CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Pedal power washing machine means applying the pedal rotate the drum attached with
the shaft by means of chain drive and create the resistance (Turbulence) between inside
drum water, cloth, powder to wash the cloth.

To support the basic family economy, through the design and distribution of bicycle
machines, providing an efficient alternative for the rural development of India.

Women in GUJARAT (also in India) wash clothes manually, but the detergents are
chemically harmful to their hands, and the motion of scrubbing is straining to the
muscles. Our goal is to design an inexpensive and durable pedal-powered washing
machine for use in rural areas to gently wash clothes. Due to cost constraints, the
washing machine is to be shared among several families or can be used by a local
entrepreneur to run a laundering service. The washing machine must be easy to build and
maintain locally with local materials, easy to operate (minimal required steps), and easy
to power by women or children. It must also be more comfortable to use than manual
methods and culturally acceptable in GUJARAT.

Thus, the project has the following objectives

Provide a low cost machine.

A very effective machine which is not only cheap but has low maintenance
cost. It should have readily available components and should be
ergonomically efficient.
Wash any type of cloth.
Must have all the mechanisms Washing, Rinsing, and Spinning.

1.1 UNDERSTANDING PEDAL POWER

Throughout history, human has applied energy through the use of arms, hands and back.
With the invention of bicycle and pedaling, legs also began to be considered as a means
to develop power from human muscles. A person can generate four times more power by
pedaling than by hand cranking. At the rate of 1/4hp, continuous pedaling can be done
for only short periods, about 10 minutes. However, pedaling at half this power (1/8hp)
can be sustained for around 60 minutes. Pedal power enables a person to drive devices at
the same rate as that achieved by hand cranking, but with far less effort and fatigue.
Pedal power also lets one drive devices at a faster rate than before, or operates devices
that require too much power for hand cranking. Over the centuries, the treadle has been
1
the most common method of using the legs to produce power. Treadles are still common
in the low-power range, especially for sewing machines. The maximum power output
from treadles is very small; perhaps only 0-15 percent of what an individual using pedal
operated cranks can produce under optimum conditions.

1.2 PEDAL POWER LEVELS

The power levels that a human being can produce through pedaling depend on how
strong the pedaling person is and on how long he or she needs to pedal. If the task to be
powered will continue for hours at a time, 75 watts mechanical power is generally
considered the limit for a larger healthy non-athlete. A healthy athletic person of the
same build might produce up to twice this amount. A person who is smaller and less well
nourished, but not ill, would produce less; the estimate for such a person should probably
be 50 watts. The graph in Fig. 1 shows various record limits for pedaling under optimum
conditions. The meaning of these curves is that any point on a curve indicates the
maximum time that the appropriate class of person could maintain the given average
power level.

CHAPTER 2

2
HISTORY
One of consequences of globalization is that there is great competition in the market and
it is increasingly specialized. Every day, there are more types of washing machines. The
available models get more and more effective, noiseless, economical, light and their
design adjusts to the place where you want to place them. That is why you should exactly
know the type of machine you are looking for, its features and the key questions you
should ask the salesperson.

Fig.2.1A Vintage German Model

There are many kinds of washing machines. Some of them are for industrial use and
others for consumer use; some have top-loading and others front-loading design; some of
them include spin dryer and others do not. Nowadays, many washing machines offer
digital technologies that help you control details such as time, speed and vibrations
during the drying process. Modern machines' goal is to finish a great load of work in a
short time, with the less possible users' help.

Fig.2.2 19th-Century Metropolitan Washing Machine

Because of the great variety of machines in the market, you should take many
fundamental aspects into account, such as what you will use it for -for industrial or

3
consumer use, how often you will use it -daily or weekly-, and the room you have for it
-large or tight.

The origin of washing was a consequence of different changes in the clothes materials
and the new esthetics of the fashion world. The different materials that appeared required
different ways of washing them. All fabrics could not be washed the same way -each
type required specific cares.

1. At first, clothes were washed in vats with hot water and soap, and the fine fabrics
were kept soft.
2. In 1780, technology began to appear with Robinson Lancashire, who invented the
washing machine, which also dripped clothes.
3. In 1855 a machine to wash and dry clothes was invented in Crimea's hospitals.
4. In 1880 the first washing machines were built. They heated water with gas and
coal. In 1888 the electro-technical engineer Incola Tesla invented a compact
electric engine which joined electronics with washing.
5. In 1901 the American engineer Alva Fisher invented the first washing machine,
adding to the already existing machines an electric engine which impelled a
cylinder. An automatic mechanism inverted the spinning sense from time to time
so that the clothes did not compress, which frequently used to happen. The next
step was to add some rollers to drip clothes. This is the date when the first
washing machine was born.
6. After the Second World War, in 1945, washing machines started being highly sold
in the Western countries. The washing machine was sold in series, and
manufacturing was distributed. They were cheaper.
7. In 1960, important industrial companies began to manufacture huge amounts of
washing machines, and others turn them into their main source of prestige and
earnings -as Kelvinator and Zanussi.
8. In the 70's, the washing machine was definitely a well-known product in Europe
and America.

Fig.2.3 Washing Machine

4
The esthetic and functional evolution of the washing machine has developed, especially
during the last years, with the use of microelectronics. Some of the elements that have
been added and have enhanced the washing machine are:

Nowadays, drain pipes let dirty water go out and let clean water come in without the
need of doing it with the hands like some years ago. Besides, the city plumbing system is
involved here too.

