Length
3 3
1 ft 5 12 in 5 0.3048 m
1 mi 5 5280 ft 5 1609.344 m
1 nautical mile (nmi) 5 6076 ft 5 1852 m
1 yd 5 3 ft 5 0.9144 m
1 angstrom () 5 1.0 E210 m
Mass
1 slug 5 32.174 lbm 5 14.594 kg
1 lbm 5 0.4536 kg
1 short ton 5 2000 lbm 5 907.185 kg
1 tonne 5 1000 kg
1 U.S. ounce 5 0.02835 kg
Velocity
1 ft/s 5 0.3048 m/s
1 mi/h 5 1.466666 ft/s 5 0.44704 m/s
1 kn 5 1 nmi/h 5 1.6878 ft/s 5 0.5144 m/s
1 kn 5 1.1508 mi/h
Mass flow
1 slug/s 5 14.594 kg/s
1 lbm/s 5 0.4536 kg/s
820
Volume
1 ft 5 0.028317 m
1 U.S. gal 5 231 in3 5 0.0037854 m3
1 L 5 0.001 m3 5 0.035315 ft3
1 U.S. fluid ounce 5 2.9574 E25 m3
1 U.S. quart (qt) 5 9.4635 E24 m3
1 barrel 5 42 U.S. gal 5 0.15899 m3
Area
2 2
1 ft 5 0.092903 m
1 mi2 5 2.78784 E7 ft2 5 2.59 E6 m2
1 acre 5 43,560 ft2 5 4046.9 m2
1 hectare (ha) 5 10,000 m2
Acceleration
1 ft/s 5 0.3048 m/s2
2
Volume flow
1 gal/min 5 0.002228 ft3/s 5 0.06309 L/s
1 3 106 gal/day 5 1.5472 ft3/s 5 0.04381 m3/s
1 ft3/s 5 0.028317 m3/s
 Conversion Factors 821

Pressure Force
2
1 lbf/ft 5 47.88 Pa 1 lbf 5 4.448222 N 5 16 oz
1 lbf/in2 5 144 lbf/ft2 5 6895 Pa 1 kgf 5 2.2046 lbf 5 9.80665 N
1 atm 5 2116.2 lbf/ft2 5 14.696 lbf/in2 5 1 U.S. (short) ton 5 2000 lbf
101,325 Pa 1 dyne 5 1.0 E25 N
1 inHg (at 208C) 5 3375 Pa 1 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz) 5 0.27801 N
1 bar 5 1.0 E5 Pa 1 poundal 5 0.13826 N
1 torr 5 (1/760)atm 5 133.32 Pa 5 2.7845 lbf/ft2
1 lbf = 32.174 lbm.pies/s2
Energy Power
1 ft ? lbf 5 1.35582 J 1 hp 5 550 ft ? lbf/s 5 745.7 W
1 Btu 5 252 cal 5 1055.056 J 5 778.17 ft ? lbf 1 ft ? lbf/s 5 1.3558 W
1 kilowatt hour (kWh) 5 3.6 E6 J
1 calorie 5 4.1868 J
1 therm 5 1 E5 Btu 5 1.0551 E8 J

Specific weight Density

3 3
1 lbf/ft 5 157.09 N/m 1 slug/ft 5 515.38 kg/m3
3

1 lbm/ft3 5 16.0185 kg/m3

1 g/cm3 5 1000 kg/m3

Viscosity Kinematic viscosity

1 slug/(ft ? s) 5 47.88 kg/(m ? s) 1 ft2/h 5 0.000025806 m2/s
1 poise (P) 5 1 g/(cm ? s) 5 0.1 kg/(m ? s) 1 stokes (St) 5 1 cm2/s 5 0.0001 m2/s

Temperature scale readings

9 5
TF 5 5 TC1 32 TC 5 9 (TF
2 32) TR 5 TF 1 459.69 TK 5 TC 1 273.16
where subscripts F, C, K, and R refer to readings on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin, and Rankine scales,
respectively.

Specific heat or gas constant* Thermal conductivity*

1 ft ? lbf/(slug ? 8R) 5 0.16723 N ? m/(kg ? K) 1 Btu/(h ? ft ? 8R) 5 1.7307 W/(m ? K)
1 Btu/(lbm ? 8R) 5 4186.8 J/(kg ? K)

*Although the absolute (Kelvin) and Celsius temperature scales have different starting points, the intervals are the same
size: 1 kelvin 5 1 Celsius degree. The same holds true for the nonmetric absolute (Rankine) and Fahrenheit scales:
1Rankine degree 5 1 Fahrenheit degree. It is customary to express temperature differences in absolute temperature units.
 Appendix A
Physical Properties of
Fluids
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Castor oil
SAE 10 oil
0.1

0.06
Glycerin
0.04
0.03 SAE 30 oil
Crude oil (SG 0.86)
0.02

0.01

6
Absolute viscosity , N s / m2

4
Kerosene
3
Aniline
2
Carb Mercury
on t
1 10 3 etra
chlo
ride
6
4 Ethyl alcohol
3 Benzene Water
2 Gasoline (SG 0.68)

1 10 4

6
4
3 Helium
2
Carbon dioxide
Air
1 10 5
Hydrogen
5
Fig. A.1 Absolute viscosity of 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
common fluids at 1 atm. Temperature, C
808
 Physical Properties of Fluids 809

