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By Tom Irvine
Email: tom@vibrationdata.com
Introduction
The Rayleigh method is used in this tutorial to determine the fundamental bending
frequency. A displacement function is assumed which satisfies the geometric boundary
conditions. The geometric conditions are the displacement and slope conditions at the
boundaries.
The assumed displacement function is substituted into the strain and kinetic energy
equations.
The Rayleigh method gives a natural frequency that is an upper limited of the true natural
frequency. The method would give the exact natural frequency if the true displacement
function were used. The true displacement function is called an eigenfunction.
Consider the rectangular plate in Figure 1. The largest dimension may be either a or b.
Fixed
Fixed Fixed
b
Fixed
X
Figure 1.
1
Let Z represent the out-of-plane displacement. The total strain energy V of the plate is
2 2
2Z
2
D b a 2 Z 2Z 2Z 2Z
dXdY
V 2 2 1
2 0 0 X 2 Y 2
X 2 Y 2
X Y
(1)
Eh 3
D (2)
12 (1 2 )
where
E = elastic modulus
h = plate thickness
= Poisson's ratio
h 2 b a
2 0 0
T Z 2 dX dY (3)
where
2
Fixed-Fixed-Fixed-Fixed Plate
Seek a displacement function Z(x, y). The geometric boundary conditions are
Z
0 at x=0 and x=a (7)
x
Z
0 at y=0 and y=b (8)
y
where
sinh L sin L
P( x ) cosh x x cos x x sinh x x sin x x (10)
coshL cosL
sinh L sin L
W( y) cosh y y cos y y
sinh y y sin y y (11)
coshL cosL
L = 4.73004 (12)
x = 4.73004 / a (13a)
y = 4.73004 / b (13b)
3
Note that the candidate function uses two independent beam functions.
d
Z( x, y) P( x ) W ( y) (14)
x dx
2 d2
Z( x, y) P ( x ) W ( y) (15)
x 2 dx 2
d
Z( x, y) P( x ) W( y) (16)
y dy
2 d2
Z( x, y) P( x ) W ( y) (17)
y 2 dy 2
sinh L sin L
x sinh x x sin x x cosh x x cos x x
dP
dx coshL cosL
(18)
d 2P sinh L sin L
x cosh x x cos x x sinh x x sin x x
dx 2 coshL cosL
(19)
sinh L sin L
dW
y sinh y y sin y y cosh
y cos y
y
coshL cosL
y
dy
(20)
4
sinh L sin L
d2W
y cosh y y cos y y
sinh y y sin y y
dy 2 coshL cosL
(21)
Now equate the total kinetic energy with the total strain energy per Rayleigh's method,
equation (4).
b a
h
0 0
Z(x, y) 2 dxdy 1
(22)
Z( x, y)
1
cosh x x cos x x sinh x x sin x x
abh
where
sinh L sin L
(24)
coshL cosL
5
Participation Factor
b a
h
Z( x, y) dxdy (25)
0 0
Reference Formula
The following formula taken from Blevins text can be used as an approximation to check
the Rayleigh natural frequency result.
D
fn , where b is the free edge length (27)
2 a 2
a/b
0.4 23.65
0.67 27.01
1.0 35.99
1.5 60.77
2.5 147.80
6
Example
fn= 1024 Hz
1.5
0.5
0
6
6
4
4
2
2
0 0
Figure 2.
Length = 6 in
Width = 4 in
Thickness = 0.063 in
The elastic modulus is 1.0e+07 lbf/in^2. The mass density is 0.1 lbm/in^3.
The Blevins expected natural frequency is 1016 Hz
The Rayleigh natural frequency is 1024 Hz as calculated using the method derived in this
paper. The mode shape is shown in Figure 2.
The Rayleigh method accuracy can be improved using the Rayleigh-Ritz method.
7
Reference
1. R. Blevins, Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Krieger, Malabar,
Florida, 1979. See Table 11-6.