Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
of dusts
BIA
DMT
HVBG
Hauptverband der
gewerblichen
Berufsgenossenschaften
The present report was elaborated in co-operation with: DMT-Gesellschaft fr Forschung
und Prfung mbH (association for research und testing), expert body for surface fire und
explosion protection - mining test faciliiy, Dortmund, Germany; Berufsgenossenschaft
Nahrungsmittel und Gaststtten - BGN [statutory accident insurance institution for food in-
dustry und catering)/ Forschungsgesellschaft fr angewandte Systemsicherheit und Arbe-
itsrnedizin e.V. - FSA (researchassociation for applied system safeiy und occupational
medicine), Mannheirn, Gerrnany; CHEMSAFE - database for assessed characteristics in
safeiy technology, Gerrnan Socieiy for Chemical Apparatus, Chernical Engineering und
Biotechnology e.V. - DECHEMA, Frankfurt/Main, Germany/Federal Institute for Materials
Research und Testing - BAM, Berlin, Gerrnany/Federal Institute of Physics und Metrology -
PTB, Brunswick, Germany; Henkel KGaA, TTA-Safeiy Technology, Dsseldorf, Gerrnany.
The present Report was realised with the financial support of the European Cornmission,
Directorate-General V - employrnent, work relations und social affairs, Brussels und Luxern-
bourg .
Als Grundlage zum sicheren Handhaben Irnportant combustion und explosion charac-
brennbarer Stube und zum Proiektieren von teristics of approximately 4 3 0 0 dust sarn-
Schutzmanahrnen gegen Sta~bex~losionen ples from virtually oll sectors of industry were
in stauberzeugenden und verarbeitenden determined as a basis for the safe handling
Anlagen wurden von annhernd 4 3 0 0 of cornbustible dusts and for the planning of
Staubproben aus nahezu allen Bereichen preventive and protective rneasures against
der gewerblichen Wirtschaft wichtige Brenn- dust explosions in dust-generating und
und E~~losionskenngren bestimmt. Die processing plants. The test rnethods applied
angewandten Untersuchungsverfahren wer- are described. Attention is also drawn to
den beschrieben, und es wird auf weitere further influencing factors.
EinfluBgren hingewiesen.
As the numerical values of the characteristics
Da die Brenn- und Explosionskenngren in depend to a large extent on the deterrnina-
erheblichem Umfang sowohl vom jeweiligen tion rnethods, the importance of the "limits of
Staubzustand als auch von den Bestirn- applicabilify" is emphasized. The applica-
rn~n~sverfahren abhngen, wird die Bedeu- tion lirnits rnust be noted by the User, other-
tung der "Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit" wise faulfy assessments with serious conse-
besonders hervorgehoben. Die An- quences rnay occur in the evaluation of
wendungsgrenzen mssen vom Benutzer hazards or in the design of preventive und
beachtet werden, da es andernfalls zu protective rneasures.
folgenschweren Fehleinschtzungen beim
Beurteilen von Gefahren oder beim
Auslegen von Schutzmanahmen kommen
kann.
Page
1 lntroduction ................................................................................ 6
2 Definitions/characteristics ............................................................. 8
..
