Chapter 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

What is AI?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that aims to
create intelligent machines that work and react like humans.
AI is concerned with the design of intelligence in an artificial device
Intelligence is the ability to acquire, understand and apply knowledge
Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned
with making computers behave like humans.
A.I. is the study of making computers smart.
A.I. is the study concerned with building machines that simulate
human behavior.
Artificial Intelligence is the part of computer science concerned with
designing intelligent computer systems, i.e., systems that exhibit the
characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-
controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar
manner the intelligent humans think.
Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
The main goal of AI is to Implement Human Intelligence in
Machines i.e Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and
behave like humans.
Artificial intelligence includes the following areas of
specialization:
Game Playing: programming computers to play games
against human opponents
Expert Systems: programming computers to make
decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert
systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on
symptoms)
Natural Language Processing: programming computers
to understand natural human languages
Robotics: programming computers to see and hear and
react like humans.
Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
 Early Work in AI
AI began to emerge as a separate field of study during the
1940s and 1950s when the computer became a commercial
Prior to this work in AI already began in 1920s and 1930s
Turing, sometimes regarded as father of AI demonstrated a
simple computer processor could manipulate symbols and
numbers. (Turing Machines)
Cybernetics, the study of communication in human and
machines, became an active area of research during 1940s
and 1950s
During 1950 several events occurred marked as real
beginning of AI
This was period noted for chess playing programs which
were developed by researchers like Claude Shannon at MIT
in 1952
Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
Other types of game playing and simulation programs were
also being developed during this time
In 1950s much efforts was being expended on machine
translation programs, to produce accurate translation from
one language to another
During this time researches work on automatic theorem
proving and new programming languages
As a part of this development programming languages like
IPL (Information Processing Language), FORTRAN etc
were developed in the area of natural language processing
Several programming projects were developed during 1950
including GPS(General Problem Solver)developed by
Newell and Simon written in IPL. Gelernters geometry
theorem proving machine written in FORTRAN
Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
Some significant AI events of the 1960s include the
following
1961-A. L. Samuel developed a program which learned to
play checkers at a masters level
1965- DENDRAL was the first knowledge based expert
system developed which discover molecular structures
given only information of the constituents of the compound
1968- work on MACSYMA was initiated at MIT by
William Martin and Joel Moses. MACSYMA is a large
interactive program which solves numerous types of
mathematical problems.

Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
 AI and Related Fields
Fields that are closely related to AI includes Robotics,
Linguistics, Psychology, Engineering etc
Robotics: Robotics is considered as a separate field which
combines concepts and techniques of AI, electrical and
mechanical engineering. The robots that can see and move
around, perform mechanical tasks, and understand human
speech. Eg. In manufacturing industry robots are used for
moving, spraying, painting, precision checking, drilling,
cleaning, coating, carving, etc
Psychology: Psychology studies how human mind behave and
how human brain processes information. Psychologist are
concerned with the working of the mind, the mental and
emotional processes that drive human behavior. Researchers in
AI have much in common with psychologists. AI has adopted
models of thinking and learning from psychologist in turn AI
has given psychologist ability to model human functions on
computer
Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
Natural Language Processing: NLP allows a user to
communicate with computer in users natural language. The
computer can both understand and respond to commands given
in natural language. Both NLP and AI fields have desired to
build a system that understand natural languages
Expert System: Expert system concerned with solving real life
situations
Speech and Voice Recognition: The speech recognition aims at
understanding WHAT was spoken. The objective of voice
recognition is to recognize WHO is speaking.
Handwriting Recognition : The handwriting recognition
software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen
by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert
it into editable text.
Finally, AI overlap with almost all fields such as medicine, law,
manufacturing, economics, banking, biology, chemistry, defense
etc
Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
 AI Techniques
Different techniques are used to solve AI problems
Three important AI techniques are
1. Search: Another general technique required when writing AI
programs is search. Provides a way of solving problems for which no
more direct approach is available. Often there is no direct way to find
a solution to some problem. However, you do know how to generate
possibilities. For example, in solving a puzzle you might know all the
possible moves, but not the sequence that would lead to a solution.
2. Use of Knowledge: Solving simple problems requires a lots of
knowledge. Use of knowledge Provides a way of solving complex
problems by exploiting the structure of the objects that are involved.
To understand a single sentence requires extensive knowledge of both
language and of the context. In order to solve the complex problems
encountered in artificial intelligence, one needs both a large amount
of knowledge and some mechanisms for manipulating that knowledge
to create solutions

Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
3. Abstraction: Abstraction means to hide the details of
something. For example, if we want to compute the square
root of a number then we simply call the function sqrt() in
C. We do not need to know the implementation details of
this function. Abstraction provides a way of separating
important features and variations from the many
unimportant ones that would otherwise overwhelm any
process.

Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
 AI Problems
Following are some problems that can be solved by using AI.
Following categories of problems are considered as AI problems.
Ordinary Problems
Formal Problems
Perception
Game Playing
Vision
Voice Recognition Solving complex
mathematical problem
Speech Recognition
Natural Language Expert Problems
Understanding Design
Generation Fault Finding
Translation Scientific Analysis
Robot Control Medical Diagnosis
Financial Analysis
Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri
 Thank You

Digital Notes by Yogesh Ingale, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil ACS College, Pimpri