Nowadays, the door has a mechanism which is connected to the microprocessor to avoid
dangers. The machine does not start until the door is closed. We can also watch the
interior process to check if it is taking place normally.

Their materials are lighter today. Many years ago, wood materials were used, but now
washing machines are built with stronger materials such as aluminum or enameled
materials. Today's trend is to join material's quality with lightness and design.

2.1 WASHING MACHINE

Although the breakthrough technology of the different brands turns each washing
machine into a unique device, we can define the minimum and basic function of a
washing machine. The washing machine has a central loading cylinder with holes and a
spinning system on its own axis. Once it is filled with water, the process ends and throws
the machine contents out.

Its function is based on a spinning movement over a container, generally of cylindrical

shape. Inside of it, water, detergent and dirty clothes are mixed. This movement mixes
the detergent with dirtiness and the relative movement between water and clothes, which
develops the cleaning process. Automatic washing machines have a program system that
allows the machine to perform different cleaning processes. According to the one you
chose, spinning speeds vary as well as the time and the chosen temperature.

The basic components of the machine are:

An electric engine which transmits movement to the cylinder so that it spins

in the right way.
A microprocessor that controls the function of the different cleaning choices
as well as the programs. This device orders the priorities.
A cylinder or tube which mixes the clothes, water and detergent and which
acts as a container for the elements.
A small vat which protects and supports the tube or cylinder, allows water and
temperature changes, and supports all the elements while the process changes.
A housing which supports the small vat and muffles the cylinder's vibrations.
5
 A couple of buffers which help support the cylinder's weight and muffle the
vibrations.
A resistance system in charge of heating water.
Water inputs which transport and evacuate clean water.
A filter, which chooses the conduct's content avoiding the obstruction of the
drain pipe.
A belt which transmits the engine's movement to the sheave.
A blocking automatic system which does not allow the door to open while
functioning.

2.2 TYPES OF WASHING MACHINE

Nowadays, there are two types of washing machines. This classification depends on the
place where clothes are introduced: top-loading or front-loading washing machines. Top-
loading machines are frequently found in the United States, Canada, Australia and many
African and Asiatic countries. They are tighter, which means that they occupy less space.
They are perfect to use when you have space problems. The front-loading machines are
found in Europe and they are more popular ones. Both have the same capacity to load
clothes and the same functions.

There are also different types of washing machines according to use and frequency of
use. There are industrial washing machines -with more capacity- and machines for home
use. There are some washing machines with complex services that include the
temperature of the drying water. They are ideal for people who live alone. There are also
washing machines which include minimum processes and they are cheaper. It all depends
on the needs and user's choices.

Finally, we can find automatic and semiautomatic washing machines. The difference is
the number of elements that you have to bear in mind to wash clothes. This classification
has to do with the user's dedication when washing.

2.3 TOP-LOADING VS FRONT-LOADING WASHING MACHINES

Washing machines come in two types: top-loading and front-loading. Top-loading

washers have a lid on the top of the machine, and most use an internal agitator that spins
on a vertical axis to churn the water and clean the laundry. Top loaders are easier to load
and unload than front-loading machines (since you don't have to stoop over to unload
them), and they cost around $400 less on average than front loaders. However, top-
loading washing machines are less efficient than front loaders because they use more
water and energy.

6
Since energy efficiency is such an important shopping consideration, a number of
manufacturers now make energy-efficient top-loading washing machines. According to
EnergyStar.gov, Energy Star-rated washing machines use about 30 percent less energy
and 50 percent less water than non-qualified machines. Replacing a 10-year-old washer
with a new Energy Star machine, they say, can save the average person about $135 per
year on utility bills.

The construction of energy-efficient top-loading washers can vary. Some, like traditional
top loaders, use a central agitator, but many rely on different mechanisms such as
impellers, which reside on the bottom of the washing tub and move laundry throughout
the wash in a circular motion.

These eco-friendly appliances are more expensive than traditional top-loading washers,
with prices that rival those of front loaders. They may also require high-efficiency (HE)
detergent, which produces fewer suds. High-sudsing regular detergent may not be rinsed
out completely in high-efficiency washing machines due to their low water use. Another
problem: These new energy-efficient top loaders, with their high spin speeds, can tangle
and wrinkle laundry.

Front-loading washing machines are the most popular option. In addition to using far less
water and energy, they demonstrate the best overall washing performance in comparison
tests. These washers, which look like those found in professional laundries, have a door
on the front; laundry is put into a stainless-steel drum that spins on a horizontal axis.
These washers typically feature higher spin speeds than top loaders, wringing out more
water so that laundry requires less time in the dryer. They also tend to offer more bells
and whistles, such as additional wash cycles and high-temperature cycles. Some front
loaders also include special deep-cleaning steam cycles.

