the youngest son of Nga-See-Shin Kyaw Swa and was also known as Maw-par
Narathu because he was ousted and deported to their capital by the Mao Shans.
6. Uzana Pyaung (1364- ).

He was the eldest son of Nga-See-Shin Kyaw Swa. He was assassinated by Thadoe Min
Phya and thus the dynasty of Pinya came to an end.1
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Shan States Mirror (1963-Award winner in national literature) by Director Saya Myint. Pg 7-8.
Sagaing Dynasty
(AD 1315-1363).
In 1315 Athingkaya Saw Yun, son of Thihathu (Shan Brothers), founded Sagaing (Sae Keing in Shan
meaning tamarind town), to show his discontent against his own father on the role in poisoning
Athingkaya, his uncle.
There were 7 kings in line.

1. Athingkaya Saw Yun (1315-1322), son of Ta-see-shin Thihathu (Shan Brothers) of Pinya
and the queen of north palace.
2. Taraphya Gyi (1322-1336), son of the north palace queen of Ta-see-shin Thihathu and
Athingkaya of Myin Saing.
3. Shwe Tong Tet (1336-1339), son of Taraphya Gyi, who deposed his own father to become
a king, but was assassinated by attendants of his own father.
4. Kya Swa (1339-1349), son of Athingkaya Saw Yun and grandson of Ta-see-shin Thihathu
(Shan Brothers) of Pinya.
5. Shin-byu-shin Nawratha Min Ye (1349), younger brother of Kya Swa, grandson of Ta-see-
shin Thihathu (Shan Brothers) of Pinya.
6. Shin-byu-shin Taraphya (1349-1352), brother of Shin-byu-shin Nawratha Minye and

grandson of Ta-see-shin Thihathu (Shan Brothers) of Pinya.
7. Min Pyok (1352-1364), son in law of Athingkaya Saw Yun, was married to Soe Min
Godawgyi, who was the daughter of Athingkaya Saw Yun (son of Thihathu, Shan
Brothers). Soe Min Godawgyi was previously married to Thadoe Sin Htein a
descendent of the Pagan Dynasty. The couple bore three children Yahula, a son, two
daughters Shin Saw Gyi and Saw Ong Ma. Thadoe Sin Htein died and Soe Min Godawgyi
then remarried with Min Pyok. Min Pyok appointed his step-son Yahula as governor
of Tagong with the name of Thadoe Min Phya. 1
___________________________________________________________________________
The First Ava Dynasty.
(AD 1364-1421)
Four Kings in line.
1. Thadoe Min Phya ( Yahula ) (1364-1367), son of Thadoe Sin Htein and Soe Min Godawgyi and
grand son of Thihathu (Shan Brother). He assassinated his step-father to become a
king. He founded Ava in 1364.
2. Min Gyi Swa Saw Ke (1367-1400), son of Min Shin Saw who was a son of Kyaw Swa, the
deposed Pagan King and Shin Myat Hla a daughter of the youngest sister of the “Three
Shan Brothers”. Min Gyi Swa Saw Ke married his son Min Swe to Shin Mi Nok (Sao Swe
Khek sw]:SBv],Kqk];) as the north palace queen, who was the daughter of Saopha of
Muang Mao Hso Ngarm Fah (SiBw]cam],fL.).
3. Shin Byu Shin Taraphya (1400-1401), son of Min Gyi Swa Sawke. He was assassinated by
Nga Nok San, his attendants after reigning for 7 months
4. Min Khong the First (1401-1421), young name called Min Swe, son of Min Gyi Swa Sawke,
ascended the throne with the name of Min Khong I with Shin Mi Nok (Sao Swe Kheik) he
had 4 children, Minye Kyaw Swa (son), The Rakhine Queen (daughter). Thihathu (son)
and Mintha Nyo (son). He also had another prominent wife, Shin Bo Mae, the south
palace queen. Shin Mi Nok died of illness after giving birth to her last child.
During the reign of Min Khong, in the year of 1403, the Saopha of HsiPaw Hso Kong
Fah (SiBw]kWc]:fL.) invaded, until they reached a place called Htun Tong Putet. Adviced
by Seetapyit and Wunzin Minyaza, his two trusted ministers, Min Khong married his
niece Min Sanda to Hso Kong Fah the Saopha of Hsipaw and made relatives.
In 1405, Min Khong again married his other niece, daughter of Razathu, the governor
of TayokMyo to the Saopha of Yawnghwe. Since then the Shan Saophas called the
Kings of Ava as uncles.
Hso Kong Fah (HsiPaw) died in 1423 and his son with Min Sanda, Hso Wai Fah was
still too young to govern the State. The Shan ministers invited Loi Hsarm
Fah(lW}Sam]fL.), brother of Hso Kong Fah who was then resided in Muang Mit, to marry
with Min Sanda and ascended the throne of HsiPaw. 1
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The Second Ava Dynasty
(AD 1421-1468)
The second Ava dynasty was consisted of 6 kings.
1. Sinbyushin Thihathu (1421-1425). Son of Min Khong and Shin Mi Nok (Shan Princess).
He made Shin Bo Me his queen, who was the wife of his father. He died of an arrow,
wounded in the battle of Aung Pinle, fighting with the Saopha of Hsipaw. Believers
claimed that he became Aung Pinle Shinbyushin Nat, number 27th of the 37 outer Nats
or Guardian Spirits.
2. Min Hla Nge, (1425-), son of Shinbyushin Thihathu(Son of Min Khong & Shan Princess).
Ascending the throne at the age of 9 yeas old. After ascending the throne for 3
months, he was poisoned to death by Shin Bo Me.
3. Kalay Kyae Tong Nyo (1425-1426), son of Shin Byu Shin Taraphya (Son of Min Khong). He
was beloved and support by Shin Bo Me to acquire the throne. On hearing Monyhin
Min approaching with his troops, he fled to Rakhine (Arakan), but died on the way.
Shin Bo Me went into lone seclusion at the Shwe Setdaw Pagoda, but was summoned
by Monhyin Mintra to become his queen.
4. Monyhin Mintra (1426-1439). He was the great grandson of Ngar-see-shin Kyaw Swa (1342-
1350) of Pinya who was the son of Thihathu (Shan Brothers).
5. Minye Kyaw Swa (1439-1442), son of Min Khong the First and Queen Shin Mi Nok ( Shan
Princess).
6. Narapati (1442-1468), son of Monyhin Mintra. Shin Bo Me had much influence at least on
five kings of this dynasty. 1
___________________________________________________________________________
The Third and Last Ava Dynasty
(AD 1476-1544)
1. Pye Song Min Thihathu (1476-1480).

