Level of Carbon Emission in the Philippines

and Its Effects to Children

A Research Paper Presented to

Ms. Marites Tamayo-Fagaragan
Mapa Institute of Technology

in partial fulfillment
of the requirements in
English for Academic Purposes 2
(ENG11)

by
Christine Julia B. Castro
Cester Gale A. Ducusin
Mary Florence P. Florendo
Sarah Katrina V. Salvacion

June 28, 2013

 Abstract

The increasing rate of carbon fumes emitted has been studied and investigated with

wide research by the use of different materials from online sources and answers from

interviewees. The main point of the study was to inform the readers of the effects of these fumes

to the health of the children as well to their surroundings. Many of the results have found out that

the diseases like cancers, autism, and respiratory illness a child might get could affect his brain

and lungs. Also, there has been 2 ppm annual increased of amount of carbon as decades pass by

that causes more risks to the health of the people. The major learning points are that Philippines

atmosphere has devastated by air pollutions like dust, fumes, carbon monoxide and citizens

should be aware of the current issue. The research has uncovered information regarding what

consequences a children might get from the increased amount of carbon here in the Philippines.

This study implies that the affected persons especially the children are in danger as countrys

level of pollution elevates.

 Table of Contents

Abstract .. 2

Introduction ... 4

Areas of Study ... 4

Table for Questions and Answers of the Interviewees . 15

Bibliography . 21

Appendices .... 23

Appendix A (Interview Questions) .. 24

Appendix B (Transcribed Answers) . 25

Appendix C (Photos of Emitted Fumes) ... 33

Appendix D (Curriculum Vitae) 34

 The rate of carbon emitted in the atmosphere is gradually increasing. People should be

aware of the issue especially for the young or the children. The research comprises of a study

involving the comparison of the amount of fumes as year passes by and also informs its readers

for the possible effects to the health of the most affectedthe children. Because of this current

issue, environmentalists and other concerned citizens became active to sharpen their minds in

scrutinizing more this issue be resolved. In line with that, the researchers of this research

gathered their thoughts to collect data and information that would help the readers to be aware of

the destruction and loss of preservation of the environment due of excessive carbon emissions.

On the other hand, the wide research of the possible effects of the issue was also conducted. The

research entails the written information of some scientific and usual diseases or sickness that an

innocent child might get. In this research, a descriptive written analysis will introduce its readers

to understand the current issue so that they will pave a way to form their own way that will help

to decrease the increasing rate of carbon fumes and avoid getting various diseases.

Understanding About CO And CO2

Based on a Chemistry 9th Edition book written by Whitten et al., (Whitten, Davis and Peck,

2010), carbon dioxide comprises only about 0.03% of the earths atmosphere by volume. Carbon

dioxide is a stable gas. It neither burns nor supports combustion. Cars have a process of

exothermic and exothermic includes combustion. In Chemistry, exothermic means absorbing of

heat. Exothermic is defined as the releasing of heat. As we see car engines sometimes overheat

because of the heat it takes and also the heat it come out. Waste disposal is also one of the causes.

Despite the technical and political problems of waste disposal, increased use of electric energy

based on nuclear power is one way of decreasing CO emissions.

Other Elements Composing Fumes

From another article of the book, Heaven and Earth: Global Warming, The Missing

Science, written by Plimer I.R, (Plimer, 2009) it stated that aside from CO2, there are other

fumes that are harmful when emitted, one of these is Methane. Methane is emitted from cattle,

rice paddies, termites, decomposing life, hydrates, petroleum leaks, rocks, mid ocean ridges and

sedimentation. One can only speculate as to why political activists concentrate their attention on

CO2 rather than methane. It may be because CO2 is linked to industrial growth whereas methane

is considered more natural and emitted by less developed nation.

For more understanding, in first IPCC first report, it stated that, The reason the earths surface is

this warm is the presence of greenhouse gases, which act as a partial blanket for the long-wave

radiation coming from the earths surface. This blanketing is known as the natural greenhouse

effect. But the explanation is wrong. It implies that the atmosphere comprises layers that do not

mix. In addition, greenhouse gases do not act like an insulator or a blanket. The IPCC again

makes an incorrect explanation of the greenhouse effect, it stated, Much of the thermal radiation

emitted by the land and the ocean is absorbed by the atmosphere, including clouds, and re-

radiated back to earth. This is called the greenhouse effect.

The open combustion of poor quality carbon fuels produces soot, smoke, ash, unburnt fuel and

chemicals containing sulphur, chlorine, nitrogen, fluorine and metals. In addition to that, in

confined unventilated places, open fires produce poisonous carbon monoxide. At present, China

emits more sulphur dioxide than any other countries in the world and this chokes people, causes

acid rain, damages life and destroys building.

