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LES ORIGINES DE
LA FRANCE CONTEMPORAINE
PAR
H. A. TAINE
BY
j: F. LOUIS RASCHEN
PROFESSOR IN LAFAYETTE COLLEGE
Copyright, ign, by
J. F. Louis Raschen
Entered at Stationers' Hall, London
ORIGINES DE LA FRANCE
W. P. I
'CLA283859
INTRODUCTION
The raison d'tre of this text is the recommendation of Tane's
5
6 Origines de la France Contemporaine
debate. He loved knowledge not for its uses but for itself, and
under the libral rgime of the cole Normale, where freedom of
thought and of speech prevailed, he soon developed ideas too
libral for staid orthodoxy. The Minister of Public Education
scented rank materialism in the young scholar, and he promptly
refused him an appointment when he left the institution in 185 1.
The combined efforts of Guizot and Saint-Marc Girardin, how-
ever, placed him in a modest position. When he requested that
the appointment be somewhere in the North of France so that he
might be near his mother, the minister answered by sending him
to Toulon in the south. After four months he was transferred to
Ne vers, to occupy the chair of Philosophy, incidentally "to wear
off his heretical notions." The proclamation of the constitution
of the Second Empire under Louis Napolon was just impending
(Jan. 18, 1852) and the rector at Nevers had prepared an address
of felicitation to the new monarch. This circulated among the
faculty for their signatures. Taine, for political reasons, refused
to sign. In consquence he was removed, four months later, to
Poitiers where new troubles were in store for him. After his
arrivai he was requested to write a panegyric in French or Latin
verse to the bishop of that city. His refusai to do this added
bitterness to the suspicion with which he was being regarded.
The government even sent a note threatening him with expulsion.
Probably to bring matters to a crisis, the government appointed
him, shortly after the incident at Poitiers, to an inferior position
in a primary school at Besanon. Nothing further was needed to
show what attitude his superiors assumed toward him and he
promptly resigned his government position. He had scarcely
entered upon his duties as a professor in a noted private school in
Paris, where hisfam had preceded him but where his enemies
also followed him, when he was forced to resgn. Such invidious
hounding led him to abandon teaching for a while and he devoted
himself to further studies at the Sorbonne. The three years
spent there in the company of kindred minds were among the hap-
piest of his life.
Origines de la France Contemporaine 7
ical on the ground that it denied the freedom of the will, and
In 1867 we hear from him again in his Notes sur Paris, ou Vie et
Opinions de Frd. Thomas Graindorge. The year following the
8 Origines de la France Contemporaine
son regard vers la Notion Suprme qui lui et permis de les unir
tous trois."
Because he was controlled by his three gnerai ideas, "Le
moment," from which he endeavored to explain
milieu, la race, le
every historical fact, Taine has been charged with insincerity.
Nothing could be more unjust and the fine critic Emile Faguet has
conclusively shown that the controlling faculty of Taine was pro-
bity, and that he hated sham and lying of every sort. If it appears
as though he had sought out and quoted typical and striking exam-
1
toire 1894
3.
4.
La Vie de Salon
L'Esprit et la Doctrine.
......34
Rousseau * .
18
23
3. ....
Journes des 13 et 14 Juillet 1789
.......
Psychologie de la Rvolution
. .
83
4.
5.
6.
Les Jacobins
Paris en 1792 .......
.....
Gouvernement des Bandes
89
99
107
7. Marat, Danton, Robespierre . . . ,120
8. La Disette et la Misre Paris dans l'hiver 1794
1795 137
9. La Fin du Gouvernement rvolutionnaire . . 145
III. Napolon Bonaparte . . . . . . 151
Chronological Table 173
Index to Names 175
Vocabulary 177
LES ORIGINES DE LA FRANCE
CONTEMPORAINE
I. L'ANCIEN RGIME
I. LE ROI
En 1789, trois sortes de personnes, les ecclsiasti-
ques, les nobles et le roi, avaient dans l'tat la place
minente avec tous les avantages qu'elle comporte,
autorit, biens, honneurs, ou, tout au moins, privi-
5 lges, exemptions, grces, pensions, prfrences et
le reste. Si depuis longtemps ils avaient cette place,
c'est que pendant longtemps ils l'avaient mrite. En
effet, par un effort immense et sculaire, ils avaient
construit tour tour les trois assises principales de
10 la socit moderne.
