EXERGY

1. Definition
Exergy of a system is the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system
into equilibrium with a heat reservoir.
2. Properties
- Can be regarded as an extensive property of the system;
- Can be destroyed and generally is not conserved;
- The value of exergy is at least zero and therefore cannot be negative.
3. Exergy components
e=e ph+ e kn +e pt + e ch
Where
eph - physical exergy
e ph=( uu 0 ) + p0 ( vv 0 ) T 0 ( ss 0 )=( hh 0) T 0 (ss0 )

ekn - kinetic exergy

e kn=V 2 /2
ept - potential exergy
e pt =gz
ech - chemical exergy
ch ch
e = x k e k + R T 0 x k ln xk

Exergy of a flow work

e w = pv p v 0
4. Exergy Change of a System
4.1. Exergy of a closed system
1 2
= 21= ( u2u1 ) + p0 ( v 2v 1 ) T 0 ( s2s1 ) + ( V 2V 21 ) + g ( z 2z 1 )=( e2e1 ) + p0 ( v 2v 1 ) T 0 (s 2s 1)
2
4.2. Exergy of an open system (or exergy of a control volume)
1
= 2 1 =( h2h1 )T 0 ( s 2s 1 ) + ( V 22V 21) + g( z 2z 1)
2
5. Exergy transfer
5.1. Exergy transferred by heat
T0 T
(
e h=W net ,out = 1
T ) (
Q= 1 0 Q
T )
5.2. Exergy transferred by work
e w =W W boundary =W p 0 (v 2v 1)
In case of shaft work or electric work:
x w =W
5.3. Exergy transferred by mass
 [ ]
2
m V
e =m=m ( hh0 ) T 0 ( ss 0 ) + + gz
2
5.4. Exergy destruction
e d=T 0 s gen 0

6. Exergy balance
6.1. Closed system
2
T0
E=E2E 1= 1
1
( T )Q[ W p 0 ( V 2V 1 ) ]E d

Proof:
- Energy balance eq.;
- Entropy balance eq.;
- Exergy of the mass in the closed system;
- Exergy destruction eq.
6.2. Open system (control volume)
d E cv 2 T
dt 1
( T ) [
= 1 0 Q W p0
dV
dt
+ ( m
i i m] d
e e) E

6.3. Steady-flow systems

Since mass, energy, entropy and volume = constant, therefore:
2
T
1
(
0= 1 0 Q
T
W
)
+m d
( i e ) E

7. Exergy efficiency
T0
(1
)Q
T out out
=
T
(1 0 )Q
T
For common thermal components:
- Adiabatic turbine:
h h
tur = i e
i e
- Adiabatic compressor:
e 1
comp = i =
hi he tur
- Heat exchanger without mixing:

m
cold ( 4 3 )
he =
m
hot ( 1 2 )

- Adiabatic mixing chamber

 m
1
m
2 ( 3 2 )
m
3 m
2 mix =
m
1( 1 3)

- Throttle valve
m
eout E
tv = =1 d
m e m
e

Example 1:

Parameters:

w = 1000 kg/m3;
a = 1.8 kg/m3;
cw = 4.18 kJ/kgK;
cpa = 1.005 kJ/kgK;
m
a=200 kg /s .

Find:
d =?
E
-
T itle :
- hx =?
A u th o r:
D a te : S h e e t:
R e vis io n :
Solution:
Assumption:
- The system is well insulated (adiabatic).

- No work interaction.

- Neglect the kinetic and potential energy changes.

- The heat exchange process is an isobaric steady process.

d =?
E
Find
The energy balance eq.:
m w ( h4 h3 )= m
a (h1h 2)

For the water phase:

 h f =c w T f
For the gas phase:
h g=c pa T g
Thus
m
a ( h1h2 ) m a c pa ( T 1T 2)
m
w= = =48.1 kg /s
h4 h3 c w (T 4T 3)
Exergy balance eq.:
2
T
1
(
0= 1 0 Q
T
W
)
+m e e E d = m
i i m e e E d
i i m

Exergy destruction:
d = m
E i i m
e e =m
a ( 1 2 )+ m
w ( 3 4 )

Since exergy of flow is defined as:

=hT 0 s
And:
c w , c pa=constant
Therefore:
d =m
E
[
a c pa ( T 1T 2 )T 0 ln
T1
T2 ] [ T
w c w ( T 3 T 4 )T 0 ln 3 =150.7 kJ / s
+m
T4 ]
Find hx =?
Applying the second law efficiency for a heat exchanger system:

hx =
m
cold ( out )
=
[
w c w T 4T 3T 0 ln 4
m
T
T3
=0.57=57
]
m
hot ( out )
m
[
a c pa T 1T 2T 0 ln
T1
T2 ]
Example 2:

Parameters:
Win 60 kW Tb 40 oC

Q 21.6 kW
Win = 60 kW;

Wout 38.4 kW
Ab = 0.8 m2.

h = 1.8 kW/m2-K

T0 25 oC
Tb = 40oC.

P0 = 1 bar, T0 = 25oC.

Solution:

Energy balance eq. of the system at steady state:

 W W out Q=0
Heat transfer from the gearbox:
Q= Ah ( T b T 0 ) =21.6 kW

The work out:

W out =W Q=38.4 kW
Exergy transferred by heat:
T
( )
e h= 1 0 Q=1.0 kW
T
Exergy transferred by work:
e w =W =60 kW
e wout =W out =38.4 kW
Exergy destruction:
e d=T 0 s gen =20.6 kW
Q
s gen = ssys + s out s = 0.069
Tb