Son of Narapati (the last king of Second Ava Dynasty), during his reign, gems were first
excavated from Muang Koot (Mogok in Burmese) and MuangMit (Momeik in Burmese).
2. Min Khong the Second (1480-1501). Son of Pye Song Min Thihathu.
3. ShweNanKyawShin Narapati (1501-1526).

A son of Min Khong the Second. Even the nobles were not loyal to him. Khun Muang of
Hsipaw (Khun Maing Nge in Burmese), was the only ally, who was still loyal and provided
full military assistance in time of needs.
He was attacked by the combine forces of Sao Luang of Muang Yang (Monyhin Salong in
Burmese) and Thadoe Min Saw of Pye (Prome). Khung Muang of HsiPaw marched with full
force in support, but on reaching Wet Wun, he was reported that Narapati had fall in battle.
So, he cut short and returned to Hsipaw. Sao Luang then established his son Hso Han Fah as
the King of Ava.
4. Hso Han Pha (1526-1542) (Tho Han Bwa in Burmese).

A son of Sao Luang Muang Yang (Monyhin Sa-long in Burmese). He was assassinated by
Mingyi-Yannaung, a Burmese minister in his court.
5. Sao Khun Muang (Sao Pha of Hsipaw) (AD 1542-1545).
7. Sao Hso Kaw Fah (a) SaoPhae (a) Mobye Narapati- (AD 1545-1551)
He was the son of Sao Khun Muang of Hsipaw.
7. SithuKyawHtin (Sagaing) (1551-1555), who was conquered by King Bayint Naung.
The kings of the Shan descendents came to an end. The following kings came from Taungoo and
Hongsawadi.
8. Thadoe Min Saw (1555-1583), brother & son in law of Bayint Naung
9. Min LetYa (1583-, son of TabinShweHti
10. MinYe Kyaw Swa , son of Nanda Bayin
11. Minye Nanda Meik (King Nyaung Yan) (AD 1594-1602) the youngest son of Bayint Naung,
Who founded the Nyaung Yan Dynasty.
12. Mahadhama Raza- AnokPhetLun Mintra (AD1605-1628).