Le plus norme de tous les privilges est celui du
roi; car, dans cet tat-major de nobles hrditaires,
il est le gnral hrditaire. A la vrit son office
n'est pas une sincure comme leur rang; mais il com-
15 porte des inconvnients aussi graves et des tentations
pires.
Deux choses sont pernicieuses a l'homme, le man-
que d'occupation et le manque de frein; ni l'oisivet,
ni la toute-puissance ne sont conformes sa nature,
20 et le prince absolu qui peut tout faire, comme l'aristo-
13
14 Origines de la France Contemporaine
cratie dsuvre qui n'a rien par devenir
faire, finit
inutile et malfaisant. Insensiblement, en acca-
parant tous les pouvoirs, le roi s'est charg de toutes
les fonctions; tche immense et qui surpasse les forces
5 humaines. Car ce n'est point la Rvolution, c'est la
monarchie qui a implant en France la centralisation
administrative. Sous la direction du conseil du roi,
trois fonctionnaires superposs, au centre le con-
trleur gnral, dans chaque gnralit l'intendant,
10 dans chaque lection le subdlgu, mnent toutes les
affaires, fixent, rpartissent et lvent l'impt et la
milice, tracent et font excuter les routes, emploient
la marchausse, rglementent la culture, imposent
aux paroisses leur tutelle, deset traitent comme
15 valets les magistrats municipaux.
Bureaucratie au centre, arbitraire, exceptions et
faveurs partout, tel est le rsum du systme. Une
centralisation grossire, sans contrle, sans publicit,
sans uniformit, installe sur tout le territoire une
20 arme de petits pachas qui dcident comme juges les
contestations qu'ils ont comme parties, rgnent par
dlgation, pour autoriser leurs grappillages ou
et,
IL LA COUR
Le roi a une cour, il faut qu'il la tienne. Tant pis si
sier, vient dire au roi les noms des grands qui at-
tendent la porte c'est la quatrime entre, dite de
:
v. Le tiers tat
Ungrand changement s'opre au dix-huitime
sicle dans la condition du tiers tat. Le. bourgeois
a travaill, fabriqu, commerc, gagn, pargn, et,
tous les jours, il s'enrichit davantage. On peut dater
10 de Law ce grand essor des entreprises, du ngoce, de
la spculation et des fortunes; arrt par la guerre,
il reprend plus vif et plus fort chaque intervalle de
VI. LA MISRE
La Bruyre un sicle avant 1789:
crivait juste
((L'on voit certains animaux farouches, des mles et
des femelles, rpandus par la campagne, noirs, livides
et tout brls du soleil, attachs la terre qu'ils
10 fouillent et remuent avec une opinitret invincible.
Ils ont comme une voix articule, et, quand ils se
lvent sur leurs pieds, ils montrent une face humaine;
et en effet ils sont des hommes. Ils se retirent la nuit
dans des tanires o ils vivent de pain noir, d'eau et de
15 racines. Ils pargnent aux autres hommes la peine
de semer, de labourer et de recueillir pour vivre, et
mritent ainsi de ne pas manquer de ce pain qu'ils
ont sem.