1 10 3
8
6
4 Glycerin
3
Helium
2 SAE 10 oil
Hydrogen
1 10 4
8
6
SAE 30 oil
4

Kinematic viscosity , m2 / s
3 Air and oxygen
2

Carbon dioxide
1 10 5
8
6
Crude oil (SG 0.86)
4
3
2
Kerosene
Benzene
1 10 6
8 Ethyl alcohol
6
4 Water
3
Gasoline (SG 0.68) Carbon
2 tetrachloride
Mercury
1 10 7
Fig. A.2 Kinematic viscosity of 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
common fluids at 1 atm. Temperature, C
810 Appendix A

Table A.1 Viscosity and Density of

T, 8C , kg/m3 , N ? s/m2 , m2/s T, 8F , slug/ft3 , lb ? s/ft2 , ft2/s
Water at 1 atm
0 1000 1.788 E23 1.788 E26 32 1.940 3.73 E25 1.925 E25
10 1000 1.307 E23 1.307 E26 50 1.940 2.73 E25 1.407 E25
20 998 1.003 E23 1.005 E26 68 1.937 2.09 E25 1.082 E25
30 996 0.799 E23 0.802 E26 86 1.932 1.67 E25 0.864 E25
40 992 0.657 E23 0.662 E26 104 1.925 1.37 E25 0.713 E25
50 988 0.548 E23 0.555 E26 122 1.917 1.14 E25 0.597 E25
60 983 0.467 E23 0.475 E26 140 1.908 0.975 E25 0.511 E25
70 978 0.405 E23 0.414 E26 158 1.897 0.846 E25 0.446 E25
80 972 0.355 E23 0.365 E26 176 1.886 0.741 E25 0.393 E25
90 965 0.316 E23 0.327 E26 194 1.873 0.660 E25 0.352 E25
100 958 0.283 E23 0.295 E26 212 1.859 0.591 E25 0.318 E25

Suggested curve fits for water in the range 0 # T # 1008C:

(kg/m3 ) < 1000 2 0.0178 0 T C 2 4C 0 1.7 6 0.2%

ln < 21.704 2 5.306z 1 7.003z2
0
273 K
z5 0 5 1.788 E23 kg/(m # s)
TK

Table A.2 Viscosity and Density of

T, 8C , kg/m3 , N ? s/m2 , m2/s T, 8F , slug/ft3 , lb ? s/ft2 , ft2/s
Air at 1 atm
240 1.52 1.51 E25 0.99 E25 240 2.94 E23 3.16 E27 1.07 E24
0 1.29 1.71 E25 1.33 E25 32 2.51 E23 3.58 E27 1.43 E24
20 1.20 1.80 E25 1.50 E25 68 2.34 E23 3.76 E27 1.61 E24
50 1.09 1.95 E25 1.79 E25 122 2.12 E23 4.08 E27 1.93 E24
100 0.946 2.17 E25 2.30 E25 212 1.84 E23 4.54 E27 2.47 E24
150 0.835 2.38 E25 2.85 E25 302 1.62 E23 4.97 E27 3.07 E24
200 0.746 2.57 E25 3.45 E25 392 1.45 E23 5.37 E27 3.71 E24
250 0.675 2.75 E25 4.08 E25 482 1.31 E23 5.75 E27 4.39 E24
300 0.616 2.93 E25 4.75 E25 572 1.20 E23 6.11 E27 5.12 E24
400 0.525 3.25 E25 6.20 E25 752 1.02 E23 6.79 E27 6.67 E24
500 0.457 3.55 E25 7.77 E25 932 0.89 E23 7.41 E27 8.37 E24

Suggested curve fits for air:

p
5 Rair < 287 J/(kg # K)
RT
T 0.7
Power law: <a b
0 T0
T 3/2 T0 1 S
Sutherland law: <a b a bSair < 110.4 K
0 T0 T1S

with T0 5 273 K, 0 5 1.71 E25 kg/(m ? s), and T in kelvins.