Dangers of Exhaust Fumes

On the article, Dangers of Exhaust Fumes by Mark Perry (Perry, 2010), he stated that

combustion from fossil fuel engines such as those which burn gasoline and diesel fuel is causing

irreparable damage to the environment. Carbon monoxide isn't the only carbon byproduct given

off in exhaust fumes. Carbon dioxide is also a problem and we know that it is the number one

cause of the breakdown in the ozone layer which is leading to global warming. However, global

warming is a catchall phrase that encompasses a great number of problems both to the earth on

which we live and to the creatures that dwell on it. Without going into a treatise on global

warming it should be sufficient to say that the surface of the earth is heating gradually so that the

polar ice caps are melting and growing seasons are being disrupted.

Taking into consideration that carbon monoxide literally suffocates us it is no wonder

that it deprives our bloodstream of oxygen necessary for so many vital functions within the body.

Some of these toxins, especially carbon monoxide, literally produce damage on a cellular level

which can lead to a number of cancers. Some of the other dangers of exhaust fumes include an

exacerbation of heart disease due to hypertension and a degeneration of the cells which line

blood vessels. Many of these pollutants found in exhaust fumes of course cause respiratory

problems as well including, but not limited to, asthma. There is also evidence to suggest that

pollutants in exhaust fumes also cause irreparable damage to the central nervous system.

An article entitled, Cold Weather Increases Carbon Monoxide Hazards from Cars by

Ames, Iowa (Iowa, 1997), stated that because of bad effects, there are many people died. To help

the people we should give information to people based on what level the carbon dioxide here in

the Philippines. We should also try some process so that we can decrease the increasing rate of
carbon dioxide. Start it by using your cars properly. According to the article entitled Cold

Weather Increases Carbon Monoxide Hazards from Cars written by Iowa Ames, cold weather

increases carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide hazards from cars. Deadly fumes from vehicles

exhaust include carbon monoxide (CO), a colorless, tasteless, and non-irritating by products of

incomplete combustion. Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen supply to the brain, causing

carbon monoxide intoxication. By this research there can be many people will be out of danger

especially children and they will be also informed day by day about the level of carbon fumes.

Composition of Dry Air

From the book entitled, Dry Environmental Science: Physical Principles and Applications

by Egbert Boeker and Reink Van Gondelle (Boeker, Egbert and Gondelle, Reink Van, 2001), it

stated that air consists of Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (0.9%) and the rest is made up

of small concentrations of many other gases of which CO with 0.0358 percent is the most

abundant. This data came from a book entitled Environmental Science: Physical Principles and

Applications written by Boeker and Gondelle. Carbon dioxide is now increasing in rate

especially in the most polluted area in the world. There are many causes why the carbon dioxide

is increasing. For example, car engines contain carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Transport Cars and The Carbon It Created

Herbert Fabian, according to his article, CO2 Emissions from the land Transport Sector in

the Philippines Estimates and Policy Implications (Fabian, 2009), stated that there are only few

studies that estimated the air pollution and CO2 emissions and assed the impacts of policies from

the transport sector and most have focused on Metro Manila.

For additional information, from another article, Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Motor

Vehicles (Unknown, Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Motor Vehicles, 1996) informed that
worldwide motor vehicles currently emit well over 900 million metric tons of carbon dioxide

each year. Because of these, people suffered from different illnesses such as lung cancer. People

with asthmas are the ones attacked by these carbon fumes. Innocent children who are not yet

aware of their environment accidentally inhaled those fumes which lead them to serious and

complicated health problems. Most likely, gradual numbers of death due to carbon dioxide and

fumes are increasing. Thats why, developed countries tried to design a new generation of

resource-efficient, environmentally friendly vehicles, which could be the most challenging

technological problem that the industrialized world can ever face. Most of the major automakers

around the world are responding to this challenge and are actively developing more efficient

conventionally fueled vehicles as well as so-called alternatively fueled vehicles. The latter are

variously powered by fossil fuels, electric batteries, or hydrogen. It stated that there are other

gases, aside from carbon dioxide, that could be a dangerous threat which come from vehicle

fumes. Health risks are increasing so as the continuously adding of heat that can worsen the

global warming. In order to reduce the risks, we can contribute by using vehicles which are

alternatively-fueled.

Increased Amount of Carbon Released Local and Worldwide

According to DS Robertsons article, Health effects of increase in concentration of carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere (Robertson, 1984), he described the toxic effects, to humans and

other mammals, of concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which are below the safe

working level but above the present level. Although the safe working level of carbon dioxide is

presently set at 5000ppm for an 8h day 40 h working week, no human ever endures such a level

of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for 24 h a day, 365 days a year, for an entire lifetime nor has

any human ever bred offspring under this condition. This includes workers in breweries and the
greenhouse industry, where the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere either

commonly reaches or is set at a maximum of 900 ppm.

Average global levels of CO2 were 390.4 ppm in 2011, according toNOAA measurements, and

will likely reach 400 ppm about 2016. Before the Industrial Revolution of the 1880s, global

average CO2 was about 280 ppm.