Ils en manquent pendant les vingt-
cinq annes suivantes, et meurent par troupeaux;
20 j'estime qu'en 1715 il en avait pri prs d'un tiers, six
millions, de misre et de faim. Ainsi, pour le premier
quart du sicle qui prcde la Rvolution, la peinture,
bien loin d'tre trop forte, est trop faible, et l'on va
voir que pendant un demi-sicle et davantage, jus-
25 qu' la mort de Louis XV, elle demeure exacte;
19 tailles: from this the clergy and nobles were exempt. Ex-
cept in a few cases, as the land tax, it was arbitrary and per-
sonal. It was a distinct check to wealth and comfort. The
Assembly pronounced it responsible for "a dgradation, ng-
ligence and insalubrity in the majority of rural dwellings,
most injurious to the comfort and even to the prservation of
the tillers of the soil." Outside of the indirect taxes {aides),
similar to excise duty, on alcohol, gold, silver, paper, cards,
starch, etc., and the tithes called vingtimes, the local taxes
fell as a burden upon the people. There were ecclesiastical
tithes, feudal dues, and forced labor {corve), and the gabelle,
the most irksome of ail (cf. note, page 59, 1. 13), taking in ail
about eighty-one per cent of the income. The privileged
classes and their servants were exempt.
L'Ancien Rgime 59
trente ans ?
Foulon est enlev, tran sur la
place, accroch la lanterne; la corde casse deux
fois, et deux fois il tombe sur le pav; rependu avec
15 une corde neuve, puis dcroch, sa tte est coupe et
mise au bout d'une pique.
Pendant ce temps,
Berthier, expdi de Cpmpigne par la municipalit
qui n'osait le garder dans sa prison toujours menace,
arrivait en cabriolet sous escorte. Autour de lui, on
20 portait des criteaux chargs d'pithtes infamantes;
aux relais, on jetait du pain noir et dur dans sa voi-
ture en lui disant: Tiens, malheureux, voil le pain
que tu nous faisais manger! Arriv devant l'glise
de Saint-Merry, une tempte effroyable d'outrages
25 clate contre lui. Quoiqu'il n'ait jamais achet ni
vendu un seul grain de bl, on l'appelle accapareur;
aux yeux de la multitude qui a besoin d'expliquer le
mal par un mchant, il est l'auteur de la famine.
Conduit l'Abbaye, son escorte est disperse; on le
3 pousse vers la lanterne. Alors, se voyant perdu, il
arrache un fusil aux meurtriers et se dfend en brave.
9 P Abbaye: i. e., la prison de P Abbaye, & military prison.
La Rvolution 83
V. PARIS EN 1792
government.
15 bonne fortune: hre "love affair."
23 Massna: Andr, duc de Rivoli et d'Essling (1 758-181 7),
at first a gnerai in Napolon' s wars, later commander in chief
in Switzerland. He served with distinction.
Napolon Bonaparte 167
de tout contrle,
nira; l, souverain a,bsolu, l'abri
aux une humanit infrieure, il agit en
prises avec
sultan et il s'accoutume l'tre.
Devenu Consul, puis Empereur, il applique en
5 grand sa thorie, et, sous sa main, l'exprience four-
nit chaque jour la thorie de nouvelles vrifications.
A son premier geste, les Franais se sont proster-
ns dans l'obissance, et ils y persistent comme dans
leur condition naturelle, les petits, paysans et soldats,
10 avec une fidlit animale, les grands, dignitaires et
fonctionnaires, avec une servilit byzantine. De
la part des rpublicains, nulle rsistance; au con-
traire, c'est parmi eux qu'il a trouv ses meilleurs
instruments de rgne, snateurs, dputs, conseillers
15 d'tat, juges, administrateurs de tout degr. Tout
de suite, sous leurs prches de libert et d'galit, il
a dml leurs instincts autoritaires, leur besoin de
commander, de primer, mme en sous-ordre, et, par
surcrot,chez la plupart d'entre eux, les apptits
20 d'argent ou de jouissance.
Enfin, nous voici devant sa passion dominante,
devant le gouffre intrieur que l'instinct, l'ducation,
la rflexion, la thorie ont creus en lui, et o s'en-
gloutira le superbe difice de sa fortune: je veux
25 parler de son ambition. Elle est le moteur premier
de son me et la substance permanente de sa volont,
si intime qu'il ne la distingue plus de lui-mme et que
que je respire.
Aussi avide que jalouse, cette
ambition, qui s'indigne la seule ide d'un rival, se
sent gne la seule ide d'une limite; si norme que
soit le pouvoir acquis, elle en voudrait un plus vaste;
5 au sortir du plus copieux festin, elle demeure inas-
173
.