2.4 TOP-LOADING WASHERS

2.4.1 TRADITIONAL TOP LOADERS ARE CHEAPER

Old-style top loaders aren't as "sexy" as more stylish front-loading washing machines,
but they still have some advantages. First, they are generally cheaper than front loaders,
often hundreds of dollars less. Although less efficient, top-loading washing machines can
be easier to load and unload than front-loading machines, since you don't have to stoop
down. They also make it easier to add items in mid-cycle (you can't do this at all with a
front loader). Other major advantage top loaders have over front-loading washers: They
aren't prone to mold and mildew buildup in the door gasket.
7
Many manufacturers of top-loading washing machines are aiming to make their washers
more energy efficient. In terms of cleaning performance, energy-efficient top loaders fall
somewhere between conventional washers and front-loading washing machines.
Pricewise, however, the newest top-load machines can cost as much as more efficient
and generally better-cleaning front-load machines. Even so, many owners prefer top
loaders for their easy loading and unloading and for the ability to add items to the cycle
after it's started.

Unlike traditional top loaders, which use an agitator to circulate laundry in the water, the
Maytag Bravos has an impeller at the bottom of the washtub that moves laundry through
the water. As

Maytag describes it, "The load is moved from the outside toward the middle with items
coming up in the center and down on the outside edges." It requires high-efficiency (HE)
detergent, which produces fewer suds than regular detergent.

2.5 FRONT-LOADING WASHERS

2.5.1 FRONT-LOADING WASHING MACHINES GET THE BEST REVIEWS

Front loaders are both the most efficient washing machines and the best overall
performers, according to professional tests. Their horizontal tubs tumble clothes into and
out of the water, making it possible to wash a full load without filling the tub completely.
On average, front loaders tend to be gentler on clothes than top-loading machines, as
well as more efficient. The bad news is that front loaders cost more than traditional top
loaders (though not much more than high-efficiency top loaders), and they still get
complaints for reliability. On average, however, the differences in reliability between top
loaders and front loaders are not significant, according to owner surveys at
ConsumerReports.org.

Front loaders use about half as much water and two-thirds as much energy as
conventional top-loading washers, according to the National Geographic Green Guide. In
addition, their fast spin speeds remove more water from clothing, thereby reducing
drying time and resulting in further energy savings. However, this high-speed spinning
can also cause clothes to become tangled and wrinkled. Because these machines use so
little water, they require special low-sudsing high-efficiency (HE) detergents that can
cost more than regular laundry detergent.

Another caveat is that because of their design, front-loading washers require more daily
attention. For example, we've read many reports that front loaders can develop mold and
8
mildew problems caused by moisture and dirt being trapped in the door seal after a cycle.
Some users say that wiping away water after a cycle and leaving the washer door open
when the machine is not in use will prevent the problem, but others have tried this
approach without success. Afresh Washer Cleaner Tablets, developed by Whirlpool, are
supposed to combat mildew and odors in high-efficiency washers. These tablets get a 4-
star rating in over 50 reviews at Amazon.com. Some owners report great success and
improved freshness, but others say the tablets don't make a dent on odor.

Whirlpool and Maytag, in their high-end front-loading washers, are now including a
small fan that can blow air inside the empty washing machine. Company representatives
told us that using the internal fan is supposed to dry out any water that might remain in
the washer and gasket after a cycle, but since this feature is so new, we haven't seen
many reports from owners on how well it works.

2.6 FURTHER COMPARISONS

Top-loading washers do not suffer from continued maintenance problems and needs no
regular freshening. During the spin cycle, a top-loading tub is free to move about inside
the cabinet of the machine, using only a lip around the top of the inner basket and outer
tub to keep the spinning water and clothing from spraying out over the edge.

There are many variations of these two general themes. Top-loading machines in Asia
use impellers instead of agitators. Impellers are similar to agitators except that they do
not have the center post extending up in the middle of the wash tub basket. There is also
a variant of the horizontal axis design that is loaded from the top, through a small door in
the circumference of the drum. These machines usually have a shorter cylinder and are
therefore smaller, but offer the efficiency of a front-loader while eliminating the
problems of the flexible bellows. This kind of washing machine is sold and popular in
Europe, especially in small households, because it offers the same drum system as front-
loaders, just with a smaller footprint.

2.6.1 WATER LEAKAGE

Top loading machines are less prone to leakage. Front loading machines require a seal on
the front door, and similarly the front door must be latched during operation to prevent
opening, lest large amounts of water spill out. This seal may leak or require replacement.
Many current front-loaders, though, can be stopped and added to or removed from, by
way of keeping the water level in the horizontal tub below the door level.

2.6.2 ENERGY USAGE

9
Front loaders use less energy, water and detergent and clean more effectively than the
best top loaders.

2.6.3 WATER USAGE

Front loaders generally use less water than top-loading residential clothes washers.
Estimates are front loaders use anywhere from about one third to one half (Consumer
Energy Center) as much as top loaders.

2.6.4 COMPACTNESS

Front loading machines may be installed underneath counters. A front loading washing
machine, in a fully-fitted kitchen, may even be disguised as an ordinary base
cabinet/unit. They may also be convenient in homes with limited floor area, since the
dryer may be installed directly above the washer.

2.6.5 SPIN-DRY EFFECTIVENESS

Front loaders also offer much higher spin drying speeds of up to 2000 RPM. This makes
it possible to dry clothes very quickly by hanging them on washing lines or airing racks
or can substantially reduce the length of time required in a tumble dryer.

2.6.6 NOISE

Front loaders tend to operate more quietly than top loaders, since there is less of a
tendency to imbalance.

For people who are sufficiently tall and can stand, top-loaders may be easier to load and
unload, since reaching into the tub does not require stooping. However, this issue can be
mitigated due to the offering of risers (usually with storage drawers underneath) to raise
the front loader door opening closer to the user's level.