 Physical Properties of Fluids 811

Table A.3 Properties of Common

Bulk modulus Viscosity
Liquids at 1 atm and 208C (688F) Liquid , kg/m3 , kg/(m ? s) Y, N/m* py, N/m2 K, N/m2 parameter C
Ammonia 608 2.20 E24 2.13 E22 9.10 E15 1.82 E19 1.05
Benzene 881 6.51 E24 2.88 E22 1.01 E14 1.47 E19 4.34
Carbon tetrachloride 1590 9.67 E24 2.70 E22 1.20 E14 1.32 E19 4.45
Ethanol 789 1.20 E23 2.28 E22 5.7 E13 1.09 E19 5.72
Ethylene glycol 1117 2.14 E22 4.84 E22 1.2 E11 3.05 E19 11.7
Freon 12 1327 2.62 E24 7.95 E18 1.76
Gasoline 680 2.92 E24 2.16 E22 5.51 E14 1.3 E19 3.68
Glycerin 1260 1.49 6.33 E22 1.4 E22 4.35 E19 28.0
Kerosene 804 1.92 E23 2.8 E22 3.11 E13 1.41 E19 5.56
Mercury 13,550 1.56 E23 4.84 E21 1.1 E23 2.85 E110 1.07
Methanol 791 5.98 E24 2.25 E22 1.34 E14 1.03 E19 4.63
SAE 10W oil 870 1.04 E21 3.6 E22 1.31 E19 15.7
SAE 10W30 oil 876 1.7 E21 14.0
SAE 30W oil 891 2.9 E21 3.5 E22 1.38 E19 18.3
SAE 50W oil 902 8.6 E21 20.2
Water 998 1.00 E23 7.28 E22 2.34 E13 2.19 E19 Table A.1
Seawater (30) 1025 1.07 E23 7.28 E22 2.34 E13 2.33 E19 7.28

*In contact with air.

The viscositytemperature variation of these liquids may be fitted to the empirical expression

293 K
< exp c C a 2 1b d
20C TK

with accuracy of 66 percent in the range 0 # T # 1008C.

Representative values. The SAE oil classifications allow a viscosity variation of up to 650 percent, especially at lower
temperatures.

Table A.4 Properties of Common

Gases at 1 atm and 208C (688F) Molecular Specific-heat Power-law
Gas weight R, m2/(s2 ? K) g, N/m3 , N ? s/m2 , m2/s ratio exponent n*
H2 2.016 4124 0.822 9.05 E26 l.08 E204 1.41 0.68
He 4.003 2077 1.63 1.97 E25 l.18 E204 1.66 0.67
H2O 18.02 461 7.35 1.02 E25 l.36 E205 1.33 1.15
Ar 39.944 208 16.3 2.24 E25 l.35 E205 1.67 0.72
Dry air 28.96 287 11.8 1.80 E25 l.49 E205 1.40 0.67
CO2 44.01 189 17.9 1.48 E25 8.09 E206 1.30 0.79
CO 28.01 297 11.4 1.82 E25 l.56 E205 1.40 0.71
N2 28.02 297 11.4 1.76 E25 l.51 E205 1.40 0.67
O2 32.00 260 13.1 2.00 E25 l.50 E205 1.40 0.69
NO 30.01 277 12.1 1.90 E25 l.52 E205 1.40 0.78
N2O 44.02 189 17.9 1.45 E25 7.93 E206 1.31 0.89
Cl2 70.91 117 28.9 1.03 E25 3.49 E206 1.34 1.00
CH4 16.04 518 6.54 1.34 E25 2.01 E205 1.32 0.87

*The power-law curve fit, Eq. (1.27), /293K < (T/293)n, fits these gases to within 64 percent in the range 250 # T #
1000 K. The temperature must be in kelvins.
904 Tablas de propiedades, figuras y diagramas (unidades SI)

- - - - - -

TABLA A-1
Masa molar, constante de as ro iedades del unto crtico
Propiedades del punto crtico
Constante - -- -
Masa molar, de gas, Temperatura, Presi n, Volumen,
Sustancia Frmula M kg/kmol R kJ/kg K* K MPa m3/kmol
Agua H20 18.015 0.46 15 647.1 22.06 0.0560
Ai re 28.97 0.2870 132.5 3.77 0.0883
Alcohol etl ico C2H5 0H 46.07 0.1805 516 6.38 0.1673
Alcohol metl ico CH 30H 32.042 0.2595 513.2 7.95 0.1180
Amon iaco NH 3 17.03 0.4882 405.5 11.28 0.0724
Argn Ar 39.948 0.2081 151 4.86 0.0749
Benceno C5H5 78 .115 0. 1064 562 4.92 0.2603
Brom o Br2 159.808 0.0520 584 10.34 0.1355
n-Butano C4Ho 58. 124 0.1430 425.2 3.80 0.2547
Cloro Cl2 70.906 0.1173 417 7.71 0.1242
Cloroformo CHCl 3 119.38 0.06964 536.6 5.47 0.2403
Cloruro metlico CH 3CI 50.488 0. 1647 416.3 6.68 0.1430
Criptn Kr 83 .80 0.09921 209.4 5.50 0.0924
Diclorodifl uorometano (R- 12) CC l2 F2 120.91 0.06876 384.7 4.01 0.2 179
Diclorotluorometano (R -21) CHCl 2 F 102.92 0 .08078 451 .7 5.1 7 0.1973
Dixido de carbono C0 2 44.0 1 0.1889 304.2 7.39 0.0943
Dixido de sulfuro S0 2 64.063 0.1298 430.7 7.88 0.12 17
Etano C2H5 30.070 0.27 65 305.5 4.48 0.1480
Etileno C2H4 28.054 0.2964 282.4 5.12 0.1242
Helio He 4.003 2.0769 5.3 0.23 0.0578
n-Hexano C5H14 86.179 0.09647 507.9 3.03 0.3677
Hidrgeno (normal) H2 2.016 4.1240 33.3 1.30 0.0649
Meta no CH 4 16.043 0.5182 19 1. 1 4.64 0.0993
Monxido de carbono co 28.011 0.2968 133 3.50 0.0930
Nen Ne 20.183 0 .4119 44.5 2.73 0.0417
Nitrgeno N2 28.013 0.2968 126.2 3.39 0.0899
xido nitroso N20 44.013 0.1889 309.7 7.27 0.0961
Oxgeno 02 31.999 0.2598 154.8 5.08 0.0780
Propa no C3Ha 44.097 0. 1885 370 4.26 0.1998
Propileno C3H 6 42.081 0.1 976 365 4.62 0.1810
Tetracloru ro de carbono CCl4 153.82 0. 05405 556. 4 4.56 0.2759
Tetrafluoroetano (R- 134a) CF3 CH2 F 102.03 0.08 149 374.2 4.059 0.1993
Triclorof l uorometano (R-11) CC1 3 F 137.37 0.06052 471. 2 4.38 0.2478
Xenn Xe 131.30 0.06332 289.8 5.88 0.1186