7 Limits of applicab~lity.................................................................. 27
8 References ............................................................................... 29
A prerequisite for the Safe handling of solid The loose-leaf cornpilation of the BIA Hand-
rnaterials with a fine particle size 1e.g. book took into account the frequently ex-
powder, flour, dust) is that the properties ~resseddesire for the publication of further
which affect safety are known. In addition characteristics. Apart frorn data frorn the
to health aspects, these include flarnrnability Mining lndustry Testing Station - BVS und
und explosibility. The rnore cornprehensive the Ber~fs~enossenschaftliches lnstitut fr
our knowledge of the cornbustion und ex- Arbeitssicherheit- BIA - (ProfessionalAsso-
plosion behaviour, the rnore effectively the ciation's Occupational Safety Institute), data
necessary preventive und protective rneas- from the Berufsgenossenschaft Nahrungsrnit-
ures can be taken. tel und Gaststiten (Statutory Accident Insur-
ance Institution for Food lndustry und Cater-
In collaboration with the Bergbau Ver- ing) - BGN -was also included so that the
suchsstrecke - BVS (Mining Test Facility) und second edition of the tables contained ex-
with the financial Support of the Haupfver- plosion characteristics of alrnost 1900
band des gewerblichen Berufsgenossen- dusts. Two additional tables containing
schaften (Federation of the Statutory Acci- data on rninirnurn ignition energies und
dent lnsurance lnstitutions of the lndustrial lirniting oxygen concentrations were new
Sector), a research proiect to deterrnine the PI.
cornbustion und explosion characteristics of
representative dusts was designed und Within the frarnework of a proiect spon-
carried out at the end of the 70s. The results sored by the Cornmission of the European
were published in 1980 in a research Cornmunity, further data records with char-
report entitled "Dust explosions, cornbustion acteristics deterrnined by various testing
und explosion characteristics of dusts" [ I 1. Stations were included on a large scale in
the table. The table now contains data
Cornbustion und explosion characteristics records frorn approxirnately 4 3 0 0 dust
were deterrnined for over 8 0 0 dusts und sarnples.
dust-type products. Although not all the
safety characteristics of a substance were The scale of the table thus achieved goes
recorded, the data in the tables constituted beyond the scope of the BIA Handbook so
a useful basis for practical work safety, und that it will be published in future as a BIA-
was welcomed especially by safety experts Report. The results of the research proiect in
und supervisory authorities. English und Gerrnan is therefore already
being published in BIA report forrnat.
This research report will be available above German Society for Chemical Appara-
all to experts responsible for assessing the tus, Chemical Engineering und Biotech-
explosive potential of dusts und evaluating nology e.V. - DECHEMA, Frank-
the risks associated with handling combusti- furt/Main, Germany; Federal Institute for
ble dusts. Materials Research und Testing - BAM,
Berlin, Germany/Federal lnstitute of
The testing stations involved in the EU Physics und Metrology - PTB, Brunswick,
project with data records are: Germany
The rnaxirnurn pressure value occurring Lowest electrical energy stored in a capaci-
during the explosion of a dust/air rnixture of tor, which upon discarge is sufficient to
optirnum concentration in a closed vessel ignite the rnost ignitable rnixture of dust and
under specified test conditions. air, under specified test conditions.
Maximum value of the pressure rise per unit Lowest ternperature of a hot surfoce at
time in a closed vessel occurring during the which the rnost flarnrnable rnixture of dust
explosion of a dust/air mixture of optirnurn and air ignites under specified test condi-
concentration under specified test conditions tions.
(see also "Cubic law").
Minimum ignition temperature of a dust
Median value MV layer of 5 m m thickness
(glowing temperature) G1
Value for the rnean particle size (50 % in
weight of the dust is coarser and 50 % in Lowest ternperature of a hot surface on
weight is finer than the median valuel. which ignition occurs in a 5 rnrn thick layer
of dust under specified test conditions.
3 Preventive and protective measures and characteristics to be
noted
According to the explosion prevention und be fulfilled or can only be fulfilled with con-
protection guidelines (EX-RL), VDI 2 2 6 3 siderable effort, comparable safety can be
[8,3] und the new European regulations achieved by limiting the effects of an un-
[7,9,10] a distinction is made between two avoidable explosion to an acceptable ex-
types of measures: tent.
+
Dust sarnple
Moisture content
Explosion limits
Max. explosion pressure Limiting oxygen concentration
Max. rate of pressure rise lgnition temperature
Fig. 1 : Flow diagram for investigation of the combustion und explosion behoviour of dusts
12
5 Test rnethods
The characteristics listed in the tables have mated approximately on the basis of the
been determined according to the methods tests in the rnodified Hartmann tube.
briefly described below.