Adlade 33
d'Argenson 17
Arras 128, 131
Artois,comte d' . . .
33
Augereau 140
Bailly 80
Barnave 130
Barras 156
Berthier 81
Bezenval 79
Billaud-Varennes . . . 113
Bossu 49
Bourrienne 153
Brienne 153
Brissot 112
Broglie 79
a ira 105
Calonne 16
Cambacrs .... 142
Campo-Formio . . . 158
Carmagnole . . . . 105
Caveau, caf du . . .
79
Charles IX 106
Chatterton 36
Chrin 48
Chesterfield .... 27
Cinq-Cents 149
code civil 150
concordat 150
Cornlie 152
Damiens 106
Dante 114
Danton ni
176 Origines de la France Contemporaine
PAGE
Larochefoucauld ... 62
Law ....... 40
Lazaristes 72
Legendre 102
Leoben 167
Liancourt 60
Ligne, prince de . . . 27
Lomnie 44
Loustalot 94
Louviers 139
Luxembourg, marchale
de 47
Luxembourg, palais . . 168
Mably 126
Maillard 108
main-morte 16
Mallet Dupan .... 50
Manuel 104
Marat no
Marseillaise . . . . 105
Massna 166
Melzi 167
Mercure 129
Mesdames 20
Metternich 172
Mirabeau 96
Montagnards .... 95
Montesquieu .... 52
Necker 18
Nivre 100
Olympias 170
Orange 136
Orlans 19
Panis ....... 108
Paoli 153
Penthivre 20
Ption 104
Platon 107
Pompadour 15
poufs au sentiment . . 32
VOCABULARY
ABBREVIATIONS
adj . = adjective
, ,
ize. accord, m., agreement; d'
absence, /., absence. in harmony; tre d' , to
absent, -e, ad]., absent, want- agre.
ing. accorder, tr., to concde, allow;
become greater;
to
s'
aisment, adv., easily.
Aix-la-Chapelle, /., Aix-la-
toujours, to become greater Chapelle, Aachen.
and greater. ajouter, tr., to add, join.
agrable, adj., pleasant. ajuster, tr., to adjust, regulate,
! back!
assaillant, m., aggressor, as-
sailant.
succs, second success. assaillir, tr., to attack, as-
arrir, -e, adj., in arrears; sail.
backward. assaisonnement, m., season-
arrire-pense,/., mental rs- ing.
ervation, reflection; sans assassin, m., assassin.
rashly. assassinat, m., murder, assas-
arrire-successeur, m., sec- sination.
ond successor. assassiner, tr., to slay.
arrivage, m., arrivai. assaut, m., assault, storm.
arrive,/., arrivai. assemble, /., assembly;
arriver, intr., to arrive, hap- constituante, constitutional
pen, chance, attain. convention.
,, ,
dom.
at a venture, at ran- gauntlet.
baigner, tr., to bathe, dip,
aventurier, m. adventurer. duck.
averti, -e, ad]., informed, billonner, tr., to gag.
warned, notified. bain, m., bath; bathtub.
aveu, m., approval; acknowl- baonnette,/., bayonet.
edgment, admission; gens baiss, -e, ad]., lowered; don-
sans , vagrants. ner tte
e, to plunge head-
aveugle, ad]., blind; deluded; long.
F , blindly; en baisser, tr., to lower.
blindly. bal, m., bail.
aveuglement, m., blindness. balai, m., broom; donner un
aveugler, tr., to blind. coup de , to sweep up;
avide, ad]., greedy. coup de , sweep of the
avidit, /., avidity, eager- broom.
ness. balancier, m., balancing ple;
dprave.
avilir, tr., to pendulum, die.
avilissement, m., dgradation, balayer, tr., to sweep.
humiliation, balcon, m., balcony.
avis, m., opinion. balle,/., bail; bullet.
aviser, refl., to take a fancy balourdise,/., stupidity, stupid
to. remark.
avocat, m., lawyer. banal, -e, ad]., commonplace,
avoir, tr., to hve; hold; y hackneyed, trivial.
