Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Lecture 7: Summary:
Numerous anecdotal examples of sleep-creativity in everyday life stories, which span
cognitive problems (music, technology, sports).
Moreover, an array of scientific revelations that change the course of human knowledge
emerged from dreams.
Recent cognitive neuroscience studies have begun to confirm such a sleep benefit,
demonstrating that:
o Sleep to gain insight on a problem previously worked on increased insight by 3
times as much compared to staying awake.
1
Rushil Surapaneni February 15th, 2017
Psych 133 Lecture Notes
Lecture #8 Summary:
For procedural (non-declarative/skill) memories, sleep after learning consolidates and
enhances memory.
Different skill memories seem to be consolidated by different types of sleep at different times
at night.
Sleep is not only preferential for consolidation, but is absolutely necessary, and necessary
w/in the 1st 24 hours (1st night sleep deprivation results).
Napping improves recall and long naps are most beneficial for memory b/c more SWS &
more REM.
Tower of Hanoi study:
o 3 groups: 1) Control, 2) REM deprived, 3) NREM awakening. REM deprived group
did worse than NREM and control group. REM sleep is necessary for cognitive
procedural tasks.
Even 5-minute nap is sufficient to show enhanced memory in a declarative memory task.
2
Rushil Surapaneni February 15th, 2017
Psych 133 Lecture Notes
o If there is a smell during the learning phase, then that smell becomes associated w/
during the consolidation stage, and helps in regards to retrieval when that smell is
apparent the next day.
Same experiment done but this time, smell was utilized in both learning and consolidation
and that helped individual give preference to those facts found during learning and the next
day, people remembered the facts w/o any smell needed.
Experimental design:
o During learning, they had people play matching card game to remember spatial
layout and figure out where card pairs are. During this, they used light rose odor up
everyones nostrils.
o They then split participants into two separate groups w/ given odorless vehicle
control (air) puffed up their nostrils while other group got same rose scent in sleep
o Next morning, performed same experiment w/ no smell apparent and that was test of
how well people remembered across night of sleep.
Control experiment:
o Repeat experiment, but this time during learning, there is no smell, but after going
into sleep, one group gets no smell and other group gets rose smell.
Results:
o Memory for card pairs was enhanced after odor re-presentation during SWS.
o Enhancing effect depends on the presence of the odor during learning (i.e. initially
pairing the two)
o Odor during REM did not benefit memory nor did odor during wake.
o Recently learned facts are re-processed during SWS, thereby consolidating them.
o This consolidation can be amplified by experimentally reactivating those memories
at night, based on the context [smell] assoc. w/ learning before sleep.
Lecture #9 Summary:
Like procedural memories, declarative memories (facts) benefit from sleep for consolidation
and appear to take place during NREM SWS.
One mechanism for this benefit is that fact memories maybe reactivating or reprocessing
during SWS
This sleep benefit can be manipulated by boosting SWS, hence improving the retention of
memories and may prove to be a new therapy in aging and dementia.
3
Rushil Surapaneni February 15th, 2017
Psych 133 Lecture Notes
Illness infection up-regulates cytokines and other immune response, cells to fight infection.
Cytokines are important for triggering the immune response.
Study had 1st batch of sheep injected w/ cytokines & other injected w/ artificial CSFs. The
immune response was triggered in 1st batch & they compared sleep to placebo group.
Cytokines were up-regulated for batch injected, creating more SWS in them. In time after
injection, TNF-Alpha resulted in more SWS and time spent in sleep increases.
To avoid catching a cold, researchers prescribe a good night of sleep. Researchers tracked
volunteer over 7 days and had them sniff rhinovirus (common cold) and had one group get
adequate sleep and another get a poor amount of sleep.
Less sleep increased the chances of catching a cold.
In summary, immune response leads to more SWS and total sleep. An injection of antibodies
blocking TNF-alpha leads to a decrease in SWS and average total sleep predicts the
probability of catching a cold.
Experimental Design:
Show list of words one at a time on the screen, learn the words, and then show them another
list asking if that word was on the previous list.
As w/ previous studies, sleep preferentially consolidated individual item (words) memories,
slowing their decay (relative to 20 min group not shown).
Thus, sleep significantly increased the likelihood of reporting the critical lure that is, sleep
once again extracted the commonalities and essentially got the gist of the whole
experience.
Sleep not only extracted the gist and produced the most obvious related item, but abstracted
additional and even more distant associations (similar effects found w/ 90 min. daytime nap).