Maximum explosion pressure, maximum
Particle size distribution, median value rate of explosion pressure rise, Ks, value
The particle size distribution of a dust is Relioble values for these explosion charac-
always determined by a screen analysis. To teristics of dusts are obtained if a sphere-
this effect the dust to be tested is sieved shaped vessel with a volume 2 2 0 1 is used.
onto standard test screens und the screen The values in the tables are based on tests
residue is weighed. If the residue in weight in the 1 rn3 vessel and/or 2 0 1 sphere.
per cent is plotted over the particle diarneter
in the RRSB grid, a distribution curve occurs, In the 1 rn3vessel (Fig. 21, the dust to be
indicating the median value of the tested tested is poured into a 5 1 dust container,
dust. The median value can be used to located outside the explosion vessel. The
roughly characterise the fineness of the dust dust is usually blown into the explosion
sample. If a screen analysis cannot be vessel via a sernicircular perforated 3/4"
carried out, wet or sifting rnethods are used pipe running along the inside wall of the
to deterrnine particle size distribution. vessel. The diarneter of the 2 0 or 13 holes
in the pipe wall is 5 mrn or 6 mrn respec-
Moisture content tively. Cornpressed air under an overpres-
Sure of 2 0 bar in the dust container ensures
The rnoisture content of the substance to be sufficiently quick discharge of the dust und a
tested is rneasured as the difference be- right turbulence inside the explosion vessel
iween the weight of wet dust und the after a blasting cap or electro-pneurnatically
weight of dried dust. This is deterrnined by activated valve is opened, so that an ade-
carefully drying the dust until a constant quately homogeneous dust/air rnixture with
weight is achieved. a defined concentration is present in the
explosion vessel at the ignition time. The
Lower explosion limit ignition delay time, i.e. the time between
the start of dust iniection und triggering of
The lower explosion limit is determined by the ignition source, is an arbitraiy quantity
the explosion tests described below to de- for the degree of turbulence at the rnornent
termine P, and Ks, It can also be esti- of ignition.
5 Test rnethods
e-
Fig. 2: Test apparatus for the determination of the explosion behaviour of dusts (1 m3 vessel;
schematic)
Turbulente is necessary, on the one hand, which is achieved when the dust to b e
to keep the dust in suspension, on the other, tested has iust been fully discharged from
it affects the course of the explosion. With the dust container. The associated ignition
diminishing ignition delay time the turbu- delay time is 0.6 s (Fig. 3).Shortening of
lence increases und the values for the the ignition delay time to values below
maximum rate of explosion pressure rise 0 . 6 s results in an increase in the rate of
und the maximum explosion pressure in- explosion pressure rise. All tests are based
crease. The latter approaches a maximum on an ignition delay time of 0.6 s.
value,
Dust
container
Explosion
vessel
Time in s -
Fig. 3: Course of the explosion at the tests of dusts in the 1 m3 container (schematic)
The dust/air mixture is ignited in the recorded time resolved via pressure
centre of the explosion vessel. Two sensors inserted in the vessel wall.
chemical igniters with a total energy of
10 000 J are always used as ignition
source. The course of the explosion is
5 Test methods
In the Course of a series of tests, the dust Apart from vessel size, the rnost important
concentrations are varied, und the explo- differences are that partial evacuation must
sion pressure und the rate of explosion be undertaken before the actual test (to
pressure rise of the reaction is determined. achieve atmospheric pressure in the explo-
Starting with a dust concentration of 500 g sion vessel aber the dust is blown in), und
m" in euch case, the concentration is in- that the ignition delay time is only 0 . 0 6 s.