* La unidad en kJ/kg . K es equivalente a kPa m 3/kg . K. La cons ante de gas se calc ula de R = R,,!M, donde R.= 8 .31447 kJ/kmol K y M es la masa
molar.
Fuente: K. A. Kobe y R. E.. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Rev1ew 52 (l 953), pp. 117-236: y ASHRAE. Handbook of Fundamentals (Al/an ta, GA: Sociedad America na
de Ingen ieros de Calefaccin, Refri geracin y Acondicionamient o de Aire, /ne ., 1993), pp. 16.4 y 36.1.
 Apndice 1 905

TABLA A-2
Calores eseecficos de is ideal de varios gases com unes
a) A 300 K

Constante de gas, R cP Cv
Gas Frmula kJ/kg K kJ/kg K kJ/kg K k
Aire 0.2870 1.005 0.718 1.400
Argn Ar 0.2081 0.5203 0.3122 1.667
Butano C4H10 0.1433 1.7164 1.5734 1.091
Dixido de carbono C0 2 0.1889 0 .846 0.657 1.289
Etano C2He 0.2765 1.7662 1.4897 1.186
Eti leno C2H4 0.2964 1.5482 1.2518 1.237
Helio He 2.0769 5.1926 3.1156 1.667
Hidrgeno H2 4 .1 240 14.307 10.183 1.405
Metano CH 4 0. 5182 2.2537 l. 7354 1.299
Monxi do de carbono co 0.2968 1.040 0.744 1.400
Nen Ne 0.4119 1.0299 0.6179 1.667
Nitrgeno N2 0.2968 1.039 0.743 1.400
Octano CaH1s 0.0729 1.7113 1.6385 1.044
Oxgeno 02 0.2598 0.918 0.658 1.395
Propano C3 H8 0.1885 1.6794 1.4909 1.126
Vapor H20 0.4615 1.8723 1.4108 1.327

Nota: La unidad kJ/kg - K es equivalente a kJ/kg C.

Fuente: Chem1ca/ and Process Thermodynamics 3a. ed .. por Kyle. B.G., 2000. Adaptado con perm iso de Pearson Education, lnc., Upper Saddle River,
Nueva Jersey.
954 Tablas de propiedades, figuras y diagramas (unidades inglesas)