Continued Benefits:
Sleep can also bring about generalized learning in terms of overarching rules and abstract
insights into problems (i.e. grammatical rules and word meanings for young children)
4
Rushil Surapaneni February 15th, 2017
Psych 133 Lecture Notes
Sleep seems to go beyond simply strengthening individual memories by also blending
knowledge together in several ways:
o Integration: Sleep opens aperture of memory, stitching info into web of knowledge.
o Association: Sleep also extracts commonalities, even when not given (sleep is smart)
o Creative Abstraction: Can extract overarching rules & abstract insights into problems
Sleep, esp. in REM, may help us understand rules of our world by identifying
predictive/associative patterns form what we learn across life.
Metabolism: Diabetes:
Lab study: 11 healthy adults went through 2 different conditions sleeps deprived (4 hours of
sleep per night for 5 nights) or were sleep rested.
On day 6, their glucose tolerance was measure glucose tolerance test involves an injection
of glucose, then measures how efficient the body is at removing it.
Glucose tolerance (efficiency/speed of clearing glucose from blood) was impaired by over
40% after sleep loss.
These levels are similar to those who are at significantly greater risk of diabetes.
5
Rushil Surapaneni February 15th, 2017
Psych 133 Lecture Notes
On day 3, their Leptia and Ghrelin levels were measured, together w/ their own subjective
ratings of how hungry they felt, and what they were hungry for.
Results showcased 18% drop in leptin and increase in ghrelin, hunger sensation, and appetite
for both carb and non-carb rich foods.
Plentiful sleep increases leptin and decreases ghrelin = satisfied after eating normal appetite.
Little sleep decreases leptin and increases ghrelin = unsatisfied after eating normal appetite.
Over the past 60 years, sleep time has declined while obesity has increased.
Societal Catastrophes:
Many catastrophes such as Exxon Valdez, Chernobyl, and Staten Island Ferry crash
correlated w/ lack of sleep.
Thousands of fatal road traffic accidents correlated w/ sleep:
o In January 2006, in Union County, Florida, truck driver who had been awake for 24
hours straight failed to stop at stop sign killing 8 people in car in front of him and
caused serious injury for all 9 children in bus also in front.
Extended work shifts for medical interns cause a 160% increase in risk of traffic accidents.
World Records:
Peter Tripp, a normal, well-liked NYC DJ in 1959, stayed awake for 8 days (200 hours) in a
wake-athon for charity and continued to host his show from Times Square.
6
Rushil Surapaneni February 15th, 2017
Psych 133 Lecture Notes
His record-breaking attempt was documented and monitored by doctors.
By day 4, he started suffering from delusions and hallucinations (REM intrusions?) and
began seeing spiders in his shoes and claiming staff were trying to poison him.
At times his delusions were so severe it was near impossible to test his psychological
functioning and continued to have significant psychosis but did break record.
He then slept straight for 22 hours & woke up, ordered papers, & was seemingly back to
normal, but continued to display behavioral & psychotic problems for years later and lost his
job, marriage, & last heard of in public domain selling books door-to-door in the Midwest.
Selective Deprivation:
In 1960, Dement conducted study selectively depriving participants of either NREM or REM
sleep over 1 week.
Effects of REM sleep deprivation were more severe: increased aggression, emotionally
unstable and paranoid.
Subjects tried to enter REM sleep 12 times the 1 st night & this rose to 26 times on 7th night.
When they were free to sleep undisturbed most spent longer than usual in REM sleep called
the REM rebound effect.
Beauty Sleep:
Axelsson in 2010 had healthy young participants act as photographers after 1 group had 8
hours of normal sleep and one group had one night of total sleep deprivation.
8hr sleep group judged their pictures as less tired, more healthy-looking, & more attractive.
7
Rushil Surapaneni February 15th, 2017
Psych 133 Lecture Notes
Professional Impact:
Percentage of medical resident error increases w/ less average daily hours of sleep.
20% of medical residents will seriously harm a patient due to a fatigue related error and 5%
of medical residents will kill a patient due to a fatigue related error (~1,000 deaths/year).
8
Rushil Surapaneni February 15th, 2017
Psych 133 Lecture Notes
Lecture 14 Summary:
Sleep before learning is critical to allow efficient memory formation w/o sleep, the brain
regions that record new facts are shut down.
Sleep also appears to reset our emotional brain stability, and w/o sleep, our rational
prefrontal cortex losses control over our emotional brain.
Dont even need total sleep deprivation, or even to stay awake, to produce memory
impairments e.g. alcohol can suppress REM sleep and cause cognitive deficits long after
learning has taken place.