From the written report, NOAA: Carbon dioxide levels reach milestone at Arctic sites by

Human, Katy (Human, 2012), he stated that every year since 1959, when David Keeling of the

Scripps Institution of Oceanography made the first accurate measurements of CO2 in the

atmosphere, the concentration of the greenhouse gas has increased. In the early 1960s, it rose

about 0.7 ppm per year. For the last decade, it has been rising at about 2 ppm per year. That

observed increase, independent of the seasonal ups and downs described above, is due to the

accelerating pace of emissions from human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels.

According to Susans Rice article, HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF CO2:

SURVIVORS OF ACUTE HIGH-LEVEL EXPOSURE AND POPULATIONS SENSITIVE TO

PROLONGED LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE (Rice, 2003), the health of individuals near carbon

transport and sequestration sites must be considered in site risk characterization. The lethal

effects of high CO2 concentrations are well known, but the literature also reveals cause for

concern for both the survivors of high-level CO2 exposure and individuals who experience

prolonged low-level exposure.

In additional information by D.S Robertson, According to his article Health effects of increase

in concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, that the estimated toxic levels of carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere under lifetime exposure is 426 ppm. At the present rate the increase of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the toxic limits will be attained in AD 2050 based on

extrapolations of the measured results from Mauna Loa.

Types of Climates and Cause of Greenhouse Gases

According to the book, Carbon Dioxide, Climate and Society by Jill Williams

(Williams, 1987), that there are two types of Climate models: the first type is horizontally

averaged which determines the various radiative fluxes as a function of the vertical coordinate

and considers other processes. On the other hand, the second type is the increasing atmospheric

carbon dioxide concentration which is the three-dimensional circulation model of the

atmosphere. The use of this three-dimensional model is to study the effects of doubling of

atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration indicated at an average surface.

The article entitled, Carbon Dioxide Emissions (Unknown, Carbon Dioxide

Emissions, 2010) mentioned that the accumulation of key greenhouse gases in the atmospheric

due to human activities is contributing to climate change. The carbon dioxide emissions of a car

are directly proportional to the quantity of fuel consumed by the engine. While there has been

progress to reduce the emissions of toxic airborne pollutants from vehicles there has been less

progress to reduce the carbon dioxide from cars despite improvements to engine efficiency. This

is partly because cars have tended to become heavier in recent years as manufacturers have made

improvements to vehicle safety or included additional features such as power assisted steering

and air conditioning.

Understanding and Categories of Pollutants

According to the book, Modern Chemistry written by Clark Metcalfe (Metcalfe, 1978),

we define pollution as the addition by man of any substance or energy to parts of the ecosystem

that ultimately harm or damage man. The substance in definition is maybe in the form of
particles or chemicals or in any form of physical phase. One of the types of pollution is air

pollution.

From the book named, Environmental Science: A Global Concern written by William P.

Cunningham (Cunningham W. P., 1999), he mentioned that there are human-caused air pollution

other than chemical elements. They categorize the pollutants according to their source. These

sources are the primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants, as stated in the book, are

those released directly from the source into the air in a harmful form. By contrast, Secondary

pollutants are modified to a hazardous form after they enter the air or those that are formed by

chemical reactions as components of the air mixed. They also categorized pollutants according to

their content.

From the same book with another author, Environmental Science written by Mary Ann

Cunningham (Cunningham M. A., 2001), there are many factors that can harm and affect our

environment. Aside from the human-air caused pollutions, there are several pollutants that can

are classified to be dangerous. From the US Clean Air Act of 1970, which can be found in

Environmental Science written by Mary Ann Cunningham, there are seven major pollutants

which consists of the following: sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulates, hydrocarbons,

nitrogen oxides, photo chemical oxidants, and lead. According to them, these seven conventional

or criteria pollutants contribute the largest volume of air-quality degradation. These are

considered the most serious threat of all air pollutants to human health and welfare.

Based from the book, Environmental Science: A Global Concern written by Willian P.

Cunningham (Cunningham, William & Mary Ann and Saigo, Barbara, 2010), he describes the

quality of air around us and also mentions the natural sources of air pollution. There is also
human caused air pollution the primary and secondary pollutants. And lastly he also mentioned

the different effects of air pollution in human health and plant pathology.

From the book, Environmental Science of Miller G. Tyler and George Tyler (Miller, G.

Tyler and George Tyler, 2010), they say that air pollutant comes from Natural and Human

Sources. Natural sources include dust blown by wind, pollutants from wildfires and volcanic

eruption and volatile organic chemicals released by some plants. Most human inputs of outdoor

air pollutant occur in industrialized and urban area where people, cars and factories are

concentrated.

Negative Effects and Measures of Diesel Emissions

From the book entitled, Environmental Risks and Hazards of chapter 24 written by

Michael R. Greenberg, from his article, Lung Cancer and Diesel Auto Emissions (Greenberg), he

expressed that light-duty diesel automobiles and trucks are expected to comprise between 10 and

50 percent of the motor vehicles in the United States. A human exposure study of the effect of

diesel fumes should have a population of exposed and unexposed people. In addition,

confounding factors like smoking habits should be known. The researcher should know the

duration and magnitude of the exposure of the study population to diesel fumes.