creased gradually by 2 5 0 g m" und, if A further difference is that the investigations
necessary, reduced by halving the concen- over the wide concentration range are
tration until the maximum values for the conducted in three series und the maximum
pressure und the rate of pressure rise are explosion pressure und maximum rate of
clearly ascertained. The concentration, at explosion pressure rise are calculated by
which ignition of the dust/air mixture no forming the mean value of the maximum
longer occurs is determined by further reduc values of euch series.
tion of the dust concentration according to
the sarne method. With the aid of the "cubic law"
In the case of the 20 1 sphere, the test Dust explosibility/dust explosion class
method and the construction of the equip-
rnent are basically the Same as for the Dust explosibility exists if a flame spreads
1 m3 vessel. They are specified in such after ignition in a dustlair rnixture, causing
a way that values comparable to those in a pressure increase in a closed vessel.
the 1 m3 vessel are obtained within the Explosibility is preferably determined in
measuring accuracy lirnits.
closed apparatuses according to the de- A continuous spark gap serves as ignition
scribed rnethods. While the sarne ignition source. In the event of non-ignition, the test
source is used in the 1 m3vessel as in the is repeated with a stronger ignition source
test to deterrnine the characteristics p und in the form of a glowing coil [17].
KSf (E= 10 U), the ignition energy to deter-
rnine dust explosibility in the 20 1 sphere is Depending on the reaction of the dust/air
only 1 kj to 2 kJ [3]. mixture, the lid is opened to a varying extent
und the opening angle displayed digitally
If the described method produces no pres- in three Stages via inductive transrnitters. The
Sure build-up (Ap <0.5 bar above the initial rnaxirnum reactions are evaluated accord-
process-related pressure), the dust in the ing to the following rnethod:
tested form (cornposition, particle size,
rnoisture content) is regarded as non-dust - lndication " 0 (without visually percepti-
explosible. If a pressure value of r 0 . 5 bar ble independent flarne propagation)
a bove the initial process-related pressure rnerely rneans that no ignition occurs un-
occurs, the dust is regarded as in rnixture der these test conditions. However, clas-
with air explosible (dust explosible). sification of the dust particle as non-dust
explosible is not justified. More extensive
The modified Hartmann tube can also tests in closed vessels are necessary.
indicate to a certain extent explosibility und
dust explosion class. The rnodified Hart- - "1 " indicates that the dust in the rnixture
rnann tube (Fig. 4) consists of a vertically with air is explosible und should be
arranged glass tube with a volurne of about clossified in the dust explosion class
1.2 1, which is closed at the top by a St 1 . Visually perceptible independent
hinged lid. The dust to be tested is placed flarne propagation, even without deflec-
on the bottorn of the apparatus und distrib- tion of the hinged lid, is equal to " 1 ".
uted by a defined air blast guided via a
rnushroorn-shaped atorniser frorn a preced- - "2" also indicates that dust explosibility is
ing cornpressed-air reservoir ( V = 50 rnl, present, but does not perrnit classifica-
p = 8 bar). tion in a dust explosion class. More ex-
tensive tests in closed equiprnent are re-
The dust quantity introduced is varied over quired.
a wide range in euch of three test series.
5 Test methods
Fig. 4: Modified Hartrnann tube (schernatic; left: application with glowing coil, right: ap-
plication with induction spark)
3 Therrnocouple
6 Electrovalve
7 Pressure vessel
8 Shut-off valve
In the so-called BAM-oven, the dust to be perature at which the dust/air rnixture tested
tested is blown against a vertical irnpact in the described equiprnent burns with a
surface, the hottest point inside the horizon- closed flarne, is referred to as the ignition
tal oven. The concentration of the dust/air ternperature.
rnixture is varied within certain lirnits through
the input of different quantities of dust und In the case of Sedimentation of the dust
the lowest ternperature, at which ignition caused by the horizontal arrangernent of the
occurs, is deterrnined. BAM-oven, srnouldering gases rnay arise,
The airn of these tests is therefore to deter- so that the values deterrnined in this equip-
rnine the ignition behaviour of a dust cloud rnent rnay be lower than those deterrnined
in transient contact with a hot surface in a with the GodbertGreenwald equiprnent
closed ternperature field. The lowest tern- [3,13,18,20].