---

TABLA A-1E
Masa molar, constante de gas y propiedades del punto crt ico
Constante de gas, R Propiedades del punto crtico
Masa
molar, M Btu/ psia ft 3/ Tem peratu ra, Presin, Vo lumen,
Sustanc ia Frm ula lbmilbmol lbm R* lbm R* R psia ft 3/l bmol
Agua H2 0 18.015 0 .1102 0 .5956 1164.8 3200 0.90
Aire 28.97 0 .06855 0.3704 238.5 547 1.41
Alcohol etlico C2H50 H 46.07 0 .043 11 0.2329 929.0 9 26 2.68
Alcohol metl ico CH 30H 32 .042 0.06198 0.3349 923.7 1154 1.89
Amoniaco NH3 17 .03 0.1166 0 .630 1 729.8 1636 1.16
Argn Ar 39.948 0.04971 0 .2686 272 705 1.20
Benceno C5H5 78.115 0.02542 0 .1374 10 12 714 4.17
Bromo Br2 159.808 0.01243 0 .067 14 1052 1500 2.17
n-Butano C.: H10 58.124 0.03417 0.1 846 765 .2 55 1 4.08
Cloro Cl2 70.906 0.02801 0. 15 17 751 1120 1.99
Cloroformo CHCl3 119.38 0 .01664 0 .08988 965.8 794 3.85
Cloruro metl ico CH3CI 50.488 0.03934 0 .2125 749.3 968 2.29
Cri ptn Kr 83.80 0.02370 0 .1280 376.9 798 1.48
Diclorod ifluorometano (R- 12) CC1 2F2 120.91 0 .01643 0.08874 692.4 582 3.49
Di clorofluorometano (R-21) CHCl 2 F 102.92 0.0 1930 0 .1043 813.0 749 3.16
Dixido de carbono C0 2 44.01 0.04 513 0 .2438 547.5 1071 1.51
Dixido de sulfuro S0 2 64.063 0. 03 100 1.1 67 5 77 5.2 1143 1.95
Etano C2H6 30.020 0.066 16 0.3574 549.8 708 2.37
Eti leno C2H4 28.054 0.07079 0.3825 508.3 742 1.99
Helio He 4.003 0.4961 2.6809 9.5 33 .2 0.926
n-Hexano C6H1 4 86.178 0.02305 0. 1245 9 14.2 439 5.89
Hidrgeno (norma l) H2 2.0 16 0.9851 5.3224 59.9 188. l 1.04
Metano CH 4 16.043 0 .1238 0.6688 343.9 673 1. 59
Monxido de carbono co 28.011 0 .07090 0 .3831 240 507 1.49
Nen Ne 20.183 0.09840 0.53 16 80.1 395 0.668
Nitrgeno N2 28.0 13 0 .07090 0.3830 227.1 492 1.44
xi do nitroso N2 0 44.0 13 0 .0451 2 0.2438 557.4 1054 1.54
Oxgeno 02 31.999 0 .06206 0 .3353 278.6 736 1.25
Propano C3Hs 44.097 0.04504 0 .2433 665.9 617 3.20
Prop ileno C3H6 42 .081 0.047 19 0 .2550 656.9 670 2.90
Tet racloruro de carbono CC l4 153 .82 0.01291 0 .06976 1001.5 661 4.42
Tet rafluoroetano (R-1 34a) CF 3CH2 F 102.03 0.0 1946 0.1052 673.6 588.7 3.19
Tric lorofl uorometano (R- 11) CCl 3 F 137.37 0.0 1446 0 .078 11 848.1 635 3.97
Xenn Xe 13 1.30 0.01513 0.08172 521.55 852 1.90

*Calcu lada de R = RJM, donde R. = 1.98 588 Btu/lbmol R = 10.731 6 psia pie3/lbmol R y Mes la masa molar.
Fuente: K. A. Kobe y R. E. Ly n. Jr., Chemical Revew 52. 1953, pp. 117-236; y ASHRAE (Sociedad Ameri cana de Ingenieros de Calefaccin. Refrigeracin y
Acondic ionamiento de Aire), Handbook of Fundamentals, Allan ta , Georgia, American Soc iety of Heat1ng, Refrigeration and A1r-Conditioning Engineers. lnc.,
1993. pp. 16.4 y 36.1.
 Apndice 2 955

TABLA A-2E
Calores especficos de gas ideal de varios gases comunes
a) A 80F

Constante de gas, R c. c.
Gas Frmula Btu/lbm R "
Btu/l bm R R- -- - k
Btu/lbm--
- - ---
Aire 0.06855 0 .240 0 .171 1.400
Argn Ar 0.04971 0.1253 0.0756 1.667
Buta no C4 H 1 0.03424 0.415 0.381 1.09
Dixido de carbono C0 2 0 .04513 0.203 0. 158 1.285
Etano C2 H6 0.06616 0.427 0.361 1.183
Et1 leno C7H4 0.07079 0.411 0.340 1.208
Helio He 0.4961 1.25 0 .753 1.667
Hidrgeno H2 0.9851 3.43 2.44 1.404
Meta no CH 4 0.1238 0.532 0.403 1.32
Monxido de carbono co 0.07090 0. 249 0.178 1.399
Nen Ne 0.09840 0. 246 0.1477 1.667
Nitrgeno Nz 0.07090 0.248 0. 177 1.400
Octano CRH1s 0.01742 0.409 0 .392 1.044
Oxgeno 02 0.06206 0.219 0. 157 1.395
Propano C3Ha 0.04504 0.407 0.362 1. 124
Vapor H?O 0 .1102 0.445 0 .335 1.329

Fuente: Gordon J. Van Wylen y Richard E. Sonn ag. Fundamentals of Classical Thermodyoamics, versin ingl~Si S I. 3a . ed ., Nueva York . Joh n Wiley &
Sons, 1986. p. 687 . Tabla A.SE .
812 Appendix A

