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ASSIGNMENT ON

INTEGRATED FISH-PIG FARMING

INTEGRATED FISH FARMING


INTRODUCTION

Integrated farming is a broad term that explains a more integrated approach in


farming system compared to current monoculture systems. Integrated agriculture
involves more than one species of crops, livestock or both reared and grown under a
common management so as to increase the returns from the farm. The main
purpose of integrated farming is to reduce the external farm inputs by exploiting the
mutual benefits and support the integrated crops/livestock can provide to each
other. For example, chickens reared in a vineyard or an orchard to clear the rotten
fruits and weeds while fertilizing the soil; cattle reared to take care of the crop
stubbles, plough the field and to provide the field with necessary amount of organic
manure in the form of FYM.

Figure 1: A model of integrated farming. (Source: fao.org)


Integrated aquaculture is
a very old practice in many
parts of the world. In
countries like China, it is
traditional. This tradition, has
in recent years been further
supported by the concept of
an all-round development of
agriculture, animal
husbandry, fisheries and
other sideline
occupations.Fish can be
cultivated along with paddy,
fowl, ducks, cattle(&
buffaloes) and pigs under
certain management practices.

INTEGRATED FISH CUM PIG FARMING

It is an integrated system of aquaculture where fishes or other aquatic animals are


reared along with pigs under a common management where the culture of one
supports the culture of the other. Piggery along with aquaculture has multiple
advantages like availability of pig excreta that can be used as organic manure,
direct feed for the fish, maximum land utilization and above all, greater economic
returns to the farmer. Moreover, this integrated system is easy to adopt and
requires low initial investment.
Different operational activities to be carried out in this integrated farming are given
below:

A. FISH CULTURE

1. Pond Construction and Management


The pond should be constructed in such a site where water is readily
available at all times. Site with a nearby source of water is preferred.
Ponds should be built on dry, non-porous, stable and fertile soil so that
water can be retained.
Loamy and clay loam soils with pH 6.5 to 7.5 are preferred with the
available Nitrogen, Phosphorus concentrations of 50mg/100g,
6mg/100g and organic carbon concentration of 1.0-2.5%.
Nutrient status of the pond are enhanced by fertilizers(organic and
inorganic), lime and other chemicals.
Rectangular ponds of manageable size are built in an area of 0.4-2ha.

2. Stocking
Variety of food resources are abundant in the pond when pigs are integrated
in the farming. Pig dung promotes the growth ofphytoplanktons(and
ultimately zooplanktons) and macrophytesin the pond. Colonization of
microbes and Chirinomid larvae occurs on the detritus of the pond bottom
which serve as food for
bottom feeders. For
exploiting the food
resources, polyculture
of Indian major carps
like Catlacatla(catla),
Labeorohita(rohu),
Cirrhinusmrigala(mriga
l or naini),

Figure 2: Indian carp polyculture (Source:


Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix(silve webzeest.com) r
carp),Ctenopharyngodonidella(gr as
s carp)is adapted. Stocking is done after the final detoxification and 8000-
8500 fingerlings are stocked per ha with 40% surface feeders(silver carp and
catla), 20-30% bottom feeders(common carp and mrigal), 20% column
feeders(rohu) and 10-20% macrophyte feeders(grass carp).(**grass carps are
fed with green fodders like napier, para grass, maize leaves and also feed on
aquatic weeds like Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum). Stocking is generally done during
the spring.

3. Use of pig excreta as manure


An adult pig can excrete upto 500-600kg dung/yr. Pig dung, on an average,
contains about 70% moisture, 1.36-2% N and 0.36-0.39% P 2O5, if the pigs are
fed with pig mash having 16-17% protein(these figures may vary according to
the feed quality and age of the pig). The excreta of 30-40 pigs is adequate for
1ha land under fish polyculture.
For application, the washings of pigsties are channeled into the pond.
Alternatively, pig dung is applied to the pond every morning after sunrise(15-
20kg/ha). The quantity of excreta decreases after 6 months when the first lot
of pigs are disposed. A fresh lot of newly weaned piglets are then introduced
to the pigsties. Liming of the pond @250-350kg/ha/yr depending on soil and
water conditions(1/2 dose @ stocking and the rest in 2-4 installments when
necessary) is done.
4. Periodical netting
Trial netting, once a month, is done to check the growth of fish. It helps in
timely detection of parasitic infections, if any. Furthermore, netting rakes the
pond bottom, releases the accumulated gases and disperses the soil
nutrients in the pond.
5. Health Care
Bacteria, fungi, protists and other organisms infect the fish causing diseases.
Myxobolusmrigal, a cnidarian, is responsible for the scale and body spot
disease in mrigal fishes. Similarly, M. rohitaeinfects the scales of rohu. The
infection in rohu occurs mostly in pre monsoon months while that in mrigal is
common during post monsoon periods. These Myxozoan infections can be
controlled by 2-3% NaCl dip treatment and lime application @200kg/ha.
Another common disease seen in fish isTrichodeniasis, caused by the
protistTripartiella. This protist infects the gills and body surface of both Indian
and exotic carps. The fish show excessive mucus secretion, pale gills and
come to the surface. This infection is more common during colder months. It
can be controlled by 2-3% NaCl dip treatment or 25ppm HCHO(formaldehyde)
treatment.