Nowadays, there are two types of washing machines. This classification depends on the
place where clothes are introduced: top-loading or front-loading washing machines. Top-
loading machines are frequently found in the United States, Canada, Australia and many
African and Asiatic countries. They are tighter, which means that they occupy less space.
They are perfect to use when you have space problems. The front-loading machines are
found in Europe and they are more popular ones. Both have the same capacity to load
clothes and the same functions.

There are also different types of washing machines according to use and frequency of
use. There are industrial washing machines -with more capacity- and machines for home

10
use. There are some washing machines with complex services that include the
temperature of the drying water. They are ideal for people who live alone. There are also
washing machines which include minimum processes and they are cheaper. It all depends
on the needs and user's choices.

Finally, we can find automatic and semiautomatic washing machines. The difference is
the number of elements that you have to bear in mind to wash clothes. This classification
has to do with the user's dedication when washing.

2.7 TOP-LOADING VS FRONT-LOADING WASHING MACHINES

Washing machines come in two types: top-loading and front-loading. Top-loading

washers have a lid on the top of the machine, and most use an internal agitator that spins
on a vertical axis to churn the water and clean the laundry. Top loaders are easier to load
and unload than front-loading machines (since you don't have to stoop over to unload
them), and they cost around $400 less on average than front loaders. However, top-
loading washing machines are less efficient than front loaders because they use more
water and energy.

Since energy efficiency is such an important shopping consideration, a number of

manufacturers now make energy-efficient top-loading washing machines. According to
EnergyStar.gov, Energy Star-rated washing machines use about 30 percent less energy
and 50 percent less water than non-qualified machines. Replacing a 10-year-old washer
with a new Energy Star machine, they say, can save the average person about $135 per
year on utility bills.

The construction of energy-efficient top-loading washers can vary. Some, like traditional
top loaders, use a central agitator, but many rely on different mechanisms such as
impellers, which reside on the bottom of the washing tub and move laundry throughout
the wash in a circular motion.

These eco-friendly appliances are more expensive than traditional top-loading washers,
with prices that rival those of front loaders. They may also require high-efficiency (HE)
detergent, which produces fewer suds. High-siding regular detergent may not be rinsed
out completely in high-efficiency washing machines due to their low water use. Another
problem: These new energy-efficient top loaders, with their high spin speeds, can tangle
and wrinkle laundry.

Front-loading washing machines are the most popular option. In addition to using far less
water and energy, they demonstrate the best overall washing performance in comparison
11
tests. These washers, which look like those found in professional laundries, have a door
on the front; laundry is put into a stainless-steel drum that spins on a horizontal axis.
These washers typically feature higher spin speeds than top loaders, wringing out more
water so that laundry requires less time in the dryer. They also tend to offer more bells
and whistles, such as additional wash cycles and high-temperature cycles. Some front
loaders also include special deep-cleaning steam cycles.

Traditional Top Loaders Are Cheaper, old-style top loaders aren't as more stylish front-
loading washing machines, but they still have some advantages. First, they are generally
cheaper than front loaders, often hundreds of dollars less. Although less efficient, top-
loading washing machines can be easier to load and unload than front-loading machines,
since you don't have to stoop down. They also make it easier to add items in mid-cycle
(you can't do this at all with a front loader). Other major advantage top loaders have over
front-loading washers: They aren't prone to mold and mildew buildup in the door gasket.

Many manufacturers of top-loading washing machines are aiming to make their washers
more energy efficient. In terms of cleaning performance, energy-efficient top loaders fall
somewhere between conventional washers and front-loading washing machines.
Pricewise, however, the newest top-load machines can cost as much as more efficient
and generally better-cleaning front-load machines. Even so, many owners prefer top
loaders for their easy loading and unloading and for the ability to add items to the cycle
after it's started.

Unlike traditional top loaders, which use an agitator to circulate laundry in the water, the
Maytag Bravos has an impeller at the bottom of the washtub that moves laundry through
the water.

Maytag describes it, "The load is moved from the outside toward the middle with items
coming up in the center and down on the outside edges." It requires high-efficiency (HE)
detergent, which produces fewer suds than regular detergent.

Front-Loading Washing Machines Get the Best Reviews.

Front loaders are both the most efficient washing machines and the best overall
performers, according to professional tests. Their horizontal tubs tumble clothes into and
out of the water, making it possible to wash a full load without filling the tub completely.
On average, front loaders tend to be gentler on clothes than top-loading machines, as
well as more efficient. The bad news is that front loaders cost more than traditional top
12
loaders (though not much more than high-efficiency top loaders), and they still get
complaints for reliability. On average, however, the differences in reliability between top
loaders and front loaders are not significant, according to owner surveys at
ConsumerReports.org.

Front loaders use about half as much water and two-thirds as much energy as
conventional top-loading washers, according to the National Geographic Green Guide. In
addition, their fast spin speeds remove more water from clothing, thereby reducing
drying time and resulting in further energy savings. However, this high-speed spinning
can also cause clothes to become tangled and wrinkled. Because these machines use so
little water, they require special low-sudsing high-efficiency (HE) detergents that can
cost more than regular laundry detergent.