In fact, some of the dangers of exhaust fumes hide silently in the background so that many

people are not even aware of them. Study after study has proven that exhaust fumes are

responsible for a number of physical maladies as well as being a danger to the environment. As a

concerned citizen on this planet we call home, it helps to be aware of the many dangers of

exhaust fumes so that we can take steps to do something about this very real problem. Both

gasoline engines and diesel engines emit exhaust fumes so the problem is more widespread.

10. Effects of Fumes To The Children

 From the article, Car Exhaust Fumes & Air Pollution Are Contributing Factors To

Increase In Autism by Heather E. Volk and Debby Bruck (Heather E. Volk and Debby Bruck,

2012), children in families who live near freeways are twice as likely to have autism as kids who

lie off the beaten path. Researchers in Los Angeles looked at 304 children with autism and 259

normally developing children and found that those whose moms were living within 1,000 feet of

a freeway when they gave birth had an increased risk for autism.

This short list car exhaust chemicals could certainly affect growing fetuses and mental function

in young children: Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Suspended particles,

PM-10 particles less than 10 microns in size. Benzene, Formaldehyde, Polycyclic hydrocarbons.

These are some effects: High concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) can result in breathing

problems with asthmatic children and adults who are active outdoors. Short-term exposure has

been linked to wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Other effects associated with

longer-term exposure to sulfur dioxide, in conjunction with high levels of particulate soot,

include respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs' defenses and aggravation of existing

cardiovascular disease. If a person is not receiving enough oxygen in the blood from the lungs

this means the brain is not receiving enough oxygen to function properly.

From the article, Carbon Monoxide in your Car: Fumes from Car Sicken 3 Children

on South Side written by Deanese Williams-Harris (Williams-Harris, 2013), there are many

effects of carbon fumes to the people. People can get many diseases because of carbon fumes

emitted by public and private vehicles. Children are one of the most affected people by carbon

fumes. People also that have asthma are one of the effected people. Sometimes it can cause death

to people. In Chicago, there was reported that fumes from car sicken 3 children. These children

were sickened by carbon monoxide from a bad exhaust system on a car parked on the citys
south side. This article was written by Deanese William-Harris entitled Carbon Monoxide in

your Car: Fumes from Car Sicken 3 Children on South Side. In congested areas, the carbon

monoxide is found samples of the atmosphere all over the world. The amounts vary from 0.04

ppm over the world. The carbon monoxide in the air comes mainly from poorly burned fuels.

The sources range from the chimney gases of improperly fired coal-burning furnaces to the

exhaust gases from automobile engines. There is as much as 90% of the people-caused carbon

monoxide in the air ay come gasoline engines.

