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Wilson p. 153-225
In this lecture:
Partial melting
Magma series
Isotopic compositions
Subducted components
Differentiation mechanisms
Petrologic model
Island arcs
Importance
Hazards
Explosive volcanism; Earthquakes
Millions inhabit arcs (Indonesia,
Japan, Phillipines, etc.)
1
JOIDES Resolution
Sources of island arc magma
Ocean crust
1. Metamorphosed basalt, gabbro
note: facies vary w/increasing P-T of slab
2. Ocean sediment (clay, CaCO3, clastics)
May become involved:
Deep: upper part of subducted slab
Shallow: base of island arc volcanic sequence
Sea water
1. H2O component fundamental to arc
magmatism
2. Incorporated during hydrothermal alteration
and ocean-floor (low P) metamorphism of
ocean crust
JOIDES Resolution
Thermal structure & partial melting
Numerical Models
convection in asthensophere
dehydration of subducting crust
frictional heating upper slab surface
2
JOIDES Resolution
Thermal structure & partial melting
Temperature distribution
a major control on location of partial
melting within the mantle wedge
or the subducted slab
Enigma
cold slab refrigerates the mantle
WPS:
wet peridotite
solidus
JOIDES Resolution
Thermal structure & partial melting
3
JOIDES Resolution
Thermal structure & partial melting
4
JOIDES Resolution
Magma series and differentiation
5
Pyroclastic flows
5 km
Geologic
features at
Seguam 1993 Basalt
1977 Basalt
Older, Pleistocene lavas
Eastern collapse calderas
93.1 + 9.5 ka
Holocene basalt
6
Kanaga
Kanaga Island Volcano
Kanaton Ridge
199.1 + 2.5 ka
198.1 + 2.1 ka
Tkb
QTb
Kana
to n R
i dg e
Photos courtesy of
Drte Mann
7
JOIDES Resolution
Major and trace element composition of magmas
Major elements
Island arc basalts similar to other oceanic basalts except lower in Ti
Fractional crystallization produces more SiO2 rich magmas
Trace elements (relative to N-MORB)
Enriched in low ionic potential elements; LILE + Th
fluid mobilized elements added to mantle wedge?
Low in high ionic potential elements; Ta, Nb, Zr, Hf, REE
larger degree of melting ? residual phase(s) [rutile, zircon, sphene] during melting ?
JOIDES Resolution
Trace element composition of magmas
Nb
Slab
component
8
JOIDES Resolution
Radiogenic isotopes
Sr and Nd isotopes
mixing between mantle & crustal components (compare to MORB and OIB)
mass balance of Sr and Nd: source contamination vs. crustal assimilation
terriginous sediment in source of Lesser Antilles & Sunda arcs
Ocean
basalt
array
upper
younger
crust
lower
older
crust
JOIDES Resolution
Radiogenic isotopes
Pb isotopes
Pb contents (>20 ppm) and isotopic ratios of sediments very high
Pb content (< 1 ppm) and isotopic ratios of mantle are low
Thus Pb is a sensitive tracer of sediment involvement in magma source
9
JOIDES Resolution
Beryllium isotope data
JOIDES Resolution
General model of island arc magmatism
10
Modes of mantle convection
The hybrid model One layer or two?
1. Neither the 410 or 660 One layer: the transition zone phase
discontinuity seem to act transitions do not prevent mass flux across
as a barrier to flow the 410/660 discontinuity
2. Still need a chemically Two layers: There still needs to be
distinct source chemically distinct regions
3. New boundary: around
1600 km depth with
small density contrast
Kellogg 1999
Crust generated at ridges is stirred into the deep mantle below island arcs
11