Son of Nyaung Yan. Previously known as Maha Uparazar Thakin Lat.
After the fall of Pagan, Shan kings ruled the area now known as central upper Burma for nearly 3
centuries. During this period, Shan Kings had ties with other Shan rulers in the highlands and other
areas (now Shan State, Kachin State, and Sagaing Division). Inter-marriages strengthen their ties
especially for military issues.1
___________________________________________________________________________
1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 54-70).
Bayint Naung’s War on Ava, Shan, Siam.
Bayint Naung’s war on Ava.
1527-1543, during the third Ava dynasty, there was a time when Ava was reigned by Hso Han Fah
(SiBw]han]fL. - Tho Han Bwa in Burmese), the son of Saopha Muang Yang Sao Luang (sw]:lBc] -
Monyhin Salong in Burmese) who attacked Ava and replaced the former king with his son. In 1543
Hso Han Fah was assassinated by Minggyi Yan Naung, a Burmese Minister who then invited the
Saopha of HsiPaw Sao Khun Muang (sw]:Kbn]miBc]; - Khun Maing Nge in Burmese) to ascend the Ava
throne. Mingyi Yan Naung himself entered into religious life and became a monk in the Madra
1
monastery.
According to the old tradition in Burma, “He who killed a king can himself become a king” but
Mingyi Yan Naung was different. He probably knew well that he or another Burmese was not strong
enough to repulse the Shans, which is why he had invited Sao Khun Muang to take the throne instead.
The Pinya, Sagaing and Ava periods were dominated by the Shans or of their descendents. The most
powerful Shan States of those period were Kart Lua (Kale in Burmese); Muang Yang; Muang Gong;
Ohn Bong or HsiPaw and Yawnghwe.
At the same time Pyee and Taungoo were ruled by Burmese kings. Therefore, in times of war, Ava
2
could not expect support but only threat from these two kingdoms.
In 1545 Sao Khun Muang (sw]:Kbn]miBc];), the King of Ava died. He left 4 sons, the eldest of whom was
called Hso Kaw Fah (SiBw]ekL,fL.) young name Sao Phae (sw]:eP,), who at that time was the Saopha
of Muang Pai. He was invited by the ministers of the Ava court to ascend the throne with the name of
Mobye Narapati. Once he became the King of Ava, Mobye Narapati removed the Shan queens and
ministers from the court and replaced them with Burmese queens and ministers. He even severed ties
with other Shan Saophas.
In 1549 Sagaing Sithu Kyaw Htin attacked Ava. Mobye Narapati the King asked for support from Hsi
Paw, who was then ruled by his nephew Hso Paw Fah (SiBw]epL,fL.). Hso Paw Fah refused to send
help saying, “Uncle, in times of prosperity and happiness you have kicked out and forgotten your
relatives. And yet in a time of war you have asked for us. We Shans do not want to risk our precious
2
lives for the selfish king, who has forgotten his own relatives.”
In 1551, beaten by 1549 Sagaing Sithu Kyaw Htin, King Mobye Narapati fled to Hsi Paw in search of
asylum. Rejected by his nephew, the Saopha of Hsi Paw, he was advised and guided by Pinnya Ba La
(ynmAv), the Burmese minister, to seek help from Bayint Naung, the King of Hongsawadi and asked
3
for help to restore the Ava throne.
Sagaing Sithu Kyaw Htin ascended the Ava throne. He maintained good relation and ties with the
Shan Saophas, as in former days. In 1553 King Bayint Naung marched to Ava with his sons and
brothers in command. The Shans were in full force to back Ava, and on seeing that Ava was too
powerful, Bayint Naung withdrew to Hongsawadi.
In 1554 the Myosa of Thandwe (Sandoway) from Arakan swore allegiance to Bayint Naung and
4
Hongsawadi grew stronger than before.
________________________________________________________________________
22. Harvey’s outline of Burmese History 1925. Published by Longmans Green & Co, Ltd. Pg 117
23. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg/ 74
24. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945. Pg. 68-70
Bayint Naung’s war on Shan and Siam.
After Shan troops withdrew from Ava, Bayint Naung launched a two prong attacks on Ava in 1555.
The right prong, consisted of land forces marched through Taungoo and the left proceeded by boat via
the Irrawaddy River. Ava fell before Shan troops could return. Sithu Kyaw Htin fled in disguise but
was captured at Madra.
From Ava, Bayint Naung marched north and captured Myedu, Depaeyin, Badon and Sipoktara, then
under the Shans. After establishing strong garrisons to defend against the threat of the Shans, Bayint
Naung returned to Hongsawadi. He appointed Minye Kyaw Htin, one of his younger brothers, as the
