Chapter 01

Lecture Outline
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 Anatomy and Physiology

anatomy:
- body structure
- means to dissect

physiology:
- processes, functions

- systemic physiology
- cellular physiology

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 Anatomy and Physiology

Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

understand how the body:

- responds to stimuli
- environmental changes
- environmental cues
- diseases
- injury

- maintains stable, internal conditions

despite continually changing environment

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 Anatomy and Physiology

Types of Anatomy

systemic:
studies body systems

regional:
studies body regions (medical schools)

surface:
studies external features, e.g., bone projections

anatomical imaging:
using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)

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Structural and Functional Organization

Six levels from chemical to organism:

1. chemical:
smallest level
- atoms, chemical bonds, molecules

2. cellular:
- cells: basic units of life
- compartments and organelles
e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm

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 Structural and functional Organization

3. tissues:
- group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substances they release
- four broad types:
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

4. organs:
- two or more tissue types acting together
to perform function(s)
- e.g., stomach, heart, liver,
ovary, bladder, kidney 7
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 Structural and functional Organization

5. organ system:
- group of organs contributing to some function
- e.g., digestive system, reproductive system

6. organism:
- all organ systems working together
- includes associated microorganisms
such as intestinal bacteria

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 Structural and functional Organization

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 Structural and functional Organization

Major Organs of the Body

Figure 1.2
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 Organ
Systems of
the Body

Figure 1.3
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Organ Systems of
the Body

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Characteristics of Life
Collectively, all living species show:
organization:
- functional interrelationships between parts

metabolism:
- sum of all chemical and physical changes
sustaining an organism
- ability to acquire and use energy in support of
these changes

responsiveness:
- ability to sense and respond to environmental
changes
- includes both internal and external environments
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 Characteristics of Life
growth:
- can increase in size
- size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular
materials

development: omit
- changes in form and size
- changes in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized - differentiation

reproduction:
- formation of new cells or new organisms
- generation of new individuals
- tissue repair
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Homeostasis
homeostasis
- maintenance of constant internal environment

variables: measures of body properties that may

change in value

Examples of variables:
body temperature blood glucose levels
heart rate blood cell counts
blood pressure respiratory rate

set point: normal, or average value of a variable

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 Homeostasis

normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around

a set point

example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around

a set point of about 98.6o

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 Homeostasis

set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted

depending on body activities, as needed:

examples common cause of change

body temperature fever

heart rate, blood pressure

respiratory rate exercise

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 Homeostasis
negative feedback

- mechanism that maintains homeostasis

- negative feedback response:

detection: of deviation away from set point and...

correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and

normal range

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 Homeostasis

Components of Negative Feedback

1 receptor:
detects changes in variable

2 control center:
- receives receptor signal
- establishes set point
- sends signal to effector

3 effector:
- directly causes change in variable Figure 1.5

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 Homeostasis

Figure 1.5

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Figure 1.6 21
 Homeostasis
positive feedback

- system response causes progressive deviation away from

set point, outside of normal range
- not directly used for homeostasis

- some positive feedback under normal conditions

example: childbirth

- generally associated with injury, disease

- negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain
homeostasis

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 Homeostasis

Positive feedback abnormal example: blood pressure loss

Replace
with
Figure
1.7 ninth
edition
With
figure
legend

Figure 1.7
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Terminology and the Body Plan superior

anatomical position:
- person standing erect with face and
palms forward

- all relational descriptions based on the

anatomical position, regardless of body
orientation

supine:
person lying face up

prone: inferior
person lying face down
inferior superior

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 Terminology and the Body Plan

Directional Terms

superior: above
inferior: below

anterior: front (also: ventral)

posterior: back (also: dorsal)
Note: In four-legged animals, the
terms ventral (belly) and
dorsal (back) correspond
to anterior and posterior in
humans

medial: close to midline

lateral: away from midline
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 Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms

proximal: close to point of

attachment
distal: far from point of
attachment

superficial: structure close

to the surface
Deep
deep: structure toward the
interior of the body Superficial

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 Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms

proximal: close to point of

attachment
distal: far from point of
attachment

superficial: structure close

to the surface
deep: structure toward the
interior of the body

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 Terminology and the Body Plan

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Figure 1.8
Directional Terms
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms

Table 1.1

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 Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Planes
sagittal: vertical plane, between anterior and posterior
surfaces

midsagittal: sagittal plane along the midline,

divides body into equal left and right halves

transverse: horizontal plane

frontal: vertical plane,

between lateral surfaces

Figure 1.11
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 Terminology and the Body Plan

Body Planes

Figure 1.11
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 Terminology and the Body Plan

Planes of Section Through an Organ

Figure 1.12

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 Terminology and the Body Plan

Body Regions
upper limbs:
upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand

lower limbs:
thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot

central region:
head, neck, trunk

Figure 1.9
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Figure 1.9

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 Terminology and the Body Plan

Figure 1.9
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 Terminology and the Body Plan

Subdivisions of the Abdomen

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 Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities
thoracic cavity:
- space within chest wall and
diaphragm
- contains heart, lungs,
thymus gland, esophagus,
trachea

mediastinum:
- space between lungs
- contains heart, thymus
gland, esophagus,
trachea

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 Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities
abdominal cavity:
- space between diaphragm and
pelvis
- contains stomach, intestines,
liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys

pelvic cavity:
- space within pelvis
- contains urinary bladder,
reproductive organs,
part of large intestine

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 Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities

Figure 1.13
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 Terminology and the Body Plan

Serous Membranes
- line trunk cavities, cover organs
- structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs
parietal serous membrane
cavity between the above, fluid-filled

Figure 1.14 40
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 Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes

Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:

pericardium pericardial cavity

around heart

pleura pleural cavity

around lungs

peritoneum peritoneal cavity

around abdominopelvic cavity
and its organs

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 Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes

pericardium
- visceral pericardium
covers heart

- parietal pericardium
thick, fibrous

- pericardial cavity
reduces friction

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Figure 1.15a
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes

pleura
- visceral pleura
covers lungs

- parietal pleura
lines inner wall
of thorax

- pleural cavity
- reduces friction
- adheres lungs to
thoracic wall
Figure 1.15b
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 Terminology and the Body Plan

peritoneum Serous Membranes

- visceral peritoneum
- covers, anchors organs
- double layers
called mesenteries

- parietal peritoneum
lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic cavity

- peritoneal cavity
reduces friction

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Figure 1.15