Table A.5 Surface Table A.6

T, 8C Y, N/m py, kPa a, m/s z, m T, K p, Pa , kg/m3 a, m/s
Tension, Vapor Properties of
Pressure, and Sound 0 0.0756 0.611 1402 theStandard 2500 291.41 107,508 1.2854 342.2
Speed of Water 10 0.0742 1.227 1447 Atmosphere 0 288.16 101,350 1.2255 340.3
20 0.0728 2.337 1482 500 284.91 95,480 1.1677 338.4
30 0.0712 4.242 1509 1000 281.66 89,889 1.1120 336.5
40 0.0696 7.375 1529 1500 278.41 84,565 1.0583 334.5
50 0.0679 12.34 1542 2000 275.16 79,500 1.0067 332.6
60 0.0662 19.92 1551 2500 271.91 74,684 0.9570 330.6
70 0.0644 31.16 1553 3000 268.66 70,107 0.9092 328.6
80 0.0626 47.35 1554 3500 265.41 65,759 0.8633 326.6
90 0.0608 70.11 1550 4000 262.16 61,633 0.8191 324.6
100 0.0589 101.3 1543 4500 258.91 57,718 0.7768 322.6
5000 255.66 54,008 0.7361 320.6
120 0.0550 198.5 1518 5500 252.41 50,493 0.6970 318.5
140 0.0509 361.3 1483 6000 249.16 47,166 0.6596 316.5
160 0.0466 617.8 1440 6500 245.91 44,018 0.6237 314.4
180 0.0422 1002 1389 7000 242.66 41,043 0.5893 312.3
200 0.0377 1554 1334 7500 239.41 38,233 0.5564 310.2
220 0.0331 2318 1268 8000 236.16 35,581 0.5250 308.1
240 0.0284 3344 1192 8500 232.91 33,080 0.4949 306.0
260 0.0237 4688 1110 9000 229.66 30,723 0.4661 303.8
280 0.0190 6412 1022 9500 226.41 28,504 0.4387 301.7
300 0.0144 8581 920 10,000 223.16 26,416 0.4125 299.5
320 0.0099 11,274 800 10,500 219.91 24,455 0.3875 297.3
340 0.0056 14,586 630 11,000 216.66 22,612 0.3637 295.1
360 0.0019 18,651 370 11,500 216.66 20,897 0.3361 295.1
374* 0.0* 22,090* 0* 12,000 216.66 19,312 0.3106 295.1
12,500 216.66 17,847 0.2870 295.1
*Critical point. 13,000 216.66 16,494 0.2652 295.1
13,500 216.66 15,243 0.2451 295.1
14,000 216.66 14,087 0.2265 295.1
14,500 216.66 13,018 0.2094 295.1
15,000 216.66 12,031 0.1935 295.1
15,500 216.66 11,118 0.1788 295.1
16,000 216.66 10,275 0.1652 295.1
16,500 216.66 9496 0.1527 295.1
17,000 216.66 8775 0.1411 295.1
17,500 216.66 8110 0.1304 295.1
18,000 216.66 7495 0.1205 295.1
18,500 216.66 6926 0.1114 295.1
19,000 216.66 6401 0.1029 295.1
19,500 216.66 5915 0.0951 295.1
20,000 216.66 5467 0.0879 295.1
22,000 218.60 4048 0.0645 296.4
24,000 220.60 2972 0.0469 297.8
26,000 222.50 2189 0.0343 299.1
28,000 224.50 1616 0.0251 300.4
30,000 226.50 1197 0.0184 301.7
40,000 250.40 287 0.0040 317.2
50,000 270.70 80 0.0010 329.9
60,000 255.70 22 0.0003 320.6
70,000 219.70 6 0.0001 297.2
 Appendix B
Compressible Flow Tables

Table B.1
Ma p/p0 /0 T/T0 A/A* Ma p/p0 /0 T/T0 A/A*
Isentropic Flow
ofa Perfect Gas, 0.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 2.10 0.1094 0.2058 0.5313 1.8369
k51.4 0.10 0.9930 0.9950 0.9980 5.8218 2.20 0.0935 0.1841 0.5081 2.0050
0.20 0.9725 0.9803 0.9921 2.9635 2.30 0.0800 0.1646 0.4859 2.1931
0.30 0.9395 0.9564 0.9823 2.0351 2.40 0.0684 0.1472 0.4647 2.4031
0.40 0.8956 0.9243 0.9690 1.5901 2.50 0.0585 0.1317 0.4444 2.6367
0.50 0.8430 0.8852 0.9524 1.3398 2.60 0.0501 0.1179 0.4252 2.8960
0.60 0.7840 0.8405 0.9328 1.1882 2.70 0.0430 0.1056 0.4068 3.1830
0.70 0.7209 0.7916 0.9107 1.0944 2.80 0.0368 0.0946 0.3894 3.5001
0.80 0.6560 0.7400 0.8865 1.0382 2.90 0.0317 0.0849 0.3729 3.8498
0.90 0.5913 0.6870 0.8606 1.0089 3.00 0.0272 0.0762 0.3571 4.2346
1.00 0.5283 0.6339 0.8333 1.0000 3.10 0.0234 0.0685 0.3422 4.6573
1.10 0.4684 0.5817 0.8052 1.0079 3.20 0.0202 0.0617 0.3281 5.1210
1.20 0.4124 0.5311 0.7764 1.0304 3.30 0.0175 0.0555 0.3147 5.6286
1.30 0.3609 0.4829 0.7474 1.0663 3.40 0.0151 0.0501 0.3019 6.1837
1.40 0.3142 0.4374 0.7184 1.1149 3.50 0.0131 0.0452 0.2899 6.7896
1.50 0.2724 0.3950 0.6897 1.1762 3.60 0.0114 0.0409 0.2784 7.4501
1.60 0.2353 0.3557 0.6614 1.2502 3.70 0.0099 0.0370 0.2675 8.1691
1.70 0.2026 0.3197 0.6337 1.3376 3.80 0.0086 0.0335 0.2572 8.9506
1.80 0.1740 0.2868 0.6068 1.4390 3.90 0.0075 0.0304 0.2474 9.7990
1.90 0.1492 0.2570 0.5807 1.5553 4.00 0.0066 0.0277 0.2381 10.7188
2.00 0.1278 0.2300 0.5556 1.6875