be; beau faire quelque banc, m., bench, seat.
chose, to do something in bande, /., band, company,
vain. coterie.
avoir, m., substance, prop- bandit, m., vagrant, ruffian.
erty. banlieue,/., outskirts, suburbs.
avortement, m., miscarriage. bannir, tr., to banish.
avorter, intr., to miscarry, be banqueroute, /., bankruptcy,
stunted. failure, panic.
avorton, m., dwarf, runt. banquette,/., bench.
avou, m., attorney. banquier, m., banker.
avouer, tr., to avow, admit, barbare, ad], and n., savage.
avril, m., April. barbarement, adv., barbar-
axiome, m., axiom. ously.
,,
femme de chamber- ,
cime,/., top, summit, goal. clore, tr., to fence in, shut in.
cinq, num. adj., five. clos, -e, adj., shut, closed;
Cinq-Cents; Conseil des portes closes, secretly.
political assembly which, clture,/., closing.
with les Anciens, consti- club, m., club.
tuted the lgislative body clubiste, m., club member,
of the republican govern- clubman.
ment. cochon, m., hog.
cinquante, num. adj., fifty. code, m., code; law.
cinquante-six, num. adj., cur, m., heart, courage; ami
fifty-six. de bosom friend.
,
comploter, to scheme.
tr., conciliant, -e, ad]., conciliat-
comporter, to permit; re-
tr,, ing, conriliatory.
quire; include, involve; carry concitoyen, m., fellow-citizen.
with it. conclave, m., conclave.
composer, tr., to form; com- concordant, -e, adj., harmo-
pose; se , to be reserved, nious.
composed. concordat, m., concordat.
composition, /., composition, concorde,/., concord.
make-up. concourir, intr., to conspire,
comprhension, /., compr- compete; combine, coperate;
hension. concur.
comprendre, tr., to compre- concours, m., coopration,
hend; comprise; understand; contest, conpetition.
include. concurrent, m., competitor.
comprim, -e, ad]., com- condamn, m., convict.
pressed; repressed. condescendance, /., conde-
compromettant, adj., dan- scension, complaisance.
gerous; compromising. condition, /., condition, call-
compromettre, tr., to com- ing, requirement; rank; cir-
promise, endanger. cumstances; ces s, un-
comptable, m., accountant. der thse conditions.
compte, m., reckoning; esteem; condottiere (liai.), m., leader.
acount; tre en avec conducteur, m., leader, guide;
l'tat, to hve a bill with de train, driver, log-raft
the state, be involved with runner.
the state;
rendu, report; conduire, tr., to conduct,
se faire rendre , to
profit carry on, drive, bring; se
by, avail one's self of. to behave, be one's own
compter, tr., to reckon, count, master.
dpend. conduite,/., conduct, demean-
comte, m., count. or, guidance.
conception,/., idea. confdration,/., league.
concert, m., concert; de confrer, tr., to bestow, grant,
avec, in concert with. confer.
concerter, tr., to contrive, ef- confesser, tr., to confess, hear
fect. confession of refl., to make
;
physical. to bed.
corps, m., body; garde du coude, m., elbow.
bodyguard. coudre, tr., to sew.
Corps lgislatif, the lgis- coulant, -e, adj., flowing.
lative branch of the repub- couler, intr., to flow; run.
lican government, consist- couleur,/., color.
ing of the Conseil des coup, m., blow, knock, deed;
Anciens and the Conseil shot; un plus grand a ,
cordant. rate.
dsaccorder, tr., to put out of dtail, m., particular circum-
tune, make discord in. stance, dtail; de ,
petty.
dsagrer, tr., to displease. dtenir, tr., to detain, im-
dsagrger, tr., to disaggre- prison.
gate, disperse. dtente, /., trigger; relaxa-
dsarmer, tr., to disarm. tion.
dsastre, m., disaster. dtenu, m., prisoner.
descendre, intr., to descend, dterminer, tr., to dtermine,
get off, be handed down. induce.