viceroy of Ava with the name of Thadoe Min Saw. Later married to his daughter, Bayint Naung
became the father-in-law as well as the brother of the Ava King. 1
After capturing Ava, Bayint Naung conquered Som Hsai (Sbm],Sa},) and Hsi Paw. 2 In 1556 when Bayint
Naung attacked Muang Mit, he met strong resistance. Hso Hip Fah (SiBw]hip],fL.), the Saopha of Muang
Mit together with his younger brother Hso Hsong Fah (SiBw]SWc],fL.), the viceroy of Sinkgu, fought
fiercely at Sinkgu. But the field at Sinkgu was not favorable and they tried to stand at Sampanago but
were not so successful.
Finally, together with his brothers, sons and nobles, Hso Hip Fah and Hso Hsong Fah managed to
field 50 war elephants, 2,000 horses and 40,000 men at the battle of Ton Hong, in which Bayint
Naung’s troops had to retreat in disarray.
The victorious Muang Mit troops followed in hot pursuit but were repulsed by stronger and fresh
reinforcement. Muang Mit gave the fierce last stand near its capital town, in a village now called Man
Sak (wan]:Sk];). The death toll for the attackers was so high that even in present days it is known as
Pang Man Dai (pac],man]:ta}), or field of the dead Burmese.
Later with more troops and arms, Bayint Naung entered the field against Muang Mit, intensifying the
battle. On seeing how many of his men had been killed and were being killed, the Saopha was very
sorry and fled to the Shan Saophas’ area in China. The Burmese History of the crystal palace (Marn
Naan Yarsawun) mentioned that the Saopha was captured. Bayint Naung then appointed Hso Hsong
Fah (SiBw]SWc],fL.), the Myosa of Muang Long, as the Saopha of Muang Mit. 2, 3
The two powerful Shan Kingdoms of Muang Gong (Mogaung) and Muang Yang (Monyhin) were
then conquered by Bayint Naung in July 1556. 4
In 1558, Muang Nai(miBc];na};), Yawnghwe(yWc]hBv]:), Muang Pai(miBc];pa};), Samka (sam]kL;) and Nawng
Mon(nWc]mWn]) were also defeated. After Muang Nai was captured, Bayint Naung crossed the Nam
Khong River (Salween) at Ta Hsaang(tL:Sac];)(a)Ta Sarng(tL:sac].- Elephant Ferry) to attack Chiang
Mai. The city was captured with its King. Once he had sworn loyalty to Bayint Naung, the King of
ChiangMai was left to rule his own domain, leaving a Burmese detachment to ensure his loyalty.
ChiangMai artisans were sent to settle in Hongsawadi. It was the first time that the Burmese acquired
the technique of making lacquer ware. In Burmese, lacquer ware was called Yun Hte (,Ge;f xnf) or
5
utensils of the Yuan.
___________________________________________________________________________
1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 95.
2. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi By U KheMingda 1948 Pg 130-131.
3. Shan Mart Than by Dr. Than Htun, Professor, History Department, Art & Science University, Mandalay.
Pg 99-100.
4. History of Burma by Sir Arthur Phayre Pg 117
5. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 8 Pg 310
However, Kham Pak Fah (Km];pak],fL.) the Saopha of Hsenwi, was not content with the new
king Thadoe Min Saw, and in 1559 marched to attack Ava with his son Sao Kham Kieo
1
(sw]:Km];kqw]:) who was later called Kham Kai Noi.
On his return from ChiangMai, Bayint Naung reinforced his army and marched to help Ava
and Hsenwi lost the battle in 1561.
In 1559, Bayint Nuang attacked the areas of Kale and Min Khinn. The king of Kathe (Manipur)
2
entered his daughter in a marriage alliance, and swore loyalty to Bayint Naung.
It was required that a subjugated chief of a city or town give his daughter to the
conqueror. Sons and brothers must also be sent to attend the court. By using them as
hostages, the king could ensure the loyalty of the vassal states and checked them from
rebellion. Annually, the chiefs of every vassal state visited the capital, providing the king
with gifts from their lands to make sure that they were still loyal to him. In times of war
these vassal states provided troops, arms, and beasts of war, such as elephants and horses,
3
for the king’s service. Otherwise, they were free to reign their own domain.
In 1562, Muang Mao, Se Khwang, Ho Hsa, Naa Hsa, Muang Na, and Santa the town now on the
2
China-Burma border were subjugated.
Before Bayint Naung’s invasion, this region was known as the (12) Shan Kingdoms. Bayint
Naung rearranged the division by using the Nam Mao (Shweli River) as the boundary. The
north of the river was called “The 9 Mao States”( maw];kw]:miBc];), which consisted of Muang Mao,