 Table for Questions and Answers of the Interviewees

Questions Interviewee 1 Interviewee 2 Interviewee 3 Interviewee 4

1. As a commuter, Well of course we I inhale too much First of all, it is the As a commuter, it
what are the always unwanted smoke fumes. Because is hard to commute
hindrances you encountered heavy on the road while you are especially
encountered on the traffic caused by waiting for the nowadays. For me,
road? buses, trucks and vehicles, fumes are there are many
other public utility already in front of hindrances you can
vehicles. Vehicles you, ready to be encounter on the
staying in an inhaled. Secondly, road like the
unloading zone, the traffics and unexpected car
road under lastly, the vendors. damage and
maintenance, especially the
jaywalkers, wreck different fumes in
less drivers, side the road.
vendors, car
accident and
especially the
smokes we inhale.
2. How are these Well of course, I think it will The number ones These fumes can
fumes affect your Fumes may cause create air who are affected give many diseases
surrounding? our body some pollution. are the people. in my body. When
damages like lungs They become ill I smell these
diseases and and we feel weak. fumes, it gives a
allergies especially Secondly, the bad effect in my
when the level of plants. body.
air pollution is too
high.
3. In what ways Well for me, we By just simply We reduce it by We can make
we can reduce the can use electric good conditioning cleaning our programs so that
level of carbon and environmental the engines of my surroundings first. we can inform the
emitted in friendly vehicles. car. We clean our people on what
atmosphere? We can also surroundings by they need to do to
replace old cars putting our trash in less the increasing
that we know that a garbage can and level of carbon
provides excessive by this; we can here in Manila.
smokes. also protect the
ozone layer.
4. As a parent, Im not a parent As much as We can protect As a parent, I have
how can you yet. So as a possible, I wont them by proper a responsibility of
protect your student, well I expose my guidance. protecting my
children from the think I can educate children to the Disciplining children. When we
threats of our some people about place where there ourselves is one need to go outside
environment? it. are too much good example. We I always make sure
pollutions and discipline that my children
fumes. ourselves first are all wearing a
because we cannot face mask so that
protect them if we they will be
as well dont know protected from the
how to control our different threats of
actions. It is also our environment.
by showing our
proper values to
them.
5. At what level Well I think if I I think by now, we First of all, its not For me, we should
should we be ranked it from 1- should be alert about the age or be alert now. We
alert? 10, my answer is because of the level. For me, should be alert
10 because we greenhouse that there is no such maybe if the level
really need to do affects our thing as level or of the increasing
something. surroundings. age. It is all about rate of carbon is
when a child crucial and if there
started to move, are many children
walk, and talk. that are getting
sick already.
6. How will As I said earlier, They can get many It becomes These pollutions
pollutions affect fumes causes our respiratory affected when we can bring many
the health of body like lung diseases. inhaled the fumes. effects. It can
people? diseases and Because of this, bring different
allergies. Actually our lungs are the diseases in the
we can also get one whos body of a person.
other worse suffering.
diseases.
7. How will you The owner is the By regular vehicle On my own, if the Always check the
ensure that the one who is check-up from the vehicle is new, it engines of the car
engines used in responsible in their persons who excel wont emit many we are using to
public or private vehicles. They in conditioning fumes. We cannot make sure that
transportation should do cars say if a vehicle is condition of the
vehicle are in good maintenance of old or new because engines are good.
condition and will their cars to reduce even if it is old, if
not emit fumes? the fumes emitted the owner is
because it is for having a regular
their own good cleaning,
and for others checking, and
benefit. fixing of the
smoke belcher, it
can as well prevent
 too much fumes.
8. As an individual Well I think biking Do not burn In this question, I As an individual
citizen, what can transportation is plastics because it asked my husband citizen, the thing
you do to avoid better like other destroys the and he answered that I can
the emission of countries do environment. me that we must contribute is to
fumes? because it is cover our nose and join in the
already mouth. programs that
implemented like blocking the
it Japan and we increasing rate of
can see the fumes that gives
improvement in bad effect to the
environment. health of the
people.
9. Do you think it Well I think it is I think by no, Yes, why? Yes of course, as
is still safe to live still safe we because as I see, Because if we long as we
in Manila? Why or should only Manila comprises discipline continue to save
why not? protect our a higher ourselves, we will the environment of
environment percentage of not be unsafe. First Manila then I can
because it is carbon emission of all, when we say it is still safe to
already damage than in any other live in other place live here.
thats why other places. like Manila, other
people think its countries, or
not safe to live. provinces, we
cannot say if it is
safe or not safe. It
is in ourselves if
we would be
careless, or we
will just let other
people fool us.
Because if we
ourselves are the
one who will do
something not
appropriate, we
can already tell
that it is unsafe.
But if you will
think about it
carefully, for me,
this place is still
safe to live in.
Because as I said
earlier, discipline
 ourselves.
10. What can you Well I think we I think by now that Other people are All I can say to
say about the should not idolize they should be not really aware. them is they need
people who are them because what alert because if But for me, if you to be aware from
unaware of carbon they are doing is they dont mind are aware, then the happenings of
emission? wrong, as a this issue, they you are like a or surrounding
member of our will be prone to winner, but if not, because if we will
community we the dangers it youre nothing and be aware then we
should be aware in brings to their a loser. can protect more
our environment health. the other people
like the emission here in Earth.
of carbon.

For the first question, 3 out 4 interviewees said that mostly they encountered fumes

on the road. Other than that, technical problems like car damage and heavy traffics are also

encountered. For the second question, all the interviewees concluded that fumes created different

diseases especially to the lungs. 2 of 4 interviewees, in the third question, suggested that the

engines of the car should be in good condition, while the other two suggested that people should
clean the surroundings and create an eco-friendly program. For the fourth question, three parent

interviewees said that guidance for their children especially when they are exposed to the places

where there are fumes should be ensured. All the interviewees for question number 5 told that by

now people should be alert to this issue. The same through with question number 6, all said that

pollution affects the health of people and if it gets worse, they will suffer because of it. For

question number 7, all the interviewees suggested that in order to ensure that the transportation

vehicles they use, the owner must be responsible enough to check and clean regularly the engines

of their cars. For question number 8, the interviewees have different perspectives, one said that it

is better to use bike, the other said that do not burn plastics, the other wanted to cover his nose

and mouth so that they wont inhale the fumes, and the last interviewee told that he will join a

program. For question number 9, 3 out of 4 interviewees still agree that it is still safe to live in

Manila, while the other one contrast. For the last question, all interviewees concluded the same

answer that those people who are not aware of this fumes emission should learn to be aware by

now, if they dont mind, they will be harmed.

The research gave its readers the idea that people should see what is currently

happening to our world as carbon emitted in our surrounding has increased. The people now

should be fully aware in the level of carbon emitted by their vehicles. It can be concluded that

the percentage of carbon now is at risk and quite alarming. The children will also be at risk. The

research supported the idea that children will get many diseases especially to lungs and brain if

these things will not be avoided. And based from the gathered information, the research turned
out to be a very useful tool to educate and inform the people to be aware of our environment. It

helps people to be alert of how dangerous it is to inhale those carbon emitted fumes coming from

different vehicles, both private and public. It can be concluded that gradual death due to carbon

emitted fumes as well as health risks can be reduced because people have already carried the

knowledge on how to prevent and avoid the fumes that could affect their lives.