Minimum ignition temperature of a dust. Combustion test
layer of 5 mm thickness
(glowing temperature) These test checks whether and to what
extent a fire started by external ignition can
The glowing ternperature is deterrnined on spread in deposited dust. An atternpt is
an electrically heated plate 185 rnrn in rnade to ignite the dust sarnple heaped to
diarneter, the ternperature of which is con- form a strip of product about 2 crn wide
trolled with an accuracy of rt 2 "C by ther- and 4 crn long at one end with a glowing
rnostats. The sarnple is spread in a circular platinurn wire with a ternperature of about
shape ( 1 00 rnrn diarneter) in a 5 rnrn thick 1000 "C. The wire is irnrnersed only briefly
layer in the centre of the preheated plate in the dust sarnple, so that the latter is not
and the reaction behaviour observed - heated. A 5 rnrn to 2 0 rnrn thick cerarnic
sornetirnes with the aid of a sensitive ther- plate is used as a base. In the case of rnelt-
rnocouple. Signs of glowing phenornena ing substances, a rnodified cornbustion test
are rnade clearer, if necessary, by careful is also carried out on a sarnple to which
fanning. The lowest plate ternperature, at 2 0 % in weight kieselgur has been added.
which parts of the sarnple glow within iwo The result frequently indicates obvious corn-
hours after application, is referred to as bustion behaviour. The flarnrnabiliiy is evalu-
glowing ternperature [3,6,13,18]. ated by the class nurnbers BZ 1 to BZ 6
according to the following classification:
As already rnentioned, various pararneters the rnixture with air is above the lower ex-
may affect the explosion behaviour of dusts. p/osion lirnit, in general a dust ex~losionis
These include, in particular, the fineness und possible. In this connection it should be
water content of the solid material, the pres- noted that abrasion of coarse dust, caused
ence of solvent vapours, cornbustible or by a varieiy of reasons in practice, rnay
srnouldering gases und the oxygen content produce fine dust.
in the rnixture.
Water content
Fineness
Basically, the values for the explosion char-
The explosion behaviour of dusts depends acteristics dirninish as water content in-
to a large extent on the particle size distribu- creases. This effect plays hardly any role up
tion. Hence, the latter must be specified at to a water content of about 10 % in weight.
the sarne time as values for the explosion Only the raisabiliiy of the rnaterials can be
characteristics. Often only the median value reduced. Clear reduction of the explosion
is rnentioned as a guide. The dependence characteristics p und K occurs only
of the rnaxirnurn explosion overpressure und above 20 % in weight to 30 % in weight
rnaxirnurn rate of explosion pressure rise on water content (Fig. 7).
the median values is plotted for different
dusts in Fig. 6. Cornbustible gases and vapours
lt is evident that with dirninishing particle The explosion behaviour of dusts rnay be
size the tendency of the dusts to explode affected und increased by the addition of
increases. Finer dusts ignite rnore easily und cornbustible gases, srnouldering gases or
react rnore violently than coarser ones. The solvent vapours. Such cornbinations of
increase in the proportion of coarse parti- cornbustibles are referred to as hybrid mix-
cles in the dust sarnple, e.g. by adrnixing tures. In the case of hybrid rnixtures, the
granulate not explosible by itself to explosi- rnaxirnum rate of explosion pressure rise in
ble fine dust, leads only to a darnpening of particular becornes higher (Fig. 8) und the
the explosion and thus to reduced values of rninirnurn ignition energy lower than in pure
the characteristics p und K.,or to higher dust/air rnixtures. Hybrid rnixtures rnay even
values, for exarnple, for the rninirnum igni- be explosible if the concentrations of the
tion energy or the lirniting oxygen concentra- gases, vapours or dusts are individually
tion. As long as the fine dust proportion in below their lower explosion lirnit.