813
814 Appendix B

Table B.2 Normal Shock Relations

Man1 Man2 p2/p1 V1/V2 5 2/1 T2/T1 p02/p01 A*2 /A*1
for a Perfect Gas, k 5 1.4
1.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.10 0.9118 1.2450 1.1691 1.0649 0.9989 1.0011
1.20 0.8422 1.5133 1.3416 1.1280 0.9928 1.0073
1.30 0.7860 1.8050 1.5157 1.1909 0.9794 1.0211
1.40 0.7397 2.1200 1.6897 1.2547 0.9582 1.0436
1.50 0.7011 2.4583 1.8621 1.3202 0.9298 1.0755
1.60 0.6684 2.8200 2.0317 1.3880 0.8952 1.1171
1.70 0.6405 3.2050 2.1977 1.4583 0.8557 1.1686
1.80 0.6165 3.6133 2.3592 1.5316 0.8127 1.2305
1.90 0.5956 4.0450 2.5157 1.6079 0.7674 1.3032
2.00 0.5774 4.5000 2.6667 1.6875 0.7209 1.3872
2.10 0.5613 4.9783 2.8119 1.7705 0.6742 1.4832
2.20 0.5471 5.4800 2.9512 1.8569 0.6281 1.5920
2.30 0.5344 6.0050 3.0845 1.9468 0.5833 1.7144
2.40 0.5231 6.5533 3.2119 2.0403 0.5401 1.8514
2.50 0.5130 7.1250 3.3333 2.1375 0.4990 2.0039
2.60 0.5039 7.7200 3.4490 2.2383 0.4601 2.1733
2.70 0.4956 8.3383 3.5590 2.3429 0.4236 2.3608
2.80 0.4882 8.9800 3.6636 2.4512 0.3895 2.5676
2.90 0.4814 9.6450 3.7629 2.5632 0.3577 2.7954
3.00 0.4752 10.3333 3.8571 2.6790 0.3283 3.0456
3.10 0.4695 11.0450 3.9466 2.7986 0.3012 3.3199
3.20 0.4643 11.7800 4.0315 2.9220 0.2762 3.6202
3.30 0.4596 12.5383 4.1120 3.0492 0.2533 3.9483
3.40 0.4552 13.3200 4.1884 3.1802 0.2322 4.3062
3.50 0.4512 14.1250 4.2609 3.3151 0.2129 4.6960
3.60 0.4474 14.9533 4.3296 3.4537 0.1953 5.1200
3.70 0.4439 15.8050 4.3949 3.5962 0.1792 5.5806
3.80 0.4407 16.6800 4.4568 3.7426 0.1645 6.0801
3.90 0.4377 17.5783 4.5156 3.8928 0.1510 6.6213
4.00 0.4350 18.5000 4.5714 4.0469 0.1388 7.2069
4.10 0.4324 19.4450 4.6245 4.2048 0.1276 7.8397
4.20 0.4299 20.4133 4.6749 4.3666 0.1173 8.5227
4.30 0.4277 21.4050 4.7229 4.5322 0.1080 9.2591
4.40 0.4255 22.4200 4.7685 4.7017 0.0995 10.0522
4.50 0.4236 23.4583 4.8119 4.8751 0.0917 10.9054
4.60 0.4217 24.5200 4.8532 5.0523 0.0846 11.8222
4.70 0.4199 25.6050 4.8926 5.2334 0.0781 12.8065
4.80 0.4183 26.7133 4.9301 5.4184 0.0721 13.8620
4.90 0.4167 27.8450 4.9659 5.6073 0.0667 14.9928
5.00 0.4152 29.0000 5.0000 5.8000 0.0617 16.2032
 Compressible Flow Tables 815