Bibliography
Boeker, Egbert and Gondelle, Reink Van. (2001). Environmental Science: Physical Principles
and Applications. sons Ltd.: John Wiley.

Cunningham, M. A. (2001). Environmental Science. sons Ltd.: John Wiley.

Cunningham, W. P. (1999). Environmental Science: A Global Concern. Bonston: WCB/McGraw-

Hill.

Cunningham, William & Mary Ann and Saigo, Barbara. (2010). Environmental Science: A
global concern. Brooks/Cole: Cencage Learning.
Cutter, S. L. (1994). Environmental Risks and Hazards. Englewood Cliiffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall.

Fabian, H. (2009). Carbon Dioxide emissions from the Land Transport Sector in the Philippines
Estimates and Policy Implications. ADB Transportation and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Folding
them into a United View for Forcasts, Options Analysis, and Evaluation.

Heather E. Volk and Debby Bruck. (2012). Car Exhaust Fumes & Air Pollution are Contributing
Factors to Increase in Autism. California, USA: Archives of General Psychiatry Publication of
NIEHS and University of California.

Human, K. (2012). NOAA: Carbon Dioxide Levels Reach Milestone at Artic sites.

Iowa, A. (1997, 01 10). Cold weather increases Carbon Monoxide from Cars. Iowa State
University Extension .

Metcalfe, H. C. (1978). Modern Chemistry. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Miller, G. Tyler and George Tyler. (2010). Environmental Science. Belmont City, CA:
Brooks/Cole, Cencage Learning.

Perry, M. (2010). Dangers of Exhaust Fumes. California, USA.

Plimer, I. (2009). Heaven & Earth: Global Warming, The Missing Science. Lanham, MD: Taylor
Trade: Distributed by National Book Network.

Rice, S. A. (2003). Human Health Rick Asessment of Carbon Dioxide: Survivors of Acute High
Level Exposure and Population Sensitive to Pro-longed Low-Level Exposure.

Robertson, D. (1984). Health effects of increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere . New York City: Conroy, G.C, Primate Evolution, W.W. North Publishers.

Unknown. (2010). Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Washington, DC, USA: National Research
Council. The National Academic Press.

Unknown. (1996). Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Motor Vehicles. United Nations (U.N.)
Population Division .

Whitten, Davis and Peck. (2010). Chemistry 9th Edition. Brooks/Cole: Cencage Learning.

Williams, J. (1987). Carbon Dioxide, Climate and Society. Laxenberg, Austria: National Institute
for Applied Systems Analysis.

Williams-Harris, D. (2013, 04 01). Carbon Monoxide in your Car: fumes from car sicken 3
children on South Side. Chicago Tribune News .
 Appendices

Appendix A

Interview Questions

1. As a commuter, what are the hindrances you encountered on the road?

2. How are these fumes affect your surrounding?

3. In what ways we can reduce the level of carbon emitted in atmosphere?

4. As a parent, how can you protect your children from the threats of our environment?

5. At what level should we be alert?

6. How will pollutions affect the health of people?

7. How will you ensure that the engines used in public or private transportation vehicle are in
good condition and will not emit fumes?

8. As an individual citizen, what can you do to avoid the emission of fumes?

9. Do you think it is still safe to live in Manila? Why or why not?

10. What can you say about the people who are unaware of carbon emission?

Appendix B

Transcribed Answers from the Interviewees

Interviewee 1
 Clarisse Balboa
Student

1. As a commuter, what are the hindrances you encountered on the road?

Well of course we always encountered heavy traffic caused by buses, trucks and other public
utility vehicles. Vehicles staying in an unloading zone, road under maintenance, jaywalkers,
wreck less drivers, side vendors, car accident and especially the smokes we inhale.

2. How are these fumes affect you?

Well of course, Fumes may cause our body some damages like lungs diseases and allergies
especially when the level of air pollution is too high.

3. In what ways we can reduce the level of carbon emitted in the atmosphere?

Well for me, we can use electric and environmental friendly vehicles. We can also replace old
cars that we know that provides excessive smokes.

4. As a parent, how can you protect your children from the threats of our environment?

Im not a parent yet. So as a student, well I think I can educate some people about it.

5. At what level should we be alert?

Well I think if I ranked it from 1-10, my answer is 10 because we really need to do something.

6. How will pollutions affect the health of people?

As I said earlier, fumes causes our body like lung diseases and allergies. Actually we can also get
other worse diseases.
7. How will you ensure that the engines used in public or private transportation vehicle are in
good condition and will not emit fumes?