B. PIG HUSBANDRY PRACTICES


1. Construction of pig house
An ideal pig house should provide the animals with all the required comfort,
safety, air supply, suitable
temperature and should be
convenient to the workers. Pigs
are generally raised under two
systems, air and indoor. The
combination of these two
systems is followed in fish-pig
integrated farming.
A single row of pig pens facing
the pond is made on the pond
embankment. An enclosed run is
attached to the pen towards the
pond so that the pigs get enough Figure 3: A simple pigsty
air, sunlight, exercise and dunging space. model
Feeding
and drinking troughs are made available for cleanliness and to prevent fights
between the pigs for water and food. Gates are made in the open run only.
The floor must always be cemented and should be provided with a drainage
canal to the pond. A built in shutter is made available in the drainage canal to
stop the flow of waste when required. The drainage canal is also provided
with a diversion channel to store the excreta when the pond is suffering from
excess algal bloom. The walls and the fences can be made from locally
available resources like straw and bamboo. The maximum height of the pig
house should be about 1.5m and the height of the walls should measure
nearly 1m. For healthy rearing, each pig should be provided with a floor
space of 1-1.5m2.

2. Selection of pigs
Local breeds of pigs like Hurrah, Chwanche, Sano Banel, etc. are slow growing
and are poor breeders. For a successful fish cum pig farm, exotic pig breeds
like Hampshire, Large White Yorkshire, Landrace and even improved Nepali
breeds like Pakhribas black are recommended. These pigs are prolific
breeders with a litter size of about 6-12/farrowing and attain a slaughter
weight of 60-70kgs within 6 months. So, in the time period in which a stock of
fish is harvested(1 year), 2 lots of pigs attain slaughter maturity.
3. Feeding and healthcare of pigs
The dietary requirements of pigs is similar to that of ruminants. The pigs are
not allowed to go outside and are fed on balanced pig mash(mixture of 30kg
rice bran, 15 kg polished rice, 27 kg wheat bran, 10 kg broken rice, 10 kg
groundnut cake, 4 kg fish meal, 3 kg mineral mixture and 1 kg common salt)
@ 1.4kg/pig/day. To reduce the cost of feeding, spoiled vegetables like rotten
potatoes, eggs are boiled and then mixed with the mash.
Pigs are susceptible to various parasitic infections and diseases and thus can
suffer from diseases like swine fever, swine plague, swine pox and also can
become victims to endoparasites like roundworms, tapeworms, liver flukes,
etc. To control these infections, pigsties should be kept clean at all times. The
excreta should be drained off to the pond regularly. The pigs should remain
properly sanitized. Disinfection of the pigsties should be carried out at least
once a week. The animals should be vaccinated regularly against worms and
other diseases.

HARVESTING

Due to the abundance of natural food,some fish attain marketable size within a few
months instead of a year. Keeping in view the size attained, prevailing market rate,
demand of fish in the local market, partial harvesting of table size fish is done. After
harvesting partially, the stock in the pond is replenished with the same number
fingerlings as the fish are removed. Final harvest is done after 12 months of rearing.

Fish yield= 6000-7000kg/ha/year;

Properly fed pigs=About 30-40 pigs each weighing 60-70kg each, twice a year

BENEFITS OF INTEGRATED FISH-PIG FARMING

The nutrient rich excreta of pigs is utilized by the fish which could have
otherwise gone to waste.
It ensures proper land utilization and requires no extra land for piggery.
It results in the production of more animal protein per unit area.
It gives high profit at a relatively lower investment. Farmers can,in fact, start
making money just 6 months after starting the farm, once the pigs gain
slaughter maturity.
The muck deposited at the pond bottom can be used as rich manure for other
crops
The digestion in pig is incomplete and about 30% of the undigested feed is
excreted in feceswhich serves as direct food for fishes.In this system
supplementary fertilization and feeding are not tequired for fish culture.
The fish utilize the food spilled by pigs and their excreta which is very rich in
nutrients.
The pig dung acts as a substitute for pond fertilizer and supplementary fish
feed. Hence, the cost of fish production is greatly reduced.
No additional land is required for piggery operations.
Cattle fodder required for pigs and grass are grown on the pond
embankments.
Pond provides water for washing the pig - sties and pigs.
It results in high production of animal protein per unit area.
It ensures high profit through less investment.
The pond muck which gets accumulated at the pond bottom due to constant
application of pig dung can be used as fertilizer for growing vegetables and
other crops and cattle fodder.

The pig dung acts as excellent pond fertilizer and raises the biological
productivity of the pond and consequently increases fish production.

Some of the fishes feed directly on the pig excrete which contains 70 percent
digestible food for the fish.

No supplementary feed is required for the fish culture, which normally


accounts for 60 percent of the total input cost in conventional fish culture.

The pond dikes provide space for erection of animal housing

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