Another caveat is that because of their design, front-loading washers require more daily
attention. For example, we've read many reports that front loaders can develop mold and
mildew problems caused by moisture and dirt being trapped in the door seal after a cycle.
Some users say that wiping away water after a cycle and leaving the washer door open
when the machine is not in use will prevent the problem, but others have tried this
approach without success. Afresh Washer Cleaner Tablets, developed by Whirlpool, are
supposed to combat mildew and odors in high-efficiency washers. These tablets get a 4-
star rating in over 50 reviews at Amazon.com. Some owners report great success and
improved freshness, but others say the tablets don't make a dent on odor.

Whirlpool and Maytag, in their high-end front-loading washers, are now including a
small fan that can blow air inside the empty washing machine. Company representatives
told us that using the internal fan is supposed to dry out any water that might remain in
the washer and gasket after a cycle, but since this feature is so new, we haven't seen
many reports from owners on how well it works.

13
 CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVE
In developing countries, rural women are among the least privileged. Women are both
essential to the family unit and integral to the economy, yet they rarely have equal
opportunities for education, Career development or social status when compared to men.
One factor behind the inequality is the long list of responsibilities that traditionally fall to
Women. Not only do women perform agricultural duties and care for livestock alongside
men, but Women are also responsible for many domestic chores. Usually, new
technology improves people Efficiency, but women benefit less from new technology for
several reasons. First, womens duties are neglected by technological improvement
efforts because domestic chores are often seen as cultural Obligations for women so little
effort is expended to diminish them. Second, foreign aid in the Form of appropriate
technologies is unevenly distributed because women are often considered less technically
competent than men. Factors like these tend to prevent the development of improved
Technology for womens uncompensated, time-consuming, and laborious tasks. Our
team intends to directly address the plight faced by women by developing a pedal-
14
powered Washing machine. The success pedal power is effective and applicable to their
community. Womens cooperatives that use a pedal-powered washing machine that
would allow them to spend more time on profitable tasks and less time doing chores. An
Average woman may do two to three loads per week for a family of about five children
and her Husband. It generally takes at least 8 hours of washing time, not including the
extra time needed to Walk to the public washing reservoir or hang up clothes to dry.

Additionally, while washing clothes By hand, women spend hours leaning over a
concrete basin. Clothes are washed by laboriously scrubbing each section of cloth over a
cement washboard with their hands immersed in detergents

Those are harmful to the skin. A pedal-powered washing machine would allow women to
wash clothes faster and with less Strain. When asked what they would do with their free
time, women said that they would try to generate income by making crafts or food to
sell. Young daughters who help their mothers with Domestic chores may also have the
opportunity to concentrate more on their studies.

CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY
The most important aspect in the design of the machine is its ability to perform as a
device that eases the task of washing clothes. In order to be a viable solution in rural
areas, the machine should be able to deliver the same quality of washing without adding
excessive overheads (in terms Of water use, clothing wear, effort required to operate,
etc.). Thus the design and operation of the Machine should be firmly grounded in the
physics of clothes washing, with a special emphasis on the mechanical aspects (since
water temperature and detergent composition are likely to vary).

The group also identified a number of secondary goals with varying degrees of
importance that could help make the machine more useful and thus more successful. The
ability to spin-dry clothes would increase water economy by requiring fewer wash
cycles, and could relieve the strenuous task of manually wringing the clothes before they
are hung to dry. If the layout of the machine allowed the user to perform manual work
(hand-craft, food preparation, etc.) while pedaling, we could further reduce the amount
15
of time consumed by washing. A number of safety features should also to be included in
order to mitigate the inherent safety issues involved in a chain-driven machine.

If the machine was to be used in a home, insuring its portability of would allow it to be
shared among families, transported close to a water source for operation, or used in
households where space is limited. Another set of specifications for load sizing, water
usage and pricing, depend on the targeted Community. Since we are expecting the
amount of laundry to vary between families, an initial size was selected based on existing
washing machines, and designs allowing for easy re-sizing were preferred.

4.1 ANALYSIS

Cleaning: Machine-washed clothes must be as clean as those hand-washed for 5

minutes
Gentleness: Must wear clothes at slower rate than hand-washing
Capacity: Minimum 3kg of clothes/load should be easy to re-size.
Water: Effective washing must occur in soft and hard water at temperatures from
70-120 F.
Water usage: Maximum 5L water / 1kg clothes
Active pedaling time for effective washing: Maximum 20 minutes each for wash
and rinse cycles
Total operation time: Maximum 1 hour, including fetching water, filling,
washing, draining, and cleaning machine
Power: Maximum 100W (comfortable level of human-power output)
Lifetime of structure:10 years, assuming daily use
Manufacturing capital cost:5000 Rs. (welder, metal cutter, shop tools)
Materials: Local (shaft, bearing, weld able metals, galvanized drum, cycle parts,
etc.)
Dimensions:[Less than combined size of a cycle and commercial washing
machine]
Weight: Maximum 30kg or 45kg if it has wheels (1 woman can move it indoors
so it cant be stolen or damaged).
Culturally acceptable: Suitable appearance, user position and motion such that
most Women are willing to use the machine.
Drum maximum rotation: 400 rpm without cloth and water, with 250 rpm.