dsert, -e, adj., deserted. dtraquer, tr., to put out of
dserteur, m., dserter. order, drange.
dsespr, -e, adj., desperate, dtresse,/., distress.
hopeless. dtromper, refl., to be unde-
dsespoir, m., despair. ceived.
dsigner, tr., to designate, dtruire, tr., to destroy; ruin.
point out. dette,/., debt; tre perdu de
dsir, m., dsire. s, to be deeply in debt.
strosity. mercy.
digrer, tr., to digest. discuter, tr., to examine, dis-
digne, worthy.
adj., cuss.
dignitaire, m., dignitary. disette, /., dearth, famine,
dignit, /., dignity. want.
diligence, /., stagecoach. disloquer, tr., to disorganize;
dme,/., tithe. se , to get out of order;
diminuer, tr., to lessen, di- go to pices.
minish taxes of. disparatre, intr., to disap-
dner, ni., dinner. pear.
dner, intr., to dine. disparate,/., incongruity.
diplomate, m., diplomat. disparate, adj., incongruous.
diplomatie,/., diplomacy. disperser, tr., to disperse.
dire, tr., to tell, say, mean; disponible, adj., free, at one's
vouloir
, to mean; se disposai.
to call one's self. dispos, -e, adj., active; cheer-
directement, adv., directly. ful, lively, vivacious.
directeur, m., director. dispos, -e, adj., disposed.
direction,/., direction, leader- disposer, tr., to make ready.
ship. disposition, /., disposai, ap-
.
tr., to borrow.
endroit, m., place.
endurci, -e, adj., hardened.
mu, -e, p. p. and adj., nergie,/., energy.
stirred, excited. nergique, adj., energetic.
mulation,/., rivalry. nergumne, m., demoniac,
mule, m., rival, competitor. one possessed, a " crank."
en, pron., of it, by it, about enfance, /., infancy, child-
it; some, any, of them. hood.
en, prep., in, within, with, enfant, m., infant, child; les
to, by, as, while. s perdus, reckless ad-
encadrer, tr., to frame. venturers, members of the
enceinte, /., circuit, inclo- f orlorn hope
s de France,
;
, in reality,
fabriquer, tr. and intr., to
manufacture. fait, -e, adj., fit; constituted;
face,/., front; face; en de, calculated; suited; full
before, in the prsence of. grown.
facile, adj., easy. must, should,
falloir, impers.,
facilit, /., easiness, ease, ought, need, require.
readiness, freedom from famlique, m. or /., starve-
reserve. ling.
faon, /., fashion; manner, familiariser, tr., to familiar-
way, ceremony. ize; se
avec, to be
faconde, /., talkativeness. dmocratie with.
factice, adj., artificial. familiarit, /., familiarity, in-
factieux, m., factionist. timacy.
faction, /., faction. familier, m., close friend.
facult,/., faculty, ability. famili-er, -re, adj., familiar,
fagot, m., bundle (usually of private.
sticks or twigs), fine wood, familirement, adv., famil-
kindling. iarly.
faible, adj., weak, faint; small. famille,/., family; pre de
faiblesse,/, weakness. head of a family.
faillir, intr., to fail. famine,/., famine.
faim, hunger; avoir
/., , to fanatique, adj. and n., fanat-
be hungry. ical, fanatic.
faire, to make, do, hve, fanatisme, m., fanaticism.
tr.,
cause, play, tell, travel; fangeu-x, -se, adj., miry,
des prires, to offer up filthy.
prayers;
feu, to fire; fantoccini (pr. fan-tot-shee-
la besogne, to do the bulk nee), m. puppets; fan-
pi.,
of the work;
la grimace, toche, m., a person not to
to make a face; honte, be taken seriously.
to make one ashamed; fantme, m., specter.
montre de, to display; fard, m., complexion paint,
queue, to stand in line; artificial complexion, com-
sauter, to blow up; plexion powder; pretense.
passer, admit, hold; se fardeau, m., burden.
become, occur, happen, be farine,/., flour.