Table B.3 Adiabatic Frictional

Ma f L/D p/p* T/T* */ 5 V/V* p0 /p*0
Flow in a Constant-Area Duct
fork5 1.4 0.00 1.2000 0.0000
0.10 66.9216 10.9435 1.1976 0.1094 5.8218
0.20 14.5333 5.4554 1.1905 0.2182 2.9635
0.30 5.2993 3.6191 1.1788 0.3257 2.0351
0.40 2.3085 2.6958 1.1628 0.4313 1.5901
0.50 1.0691 2.1381 1.1429 0.5345 1.3398
0.60 0.4908 1.7634 1.1194 0.6348 1.1882
0.70 0.2081 1.4935 1.0929 0.7318 1.0944
0.80 0.0723 1.2893 1.0638 0.8251 1.0382
0.90 0.0145 1.1291 1.0327 0.9146 1.0089
1.00 0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.10 0.0099 0.8936 0.9662 1.0812 1.0079
1.20 0.0336 0.8044 0.9317 1.1583 1.0304
1.30 0.0648 0.7285 0.8969 1.2311 1.0663
1.40 0.0997 0.6632 0.8621 1.2999 1.1149
1.50 0.1361 0.6065 0.8276 1.3646 1.1762
1.60 0.1724 0.5568 0.7937 1.4254 1.2502
1.70 0.2078 0.5130 0.7605 1.4825 1.3376
1.80 0.2419 0.4741 0.7282 1.5360 1.4390
1.90 0.2743 0.4394 0.6969 1.5861 1.5553
2.00 0.3050 0.4082 0.6667 1.6330 1.6875
2.10 0.3339 0.3802 0.6376 1.6769 1.8369
2.20 0.3609 0.3549 0.6098 1.7179 2.0050
2.30 0.3862 0.3320 0.5831 1.7563 2.1931
2.40 0.4099 0.3111 0.5576 1.7922 2.4031
2.50 0.4320 0.2921 0.5333 1.8257 2.6367
2.60 0.4526 0.2747 0.5102 1.8571 2.8960
2.70 0.4718 0.2588 0.4882 1.8865 3.1830
2.80 0.4898 0.2441 0.4673 1.9140 3.5001
2.90 0.5065 0.2307 0.4474 1.9398 3.8498
3.00 0.5222 0.2182 0.4286 1.9640 4.2346
3.10 0.5368 0.2067 0.4107 1.9866 4.6573
3.20 0.5504 0.1961 0.3937 2.0079 5.1210
3.30 0.5632 0.1862 0.3776 2.0278 5.6286
3.40 0.5752 0.1770 0.3623 2.0466 6.1837
3.50 0.5864 0.1685 0.3478 2.0642 6.7896
3.60 0.5970 0.1606 0.3341 2.0808 7.4501
3.70 0.6068 0.1531 0.3210 2.0964 8.1691
3.80 0.6161 0.1462 0.3086 2.1111 8.9506
3.90 0.6248 0.1397 0.2969 2.1250 9.7990
4.00 0.6331 0.1336 0.2857 2.1381 10.7187
816 Appendix B

Table B.4 Frictionless Duct Flow

Ma T0 /T*0 p/p* T/T* */ 5 V/V* p0 /p*0
with Heat Transfer for k 5 1.4
0.00 0.0000 2.4000 0.0000 0.0000 1.2679
0.10 0.0468 2.3669 0.0560 0.0237 1.2591
0.20 0.1736 2.2727 0.2066 0.0909 1.2346
0.30 0.3469 2.1314 0.4089 0.1918 1.1985
0.40 0.5290 1.9608 0.6151 0.3137 1.1566
0.50 0.6914 1.7778 0.7901 0.4444 1.1141
0.60 0.8189 1.5957 0.9167 0.5745 1.0753
0.70 0.9085 1.4235 0.9929 0.6975 1.0431
0.80 0.9639 1.2658 1.0255 0.8101 1.0193
0.90 0.9921 1.1246 1.0245 0.9110 1.0049
1.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.10 0.9939 0.8909 0.9603 1.0780 1.0049
1.20 0.9787 0.7958 0.9118 1.1459 1.0194
1.30 0.9580 0.7130 0.8592 1.2050 1.0437
1.40 0.9343 0.6410 0.8054 1.2564 1.0777
1.50 0.9093 0.5783 0.7525 1.3012 1.1215
1.60 0.8842 0.5236 0.7017 1.3403 1.1756
1.70 0.8597 0.4756 0.6538 1.3746 1.2402
1.80 0.8363 0.4335 0.6089 1.4046 1.3159
1.90 0.8141 0.3964 0.5673 1.4311 1.4033
2.00 0.7934 0.3636 0.5289 1.4545 1.5031
2.10 0.7741 0.3345 0.4936 1.4753 1.6162
2.20 0.7561 0.3086 0.4611 1.4938 1.7434
2.30 0.7395 0.2855 0.4312 1.5103 1.8860
2.40 0.7242 0.2648 0.4038 1.5252 2.0451
2.50 0.7101 0.2462 0.3787 1.5385 2.2218
2.60 0.6970 0.2294 0.3556 1.5505 2.4177
2.70 0.6849 0.2142 0.3344 1.5613 2.6343
2.80 0.6738 0.2004 0.3149 1.5711 2.8731
2.90 0.6635 0.1879 0.2969 1.5801 3.1359
3.00 0.6540 0.1765 0.2803 1.5882 3.4245
3.10 0.6452 0.1660 0.2650 1.5957 3.7408
3.20 0.6370 0.1565 0.2508 1.6025 4.0871
3.30 0.6294 0.1477 0.2377 1.6088 4.4655
3.40 0.6224 0.1397 0.2255 1.6145 4.8783
3.50 0.6158 0.1322 0.2142 1.6198 5.3280
3.60 0.6097 0.1254 0.2037 1.6247 5.8173
3.70 0.6040 0.1190 0.1939 1.6293 6.3488
3.80 0.5987 0.1131 0.1848 1.6335 6.9256
3.90 0.5937 0.1077 0.1763 1.6374 7.5505
4.00 0.5891 0.1026 0.1683 1.6410 8.2268