4.2 WORKING PRINCIPALE OF WASHING MACHINE

A washing machine has become a vital household item that most people simply cannot
do without these days. For one, it is designed to make washing clothes a lot easier. If you
have already tried washing your clothes by hand, then youll certainly understand what it

16
means not to have this appliance with you. A washing machine is a pretty straightforward
piece of contraption which cane run by practically anybody. It is designed to remove dirt
and stains from your clothes and make them suitable for wearing again. The machine
moves the clothes about in soap suds and spins them around to separate water later on.
One thing that you should understand about how washing machines work is that these
contraptions are actually made of two drums instead of one. The inner drum works to let
water in and out to spin your clothes and clean them and has a lot of small holes on it for
that purpose. The bigger drum, that you really dont see works to hold water while the
inner one works on spinning your clothes around. The machine also has an electrically-
powered pump which works to remove water from the drum after youre done with the
laundry. All these parts are controlled by a central programmer. The programmer is an
essential part that will explain how washing machines work. You can probably think of it
as the brain of the whole machine because it regulates all sorts of tasks. It makes the
machine goes through the whole process of washing clothes wash, rinse, and spin. The
programmer also dictates the wash cycle to use according to your specifications. Clothes
have different wash requirements so its important for the programmer to be given
specific instructions to enact. Once the detergent has done its job in removing dirt from
your clothes, the drum opens to drain the wastewater and then replace it with a cleaner
one. This will then be used to rinse your clothes. After rinsing, the drum will rotate at
high speed to spin your clothes around, separate water from them and dry your laundry.

4.3 WORKING STAGES

Generally, the washing machines are 60 cm. broad and deep (23 inches), and 85 cm. (33
inches) 1 meter (39 inches) tall. In some special occasions, we can find 60 cm. deep
washing machines. The main feature of these types of machines is that they have a helix
deep inside with a rotation system which twists the clothes and helps them wash filth
with specific detergents. The vast majority has a timing control and a draining system.

The cloth capacity is measured by kilograms. A standard machine has a capacity to store
between 5 and 7 kg. This capacity changes according to particular needs and the clothes'
fabric. It is important to bear in mind that the kilogram capacity is an industrial
parameter reference between the manufacturers, not a limit for the user.

The washing process is divided in two stages. You need to follow them in order and
carefully to get a good cleaning. The steps to follow are:

17
1. In the first place, clothes selection. You need to select and distinguish white and
colored clothes.
2. The colored clothes should not dye the others. You should separate clothes
according
3. To the material they are made of, size or use. You need to read the brand's
instructions on the
4. Clothes (some of them can be washed in a washing machine, others cannot) and
the washing machines manual as well.
5. The next step is to use the detergent and the smoothing products -if they are
necessary. You need to buy washing machine detergent and, if it is possible, a
low-foam one. Following the instructions, the idea is to use the same amount of
detergent as the amount of clothes included in the machine. Detergent overuse
does not wash the clothes better. As regards smoothing products, they are
specially used with cotton or fine clothes.
6. Next, the washing machine process begins. It includes three steps: washing,
clearing and spinning. In some occasions, it also includes drying. The first step is
the input of water and the wash. Water fills the machine up to the necessary level
for the process depending on the loading amount. If there is a timer, it will be
filled according to the accurate temperature. While this happens, the machine
starts washing, setting its engine. Detergent is mixed with water and clothes are
twisted by a pressing system.
7. After some time and after the washing process has been carried out, the clearing
process begins.
8. The already used water is eliminated by means of an internal filtering system. A
series of rinsing steps is carried out; some of them can be programmed.
Generally, four or five rinsing steps are carried out until detergent is fully
eliminated. To the end of the process and if you have indicated so, smoothing
products are added. You need to tell the machine how you want to wash your
clothes. That is why you need to select the program, temperature and type of
loading.
9. The last step in the process is the spin process, which helps get the clothes even
drier. As there are more revolutions, the clothes will be drier. Some machines
have a double spin system and some allow you to choose a soft spin or even
avoid it.
10. Finally, and in fewer cases, the drying process is included. Washing machines
which offer this type of service are very expensive, so this step is usually ignored.
However, we should highlight that some clothes are damaged due to high
intensity drying.

18
We could summarize the process in the next steps:

Open the door.

Pour the detergent in the right place. You should use low-foam detergents and, in
case water is very heavy, you could use a smoothing product.
Classify clothes: Clothes with different types of fabrics or colors should be
washed separately from the others.
Select the program.
Introduce the clothes.
Close the door.
Press the on/off button.

CHAPTER 5

PARTS AND WORKING OF PEDAL OPERATED

WASHING MACHINE

5.1 PART OF THE WASHING MACHINE

5.1.1 HORIZONT INNER TUMBLER

Figure 5.1 Inner Cylinder

Commonly used in European homes, this washer also uses two concentric tubs; however
their revolution axis is horizontal. Instead of using an agitator, the horizontal washer
utilizes fins along the inner barrel that lift the clothes on the side of the drum, and let
them fall back in the water on top of other clothes. Cycling the clothes through the water
in this fashion eliminates the need for rapid changes in the direction of rotation of the
agitator, which results in lower energy requirements. Since the drum is only filled up to
one third with water, the machine realizes a sizeable water economy.
19
5.1.2 SHAFT

Here we are using an iron-hollow shafting. It is a main base for the mounting the
flywheel, fins and both the drums. It is shown in figure .first of all when we applying the
pedal this shafting is rotated by means of chain drives.