Origines de la France Contemporaine 217
early.
ualty; par
by chance. , heureusement, adv., happily,
'hasard, -e, adj., venture- successfully, fortunately.
some; presumptuous; going heureu-x, -se, adj., happy,
too far. successful, lucky.
'hasarder, tr., to venture, go 'heurt, m., collision, mishap,
too far. jar.
'hasardeu-x, -se, adj., haz- 'heurter, tr., to offend; strike,
la, adj., the; pron., her, its. lass, -e, adj., weary.
there
l, adv. , ; bas, yonder ; lasser, tr., to tire.
ce n'est pas ,
that is not. lassitude, /., weariness.
labeur, m., work, labor. latin, m., Latin.
laborieu-x, -se, adj., labori- laurat, m., laurate, victor,
ous, laboring, industrious. winner.
labourer, tr., to plow, till. laver, tr., to bathe, wash.
laboureur, m., husbandman. le, adj., the; pron., it, him.
lac, m., lake. leon,/, lesson; s de choses,
lacet, m., lace; noose. object lessons.
lcher, tr., to let loose, release. lecteur, m., reader.
lacune,/., gap. lecture,/., reading.
l-dessus, adv., on it, on that, lgal, -e, adj., lawful.
thereupon. lgende, /., legend, mythical
laideur,/., ugliness. story, " yarn."
laque, adj., laical, lay. lg-er, -re, adj., easy, light.
laisser, tr., to leave; ailow; lgret,/, frivolity.
let; hve;
faire, to let lgislateur, m., legislator.
alone, not to interfre; se lgislation, /., lgislation.
faire, not to resist. lgislature,'/., lgislature.
lait, m., milk. lgitime, adj., just, lawful.
lambeau, m., rag, strip, tat- lgitimement, adv., legiti-
ter. mately.
lame,/., blade. lgitimer, tr., to recognize, le-
lampe,/., lamp. gitimize.
lampion, m., torch. lguer, tr., to bequeath.
lancer, tr., to fling, throw; ut- lendemain, m., following day.
ter; give (coup de pied); lent, -e, adj., slow, tardy.
hurl; lanc hors de sa voie, lentement, adv., slowly.
gotten out of his (pld pru- lequel, laquelle, lesquels, les-
dent) ways. quelles, pron., who, whom,
langage, m., speech. which.
langue,/, language; tongue. les, adj., the; pron., they,
languir, intr., to languish. them.
lanterne, /., lantern; street lse-majest,/, high treason.
light; lamp-post; la lest, m., ballast; les plus vides
to the lamp-post! de
, the shallowest, light-
force; se
, to get up, rise. over; se
, to commit,
lever, m., rising, leve, morn- give one's self up, yield.
ing rception. local, -e, adj., local.
liaison,/., connection. loger, tr. and intr., to lodge,
il hors de 1'
, to gouge oui, adv., yes.
out an eye. outillage, m., clockwork, ma-
ordinaire, adj. and n. m., chinery.
common; usual, ordinary; outrage, m., gross insuit.
comme V , as usual; outre, prep. and adv., be-
d' , usually. yond, besides; en , as
ordinairement, adv., usually. well, besides.
ordonnateur, m., manager. outrecuidance, /., presump-
ordre, m., order; class, pro- tion; overconfidence.
gram, good behavior; par ouvert, -e, adj., open.
s, by classes; mot d' ouvertement, adv., openly.
password. ouverture,/., opening.
oreille,/., ear, hearing. ouvrage, m., work; sans
orfvre, m., goldsmith. out of work.
organe, m., organ. ouvrier, m., workman.
organiser, tr., to organize. ouvrir, tr., to open.
orgie, /., orgy.
orgueil, m., pride;
souf- pacha, m., pasha, chieftain.
frant, wounded pride. pacifique, a<f/.,peaceful,peace-
original, -e, adj., original, ec- able, peace loving.
centric. pacte, m., agreement, com-
originalit,/., originality. pact.
origine, /., origin; ds 1'
from the beginning.
page, m., page (person), at-
tendant.
, ,
RD -2.3
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