L
10
U
-!2
22
41
s-
8 5
.-0
n
$5
X
3
0
0 1 00 200 300 400
Median value/pm
L
U
Fig. 6: Effect of the median value on the explosion behaviour (V= 1 m3, E=lO 000 J)
6 Effect of different parameters on the explosion behaviour
L
10
2
U
_O
3
U)
-----
i
0
(D
>
O 5-
.-8 \
- \
a
8: \
X \
3
0-
0 20 40
\ \
60
Water contentp? by weight
- 200 - I I
.
L
(D
L
3
f
L1
100
L+..
'\
-0
0
a,
3
OT
0 20 40
\ --- 60
Water content/% by weight
Fig. 7: Effect of the water content on the explosion behaviour (V= l m3, E= 1 0 0 0 0 J)
24
0 1 2 3 4
Solvent vapour concentration/% by volume
- 200-
V1 /. /'
L
U /.
/'
/
11 /' /
\
.-%
L
L
3
3 100-
L1
LI-
0
9
0
X
3
01
0 1 2 3 4
Solvent vapour concentration/% by volume
Fig. 8: Effect of the solvent vapour concentration on the explosion behaviour of a pharmaceuti-
cal substance with different concentrations (V=] m3, =I O 000J)
6 Effect of different parameters on the explosion behaviour
Table 2: lnerting of combustible dusts by adrnixing inert solid rnaterials (V=l m3, E=l O 000j]
7 Limits oi applicability
There are lirnits of applicability of the In sorne cases where numerous data are
cornbustion und explosion characteristics available, however, it might be legitimate to
specified in these tables. They are based on "play safe" in that the assessment is based
the wide variation possibilities in the nature on the rnost critical values.
of the dusts (e.g. cornposition, particle size
distribution, surface structure, moisture con- The characteristics listed in the tables are
tent), on the one hand, und on the depend- cornparable both with euch other und also
ence of the nurnerical value of the character- with other characteristics deterrnined by the
istics on the test rnethods, on the other. sarne rnethods. They are not cornparable,
Hence, the User rnust always be aware that however, with values deterrnined by other
the tabulated values can only serve as a rnethods.
guideline for the design of preventive and
protective rneasures. It should be noted that higher values for the
rnaxirnurn explosion pressure und the rnaxi-
Above all, the tables should indicate which rnurn rate of explosion pressure rise or the
substances have already been tested, KSfvalue as well as lower values for the
whether the substances are dust-explosible lower explosion lirnit, for the ignition tern-
and on what scale the rnost irnportant data perature und for the rninirnurn ignition en-
can be expected. They frequently illustrate ergy rnay occur with dirninishing particle
the problern involved with cornbustible size und rnoisture; hence the nurnerical
dusts, i.e. that very different values can values of the explosion characteristics vary
occur for what appear to be the sarne dusts. towards the "rnore hazardous" side (cf.
This highlights the need to test the dust to be Section 6, Effect of different parameters on
handled whenever it is unclear if certain explosion behaviour).
irnportant influencing factors, such as corn-
position, fineness and rnoisture content, The characteristics in the tables apply to the
coincide cornpletely with the existing condi- following conditions in the operating plants:
tions in the case to be assessed.
Pressure from 0.9 bar to 1.1 bar
This applies also concerning the fact that
despite careful cornpilation rnistakes can not O~gen approx. 2 1 % V/V
be excluded at this large extent of data.
Ternperature frorn 0"C to 30"C
7 Limits of applicability
lf conditions other than these so-called rnore critical cornbustion und explosion
"atrnospheric conditions" exist in practice, behaviour.