Figure5.2 Metal Shaft

5.1.3 GEARING

The machine uses a regular mountain bicycle transmission which can provide gear ratio
of 1:1.The user is expected to turn the pedals of the machine at about 60 rpm for the
wash Cycle and higher 80 rpm during the dry cycle, where the lack of resistance from
water makes Pedaling easier (continuous pedaling is not necessary in this case). With an
inner drum diameter of 19in, at a 1:1 gear ratio, pedaling at 60rpm results in a centripetal
acceleration on the clothing of about 0.87 g, which results in efficient clothing tumbling.
For the spin cycle, the user would switch to the highest available gear, and a pedal speed
of 80 rpm results in an acceleration of 18.5 g. This has been shown to extract 50% of the
water from wet cotton clothing (remaining water weight in clothing is approximately
90% of the dry fabric weight - comparable to commercial vertical axis washing
machines).

20
 Figure 5.3 Cycle Pedal

5.1.4 BEARING

Bearing are used as a mechanical component to transfer the power and to move a certain
part, and is done by utilizing the small frictional forces of the bearing, which makes
rotates easily withstanding the force and weight load acting against them.

Bearing house be classified into two major groups, namely, sliding bearings and rolling
bearings, depending on their friction type.

Three types of bearing are shown in fig. and ball bearing has balls between inner ring
and outer ring and roller bearing has rollers instead of balls. Either balls or rollers of
rolling bearings serve the same purpose as the lubricating oil in the sliding bearings.

21
 Figure 5.4 Pedestal Bearing

Rolling bearing have some advantages as listed below, compared with the sliding
bearing.

Because bearing specifications are standardized internationally, most rolling

bearing are interchangeable, and could be replaced easily with the made by
different manufacturers.

Surrounding structures of a bearing could be simplified.

Easy to diagnose and maintain.

Comparatively easy to be used even under the high or low temperatures.

The rigidity of bearing could be increased by applying preload.

5.1.5 SPROCKET

Here we are using a 20 teeth back wheel of the cycle. It is attached with the shafting and
another end with the cycle by means of chain drive. It is shown in figure.

22
 Figure 5.5 Sprocket

5.1.6 DRUM

Here we are using a galvanized drum. First of all we are thinking about the plasting
drum, but after practice we are failed. Then we decided the used heavy structure drum of
the galvanized drum both inner and outer. Drum is shown in figure. It is a main
important part of the peddling washing machine because of all load of water; cloth is
rotated by with drums. So its required heavy structure.

23
 Figure 5.6 Outer Drum

5.2WORKING OF PEDDLING WASHING MACHINE

The main important thing is how the pedal powered washing machine works here after
manufacture we are starting a working of the peddling washing machine. First of all open
the both the door of the inside and outside drums. Then put up the cloth in the drum.
After put up the cloth according to requirement put the 5 to 10 liters water and the
washing powder. Now close the both the door. And sit on the cycle and starting up to
applying a pedal with slowly .After 15 to 20 minutes applying the pedal stop the
applying the pedal and see whats happens. Then removes the inside water with the help
of below pipes in the one doll or other objects. After removing the water apply the some
pedal its gain the heat inside the drums and its help into the drying the cloth. Then
remove the cloth from the drum. This way working of the peddling washing machine is
done .also working is easily understand showing the above figures.

5.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE WASHING MACHINE AND

PEDDLING WASHING MACHINE

WASHING MACHINE PEDDLING WASHING MACHINE

1. Its cost is high. 1. Cost is lower.

2. Making is required complicated 2. Making is easy anyone can make at home.

programmers.

3. Electricity is necessary for the working. 3. Not electricity is required.

4. Life is longer. 4. Life is little bit shorter.

5. Maintenance is costly. 5. Maintenance is easy and not costly.

6. Required less space. 6. Required more space.

24
7. Design is complicated. 7. Design is simple.

5.4 APPLICATION

1. It is very useful into the local rural areas.

2. Saving in detergent and the water
3. Scale free tub
4. Reduced traces of detergent on clothes
5. Better wash quality
6. Softer clothes
7. Easy to operate and the less effect of chemical on the women hand.
8. Exercise is also done with the applying the pedal.

CHAPTER 6

DESIGN

6.1 DESIGN OF PEDDLING WASHING MACHINE

25
6.2 CALCULATIONS
Table 6.1 Specification of Cylinder

SR.NO COMPONENT SPECIFICATION DIMENSION

1 LARGE CYLINDER DIA 18 INCH

LENGTH 30 INCH

2 SMALL CYLINDER DIA 12 INCH

LENGTH 18 INCH

3 SHAFT DIA 25 MM

LENGTH 48 INCH

Table 6.2 Specification of Component

SR. NAME OF THE SPECIFICATION MATERIAL QTY.
NO. COMPONENT

26
 1 CHAIN INCH PITCH CARBON 1
STEEL

2 SPROCKET INCH PITCH M.S 1

3 SHAFT 25 MM DIA M.S 1

4 BEARING P204 CI 3

5 PADDLE 1

r1 = Radius of large sprocket

r2 = Radius of small sprocket

P = Pitch of chain

N1 = Number of teeth teeth on large sprocket

N2 = Number of teeth on small sprocket

1800
r1 =
P
2 cosec ( )
T1

1.27 1800
= 2 cosec ( )
32

r2 =
P
2 cosec ( )
180
T2

1.27 1800
= 2 cosec ( )
18

27
r1 = 6.48 cm

r2 = 3.65 cm

d1 = 13 cm

d2 = 7.3 cm
Assume that

Normal pedaling RPM = 30 rpm

N1D1 = N2D2

30 13
N 2=
7.3

N2 = 54 rpm

2 NT
Power = 60

Material: Mild Steel

Shaft diameter = 0.025 cm

ts = 241 N/m
3
T= d t S
16

= 1.18 Nm

2 NT
Power = 60

2 54 1.18
= 60

P = 6.67 Watts

6.3 COST ESTIMATION

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Table 6.3 Tally of Cost
SR.NO. NAME OF THE COMPONENT PRICE