Muang Wan, Muang La, Santa, Muang Men, Ho Hsa, Naa Hsa, Se Khwang, and Muang Khwan.
The southern bank was called “The 9 Shan States”( miBc];t};kw]:h};ehL), which consisted of the
Muang Gong, Muang Yang, Song Sop, HsenWi, Hsi Paw, Muang Mit, Yawnghwe, Mong Pai and
4
Muang Nai States.
In 1563 Bayint Naung launched his first attack on Siam. He asked the King of Siam to give
him 1 of the 4 white elephants in Burmese history (U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 96) and in
the Thai History (Our War With The Burmese by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab Pg 30) said, 2 out of 7
white elephants, When the King of Siam refused, Bayint Naung attacked the capital,
dethroning the King, and replaced him with Phra Mahin (Bya Mahein in Burmese), a son of
the displaced king of Siam.
The former King, Chakaphat (Bya Thadiyaza in Burmese), his younger son Ramesuan (Bya
Mathon in Burmese), his ministers Ouk Phya Chakri (Byeiksaki in Burmese) and the four
white elephants were sent back to Hongsawadi. Siamese families of cooks, musicians,
artisans as well as other skilled craftsmen were also sent to resettle in Hongsawadi. As a
vassal, Siam was to send an annual tribute of 30 war elephants and 300 visses in silver. A tax
3
from the seaport of Taninthayi (Tanoungsi) was also to be given. (1 viss = 3.6 lbs or 2.2 Kg).
__________________________________________________________________________
1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, (Hand script). By Nadar His Ha Muang Nawng. 1987 Pg. 51-52
2. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. VIII. Pg 310
4. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 11 Pg 388
As the situation in Siam, ChiangMai (Zinme in Burmese) and LanChang (LinZin in Burmese) were in
rebellion, and Bayint Naung had to march repeatedly in the years of 1564, 1565, 1568, 1569, 1570,
1574, 1575, and 1579. 1
In 1565, when King Bayint Naung was still in Chiang Mai, prisoners from the Shan land, which King
Bayint Naung had captured during various campaigns, revolted and burned the palace and
monasteries in Hongsawadi. Furiously, King Bayint Naung went back and crushed the rebellion. 2
In 1568 King Bayint Naung had to wage war on Siam. The captive King of Siam, who had been
ordained to live as a monk, requested permission for a pilgrimage to Ayudhya. On reaching the
capital, he changed to a layman and join with his son, who was then the King of Siam, to revolt.
The revolt was reported to King Bayint Naung by Phra Pitsanulok MahaDhamaraza. Phra Pitsnulok
was then instructed to return to Pitsanulok, with a detachment to prepare provisions and supplies in
advance for the main army of Hongsawadi.
In 1569, Bayint Naung marched to Siam. The capital was on siege for ten months, but still showed no
signs that it would surrender. By using tricks and cunning Bayint Naung used Phya Chakri (Ouk
Byeiksaki in Burmese) who had been captured during the first war, as a decoy.
He was seem to escape in chains from the Burmese, the next day the Burmese chief of guards was
beheaded and his head displayed on a stake in front of the city’s west gate. Betrayed and sabotaged by
Phya Chakri, Ayudhya fall to Bayint Naung for the second time. King Phra Mahin was captured and
sent back to Hongsawadi, but he died of illness along the way.
Phra Pitsanulok MahaDhamaraza was made King of Ayudhya. For their role in supporting Ayudhya
during the battle, Bayint Naung marched to Lanchang. The city was captured but the king escaped, so
Bayint Naung returned to Hongsawadi in 1570.3
In 1571, a year after Bayint Naung returned from Siam, Muang Yang and Muang Gong revolted, but
was suppressed with less difficulty.
In 1574, by refusing to join the campaign on LanChang, Muang Gong and Muang Yang openly
revolted. Bayint Naung had to proceed from Maingzan (Muang Saang) on the bank of Mekong to Ava
and then subdued the rebellious Saophas.
The Saopha of Muang Yang was killed in battle and the Saopha of Muang Gong fled north, where
there was only snow for water, with royal troops in hot pursuit. He was not captured and the King
recalled his royal troops and returned to Hongsawadi.
But later, the young Saopha of Muang Gong was procured by some of his own officers, and was
ungenerously exhibited in fetters of gold at one of the city gates. Many of his officers were cruelly
4, 5
sold as slaves to foreign merchants, who carried them beyond the sea.
___________________________________________________________________________
1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg 97

2. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. VIII. Pg 310-311
3. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg 98.
4. History of Burma by Sir Arthur Phayre. Pg 117
5. History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan. By Neil Elias pg-43.

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King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection Khur Hsen 1

International Conference on Shan Studies

King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection

Domain of the Shan Saophas

The two routes to the Shan Country.

Map of King Naresuan Last Trip

1. King Naresuan and Shan Sao Pha Connection.

2. Shan and Ava.

3. Bayint Naung’s War on Ava, Shan and Siam.

4. The Shan States History (Hand script) By Sao Yan Fa.

5. Hsur Khan Fa. By Khun Hsai Jai Yean, published 9.9.1994

7. Interview - Mae Tao Noan (87 Ages) from Mae Kin

8. A History of Mo Meik. By U KheMingda 1948.

9. Shan State’s Mirror (Award winner in national literature in 1963).

10. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991.

13. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6

14. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 8

15. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 9

16. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 11

18. History of Burma. By Sir Arthur Phayre.

By Sir James George Scott.

King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection

Khun Kham Hseng Fah had 6 children:

1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg. 47- 52

Nanda Bayin Period (1581-1599)

Ava ruled by Thadoe Min Saw (younger brother of Bayint Naung).

1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg. 47- 52

Revolt during the reign of Nanda Bayin.

-1604 -Muang Nai unsuccessful revolt attempt.

1. A khyae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Ye Tha Maing by BSPP Pg 379-380.

The Domain of Muang Gong in AD 1556.

Dynasty of Muang Gong. .

Muang Yang (Monyin in Burmese).

Maing Mit (Muang Mit) and Nanda Bayin.

Ava and Nanda Bayin.

Hongsawadi’s war with Ava, Shan and Siam.

1. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VI - Pg-138

1. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 139

King Nyaung Yan’s war on Shans.

King Nyaung Yan and Muang Nai.

King Nyaung Yan and Kham Kai Noi.

1. Hsenwi State Chronicle. By Sir James George Scott. Pg 9

Situation of King Naresuan.

The situation of the two routes to cross the Salween.

1. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg 118

There were 6 kings in line.

3. Kyaw Swa (1342-1350).

4. Kyaw Swa (1350-1359)

6. Uzana Pyaung (1364- ).

There were 7 kings in line.

6. Shin-byu-shin Taraphya (1349-1352), brother of Shin-byu-shin Nawratha Minye and

Four Kings in line.

The Second Ava Dynasty

The second Ava dynasty was consisted of 6 kings.

1. Pye Song Min Thihathu (1476-1480).

3. ShweNanKyawShin Narapati (1501-1526).

4. Hso Han Pha (1526-1542) (Tho Han Bwa in Burmese).

5. Sao Khun Muang (Sao Pha of Hsipaw) (AD 1542-1545).

7. SithuKyawHtin (Sagaing) (1551-1555), who was conquered by King Bayint Naung.

9. Min LetYa (1583-, son of TabinShweHti

10. MinYe Kyaw Swa , son of Nanda Bayin

12. Mahadhama Raza- AnokPhetLun Mintra (AD1605-1628).

Bayint Naung’s War on Ava, Shan, Siam.