The owner is the one who is responsible in their vehicles. They should do maintenance of their
cars to reduce the fumes emitted because it is for their own good and for others benefit.

8. As an individual citizen, what can you do to avoid the emission of fumes?

Well I think biking transportation is better like other countries do because it is already
implemented like it Japan and we can see the improvement in environment.

9. Do you think it is still safe to live in Manila? Why or Why not?

Well I think it is still safe we should only protect our environment because it is already damage
thats why other people think its not safe to live.

10. What can you say about the people who are unaware of carbon emission?

Well I think we should not idolize them because what they are doing is wrong, as a member of
our community we should be aware in our environment like the emission of carbon.

Interviewee 2
 Maryann Avila
Teacher

1. As a commuter, what are the hindrances you encountered on the road?

I inhale too much unwanted smoke on the road.

2. How are these fumes affect you?

I think it will create air pollution.

3. In what ways we can reduce the level of carbon emitted in the atmosphere?

By just simply good conditioning the engines of my car.

4. As a parent, how can you protect your children from the threats of our environment?

As much as possible, I wont expose my children to the place where there are too much
pollutions and fumes.

5.At what level should we be alert?

I think by now, we should be alert because of the greenhouse that affects our surroundings.

6. How will pollutions affect the health of people?

They can get many respiratory diseases.

7. How will you ensure that the engines used in public or private transportation vehicle are in
good condition and will not emit fumes?

By regular vehicle check-up from the persons who excel in conditioning cars

8. As an individual citizen, what can you do to avoid the emission of fumes?

Do not burn plastics because it destroys the environment.

9. Do you think it is still safe to live in Manila? Why or Why not?

I think by no, because as I see, Manila comprises a higher percentage of carbon emission than in
any other places.

10. What can you say about the people who are unaware of carbon emission?

I think by now that they should be alert because if they dont mind this issue, they will be prone
to the dangers it brings to their health.

Interviewee 3
 Maria Jesusa C. Ramirez
Housekeeper

1. As a commuter, what are the hindrances you encountered on the road?

First of all, it is the fumes. Because while you are waiting for the vehicles, fumes are already in
front of you, ready to be inhaled. Secondly, the traffics and lastly, the vendors.

2. How are these fumes affect your surrounding?

The number ones who are affected are the people. They become ill and we feel weak. Secondly,
the plants.

3. In what ways we can reduce the level of carbon emitted in atmosphere?

We reduce it by cleaning our surroundings first. We clean our surroundings by putting our trash
in a garbage can and by this; we can also protect the ozone layer.

4. As a parent, how can you protect your children from the threats of our environment?

We can protect them by proper guidance. Disciplining ourselves is one good example. We
discipline ourselves first because we cannot protect them if we as well dont know how to
control our actions. It is also by showing our proper values to them.

5. At what level should we be alert?

First of all, its not about the age or level. For me, there is no such thing as level or age. It is all
about when a child started to move, walk, and talk.

6. How will pollutions affect the health of people?

It becomes affected when we inhaled the fumes. Because of this, our lungs are the one whos
suffering.
7. How will you ensure that the engines used in public or private transportation vehicle are in
good condition and will not emit fumes?

On my own, if the vehicle is new, it wont emit many fumes. We cannot say if a vehicle is old or
new because even if it is old, if the owner is having a regular cleaning, checking, and fixing of
the smoke belcher, it can as well prevent too much fumes.

8. As an individual citizen, what can you do to avoid the emission of fumes?

In this question, I asked my husband and he answered me that we must cover our nose and
mouth.

9. Do you think it is still safe to live in Manila? Why or why not?

Yes, why? Because if we discipline ourselves, we will not be unsafe. First of all, when we live in
other place like Manila, other countries, or provinces, we cannot say if it is safe or not safe. It is
in ourselves if we would be careless, or we will just let other people fool us. Because if we
ourselves are the one who will do something not appropriate, we can already tell that it is unsafe.
But if you will think about it carefully, for me, this place is still safe to live in. Because as I said
earlier, discipline ourselves.

10. What can you say about the people who are unaware of carbon emission?

Other people are not really aware. But for me, if you are aware, then you are like a winner, but if
not, youre nothing and a loser.

Interviewee 4
 Franklin S. Salvacion
Businessman/ Family Driver

1. As a commuter, what are the hindrances you encountered on the road?

As a commuter, it is hard to commute especially nowadays. For me, there are many hindrances
you can encounter on the road like the unexpected car damage and especially the different fumes
in the road.

2. How are these fumes affect your surrounding?

These fumes can give many diseases in my body. When I smell these fumes, it gives a bad effect
in my body.

3. In what ways we can reduce the level of carbon emitted in atmosphere?

We can make programs so that we can inform the people on what they need to do to less the
increasing level of carbon here in Manila.

4. As a parent, how can you protect your children from the threats of our environment?

As a parent, I have a responsibility of protecting my children. When we need to go outside I

always make sure that my children are all wearing a face mask so that they will be protected
from the different threats of our environment.