1 MATERIAL 600

2 CHAIN 50

3 SPROCKET 50

4 BEARING 550

5 DRUM 800

6 SHAFT 150

7 ADDITIONAL METAL USED 300

TOTAL 2500

CHAPTER 7

OPERATIONS PERFORMED

7.1 CUTTING

Cutting is the separation of a physical object, into two or more portions, through the
application of an acutely directed force. Implements commonly used for cutting are the
knife and saw.

29
 Figure 8.1 Cutting with Hand Hacksaw

Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon, and occurs only when the total
stress generated by the cutting implement exceeds the ultimate strength of the material of
the object being cut. The simplest applicable equation is stress = force/area: The stress
generated by a cutting implement is directly proportional to the force with which it is
applied, and inversely proportional to the area of contact. Hence, the smaller the area, the
less force is needed to cut something.

7.2 DRILLING

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in
solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit is
pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of
revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting off
chips from the hole as it is drilled.

30
 Figure 7.2 Drilling

When possible drilled holes should be located perpendicular to the work piece surface.
This minimizes the drill bit's tendency to "walk", that is, to be deflected from the
intended center-line of the bore, causing the hole to be misplaced. The higher the length-
to-diameter ratio of the drill bit, the greater the tendency to walk.

Surface finish produced by drilling may range from 32 to 500 micro inches. Finish cuts
will generate surfaces near 32 micro inches, and roughing will be near 500 micro inches.

7.2.1 SPOT DRILLING

The purpose of spot drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a guide for drilling the final
hole. The hole is only drilled part way into the work piece because it is only used to
guide the beginning of the next drilling process.

7.3 WELDING

Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or

thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-
joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal. In
addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form
a pool of molten material that cools to form a joint that is usually stronger than the base
material. Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a
weld.

31
 Figure 7.3 Welded Joint

The effects of welding on the material surrounding the weld can be detrimental
depending on the materials used and the heat input of the welding process used, the HAZ
can be of varying size and strength. The thermal diffusivity of the base material plays a
large roleif the diffusivity is high, the material cooling rate is high and the HAZ is
relatively small. Conversely, a low diffusivity leads to slower cooling and a larger HAZ.
The amount of heat injected by the welding process plays an important role as well, as
processes like oxyacetylene welding have an unconcentrated heat input and increase the
size of the HAZ. Processes like laser beam welding give a highly concentrated, limited
amount of heat, resulting in a small HAZ. Arc welding falls between these two extremes,
with the individual processes varying somewhat in heat input.

Shielded metal arc welding also known as manual metal arc is a manual arc welding
process that uses a consumable electrode covered with a flux to lay the weld.

An electric current, in the form of either alternating current or direct current from a
welding power supply, is used to form an electric arc between the electrode and the
metals to be joined. The work piece and the electrode melt forming a pool of molten
metal (weld pool) that cools to form a joint. As the weld is laid, the flux coating of the
32
electrode disintegrates, giving off vapors that serve as a shielding gas and providing a
layer of slag, both of which protect the weld area from atmospheric contamination.

7.4 PAINTING

Painting is used on automobiles and structures for both protection and decoration
purposes. The paint layers total to around 100 m.

CONCLUSION
The machine must be inexpensive and easy to build if it will be adopted into the
community. We recognized this need and designed the machine from the start with low
33
cost in mind. The machine will only contain parts that are readily available in rural areas.
This eliminates the need to order or import components just for the washing machine.
The machine also uses bicycle parts for all the precision parts. These parts are very
inexpensive because rural areas have a surplus of unused bicycle parts. The pedal-
powered washing machine is quite different from the communitys current method of
washing clothes; the community may be reluctant to try the new machine.

To help encourage the adoption of the washing machine, we will run multiple trials so we
can adjust the design to meet rural needs.

We achieved what we desired i.e. to build a manually driven pedal powered low cost
washing machine using locally available materials and performing necessary function of
washing and rinsing with ease. Our washing machine doesnt consume electricity. The
washing machine can be used by the urban people also while workout and exercises. It
can serve dual purposes. While cycling, the clothes can be washed utilizing the pedaling
of the human being. If the production of this washing machine is done at commercial
scale, then the total production cost of the machine can be reduced to 40% of estimated
cost.

REFERENCES

34
1. Bicilavadora: The Pedal-Powered Washing Machine - IDEAS 2005 Proposal.
2. Bruzzone, M. & Wieler, A. (2010) Reflecting on an Intercultural Design-Build
Project in the Kathmandu Valley Final Draft, February 5, 2010
3. S.M.Moghe&K.S.Zakiuddin (2013) Design and Development of Turmeric
Polishing Machine Energized by Human Power Flywheel Motor.-A past review,
Proceedings of the 1st International and 16th National Conference on Machines and
Mechanisms IIT Roorkee, India, Dec 18-20 2013

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