Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Resumen
Introduccin
2
Mltiples investigaciones han mostrado que un alto rendimiento acadmico se
relaciona con una mejor organizacin del tiempo, actividades y trabajo extraescolar
(Martnez-Otero y Torres, 2005), control del esfuerzo, metacognicin y lugar y tiempo
de estudio (Pintrich, Smith, Garca y Mckeachie, 1992). Igualmente, se ha demostrado
que las calificaciones previas y la habilidad de solucin de problemas sociales predicen
significativamente el rendimiento acadmico (Rodrguez-Fornells y Maydeu-Olivares,
1999).
Los estudiantes con una preferencia por ser organizados, por percepcin de
patrones y relaciones en la informacin generalmente obtienen mayores calificaciones
que los estudiantes que prefieren detalles, la flexibilidad y espontaneidad (Myers,
1998)
3
La revisin previa parece demostrar que la relevancia del conocimiento de los
estados afectivos prevalecientes durante la realizacin de la tarea y su conexin a la
memoria de experiencia de aprendizaje previo del estudiante. As mismo, manifiesta
que la evaluacin que hace el aprendiz de sus actividades escolares genera afectos
(Ugartetxea, 2001) y emociones positivas o negativas que influirn futuros aprendizajes.
4
Una evaluacin positiva de los estmulos externos indica que el medio ambiente
es benigno y que se puede confiar en el conocimiento preexistente al responder. Por
tanto, genera emociones positivas. Una evaluacin negativa es una seal de alarma, que
alerta sobre un medio ambiente potencialmente peligroso donde es necesario atender a
la informacin externa (Forgas, 2001). Representa un problema que provoca acciones
para intentar corregirlo y activa emociones negativas.
Las personas con emociones negativas ubican la causa del xito en la facilidad
de un prueba o a un golpe de suerte y el fracaso es atribuido a ellos mismo y sus pocos
esfuerzos (Bower y Lang, 2003). Tienen pensamientos negativos, dificultad para
investigar su potencial, concentracin por corto tiempo (Ediger, 1997), baja motivacin
5
personal (Estrada, et al., 1994) y un reducido sentido de autoeficacia, confianza y
competencia (Kavanaugh y Bower, 1985)
Las personas con estilo afectivo positivo tienen una alta motivacin personal
(Estrada, et al., 1994), un elevado sentido de autoeficacia, confianza y competencia
(Kavanaugh y Bower, 1985). Tambin, muestran mas habilidad y esfuerzo en el
estudio (Bower y Lang, 2003) y juzgan a otra ms positivamente que individuos tristes
(Bodenhausen et al, 1994; Lambert et al., 1997).
6
La emocin es activada por estimulacin autorelevante (LeDoux, 1989) en el
contexto de un mensaje importante en el tpico que se maneja (Nabi, 1999, 2002). En
este sentido, los esquemas emocionales conducen a una valoracin de las experiencias
de aprendizaje en base a supuestos personales y evidencia insuficiente (Beck, 1997;
Dahl, 1995) permitiendo que el estudiante ignore o bloquee aspectos importantes de las
experiencias y sus posibilidades (Van der Kolk y Fisler, 1995).
El aprendiz se siente bien cuando esta haciendo una tarea y cree que la esta
realizando bien; se siente mal cuando tiene dificultades en ella, cuando cree que no sabe
cmo hacerla. Si la persona no se involucra emocionalmente en algn nivel no
aprender (Martin y Clore, 2001; Weis, 2000). De esta manera, la emocin dirige la
atencin, memoria, procesos de solucin de problemas y aprendizaje.
7
los estudiantes lleguen a ser reflexivos y comprometidos con su aprendizaje a lo largo
de la vida (Greemberg, et al 2003).
Mtodo
Sujetos.
Las edades oscilaron entre los 20 y 50 aos, con una media de 22 aos y una
desviacin estndar de 3.73 aos.
Diseo
Instrumentos
Procedimiento
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investigacin y se les invito a participar voluntariamente respondiendo la Escala
durante la hora de clase. Se enfatiz que no habra repercusiones por no aceptar
participar en el estudio. La Escala fue recolectada cuando el estudiante la conclua y
entregaba al maestro.
Una vez recabados los datos se calcul se alfa de Cronbach y realiz un anlisis
factorial por el mtodo de componentes principales y rotacin Varimax en los resultados
obtenidos en la Escala PANA-X de Afecto Positivo y Afecto Negativo. Se efectuaron
los ajustes del instrumento en base a una carga factorial de .30 y se ubic el estilo
afectivo positivo o negativo de cada estudiante.
Resultados
Los estilos afectivos fueron obtenidos a travs de los puntajes factoriales de cada
participante. Los resultados mostraron 38 participantes con un estilo afectivo negativo
y 31 con un estilo afectivo positivo.
9
la de los cursos de formacin general de 94.1 y el promedio general de todos los cursos
del semestre previo de 94.6.
Anlisis y discusin
10
(Bergin y Reilly, 2005), con la voluntad (Turrn, 1989) y con la capacidad para atender
a la retroalimentacin personal y de otros (Kruger y Dunning, 1999).
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