5. At what level should we be alert?

For me, we should be alert now. We should be alert maybe if the level of the increasing rate of
carbon is crucial and if there are many children that are getting sick already.

6. How will pollutions affect the health of people?

These pollutions can bring many effects. It can bring different diseases in the body of a person.

7. How will you ensure that the engines used in public or private transportation vehicle are in
good condition and will not emit fumes?

Always check the engines of the car we are using to make sure that condition of the engines are
good.

8. As an individual citizen, what can you do to avoid the emission of fumes?

As an individual citizen, the thing that I can contribute is to join in the programs that blocking
the increasing rate of fumes that gives bad effect to the health of the people.

9. Do you think it is still safe to live in Manila? Why or why not?

Yes of course, as long as we continue to save the environment of Manila then I can say it is still
safe to live here.

10. What can you say about the people who are unaware of carbon emission?

All I can say to them is they need to be aware from the happenings of or surrounding because if
we will be aware then we can protect more the other people here in Earth.

Appendix C
 Pictures of Emitted Fumes

Fig. 1: Car emitting fumes

Fig. 2: Jeepney in Manila emitting darker fumes

Appendix D
 Curriculum Vitae

Castro, Christine Julia Blancaflor

#78 Camphor Road Wood Estate Village 2, Molino 3, Bacoor Cavite
09067960695
laiju_castro@ymail.com

PERSONAL DATA
Birthdate: November 05, 1995
Height: 152 cm
Father: Ramilo P. Castro
Mother: Ma. Epifania B. Castro
Birthplace: Tanchuling Hospital
Mass: 38 kg
Occupation: Civil Engineer
Occupation: Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros 2012-present
Secondary: Aquinas University of Legazpi (SPA) 2008-2012
Elementary: Ibalon Central School 2001-2008

AFFILIATION
Sports Club Member (2011-2012)
Mathematics Club Member (2011-2012)
Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineering (Junior Chapter Mapua Institute of
Technology-Member (2012-present)

SKILLS
Computer Literate
Can act and dance
Can speak Tagalog and English

Ducusin, Cester Gale A.

Pacita 2A, Pearl St. San Pedro, Laguna
(214-01-00)/09269954299
cesterducusin@yahoo.com

PERSONAL DATA
Birthdate: March 12, 1996 Birthplace: San Juan City
Height: 59 Mass: 61 kg
Father: Alexander P. Ducusin Occupation: Seafarer
Mother: Maryann A. Ducusin Occupation: Teacher

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Mapua Institute of Technology 2012-
present
Secondary: Casa del Nino Science High School 2008-2012
Elementary: Our Lady of Miraculous Medal Science High School 2001-2008

AFFILIATIONS
Feature Writer (2010-2011)
Student Council (2011-2012)
English Club President (2011-2012)
Writing Editor (2011-2012)
Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineering (Junior Chapter Mapua Institute of
Technology-Member) (2012-present)

SKILLS
Can write articles
Can computer literate
Can dance and sing

Florendo, Mary Florence P.

37-N Luna Street West Rembo Makati City
(576-8373)/09176911520
maryflorenceflorendo@yahoo.com

PERSONAL DATA
Birthdate: September 26, 1995 Birthplace: Naga City
Height: 54 Mass: 66 kg
Father: Pedro Angelo A. Florendo Occupation: Mechanical
Engineer
Mother: Perla P. Florendo Occupation: Teacher

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Mapua Institute of Technology 2012-present
Secondary: The Philippine School-Dubai 2008-2012
Elementary: United International Private School-Dubai 2001-2008

AFFILIATION
Glee Club-Member (2009-2011)
Instrumental Club-President (2011-2012)
Mathematics Club-Member (2010-2011)
Mapua Campus Crusaders for Christ-Member (2012-present)
Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineering (Junior Chapter Mapua Institute of
Technology-Member) (2012-present)

SKILLS
Can sing well
Can draw and paint
Can speak Tagalog, English, and Arabic

Salvacion, Sarah Katrina Veliganilao

80 E Martin St. Santulan Malabon City
(02)-(3557065)/09277209273
sarah_katrina1195@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA
Birthdate: August 11, 1995
Height: 54
Father: Franklin L. Salvacion
Mother: Jennifer V. Salvacion
Birthplace: Malabon City
Mass: 77 kg
Occupation: Family Driver
Occupation: Sari-sari Store

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros 2012-present
Secondary: La Consolacion College-Caloocan 2008-2012
Elementary: Santulan Elementary School-Malabon 2001-2008

AFFILIATION
Mathematics Club-Asst. Secretary (2011-2012)
Member (2009-2010)
Friends of Mo. Consuelo-Member (2008-2009)
Ang Kalatas-Member/Writer (2011-2012)
Youth for Christ-Member (2009-present)
Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineering (Junior Chapter Mapua Institute of
Technology-Member (2012-present)

SKILLS
Can speak Tagalog and English
Can write feature articles
Can draw cartoon characters