Special considerations should be rnade und, The tabulated values do not apply if the
if necessary, the characteristics deterrnined sirnultaneous presence of cornbustible dust
under the boundary conditions existing in und gases, vapours or rnists (hybrid rnix-
the factory. lncreased pressure, oxygen tures) can be anticipated (cf. Section 6,
content und ternperature also point to a cornbustible gases und vapours).
8 References
[3] VDI 2263: Dust Fires und Dust Explo- [9] Directive 94/9/EC of the European
sions, Hazards - Assessment - Protective Parliament und the Council- Equiprnent
Measures. Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin und protective systems intended for use
(Mai 1992) und VDI 2263 Part 1 : Test in potentially explosive atrnospheres
Methods for the Determination of the (ATEX 1OOa)
Safefy Characteristics of Dusts. Beuth
[I01 Proposal for a Councile Directive con-
Verlag GmbH, Berlin (Mai 1990)
cerning minimum requirements for im-
[4] VDI 3673, Part 1 : Pressure Venting of proving the safety und health of work-
Dust Explosions. Beuth-Verlag, Berlin ers potentially at risk from explosive
Uuli 1995) atmospheres (ATEX 1 1 8a; 1998)
[ I 31 DIN VDE 016 5 : Errichten elektrischer [20] Dorsett, H.G., M . Jacobsen, J. Nagy
Anlagen in e~plosions~efhrdeten und R.P. Williams: Laboratory equip-
Bereichen. Beuth-Verlag, Berlin ( 1 983) ment und test procedures for evaluating
explosibiliiy of dusts. Bureau of mines
[ 1 4]'~almer,K.N.: Dust explosions und report of investigation 5 6 2 4 ( 1960)
fires. Chapman und Hall, London
( 1973) [ 2 1 ] Leuschke, G.: ber die Klassifizierung
brennbarer Stube. Staub-Reinhaltung
[I51 Berthold, W . : Mindestzndenergie- der Luft 3 9 ( 1 979), Heft 9, C. 3 2 6 bis
Prfverfahren. VDI-Berichte Nr. 494
332
( 1984), S. 105 bis 1 18
[22] Wiemann, W . : Einflu der Temperatur
[16] Siweck, R.: 20-I-Laborapparatur fr die
auf Explosionskenngren und Sau-
Bestimmung der Explosionskennzahlen
e~stoff~renzkonzentration. VDI-Berichte
brennbarer Stube. HTL Winterthur,
Nr. 494, S. 8 9 bis 9 8 . VDI-Verlag
Diplomarbeit ( 1 977)
Dsseldorf ( 1 9 8 4 )
[17] Ltolf, J.: Kurzmethoden zur Prfung
[23] Hanel, H.: ber die Brand- und Explo-
brennbarer Stube. VDI-Berichte
sionsgefahren in der Braunkohlenindus-
Nr. 304, S. 3 9 bis 4 6 . VDI-Verlag,
trie - Erkenntnisse und Probleme.
Dsseldorf ( 19 7 8 )
Freiburger Forschungshefte A 382
[I81 Leuschke, G . und R. Owald: Bedeu- (1 9 6 6 )
tung und Ermittlung von Sicherheits-
1241 Bartknecht, W . : Explosionsschutz-
technischen Kenngren brennbarer
Grundlagen und Anwendung. Springer
Stube. VDI-Berichte Nr. 304, S. 2 9
Verlag, Berlin ( 1 993)
bis 38. VDI-Verlag, Dsseldorf (1 9 7 8 )
[25] VDI 2263-2: Dust Fires und Dust Ex-
[ I 91 Berthold, W.(Hrsg.): Bestimmung der
plosions, Hazards - Assessment - Pro-
Mindest~ndener~ie von Staub/Luft-
tective Measures. Part 2 Inerting. Beuth
Gemischen. Fortschrittberichte VDI
Verlag GmbH, Berlin ( 1992)
Reihe 3, Nr. 134. VDI-Verlag, Dssel-
dorf ( 1 9 8 7 )
9 Explanatory notes for the tables