Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
AX XB = C
Salah Mecheri1
Abstract
1 Introduction
Let B(H) be the algebra of all bounded linear operators on a separable
infinite dimensional complex Hilbert space H. This work studies how certain
problems in quantum theory have motivated some recent reseach in pure
Mathematics in matrix and operator theory. The mathematical key is that
of a commutator. Given A, B B(H). The operator C is said to be a
commutator, if there exists an operator X B(H) such that AX XA = C.
In general, if there exists an operator X B(H) such that AX XB =
C, then C is said to be a generalized commutator. The first important
contribution to the study of commutators is due to A. Wintner who in 1947
Key words: Operators equation, Commutator, Putnam-Fugledes theorem.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 47A30, 47B47; Secondary
47A15, 47A63
This work was supported by the research center project No. Math/2007/10
1
College of Science, Department of Mathematics, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi
Arabia. e-mail: mecherisalah@hotmail.com
1
2 Why to solve the operator equation AX XB = C
proved that the identity operator I is not a commutator, that is, there are
no element X such that
I = AX XA (1.1)
(to see this, just take the trace of both sides of (1.1)). Nor can (1.1) hold
for bounded linear operators A and X : two nice proofs of this are due to
Wielandt and A. Wintner[17]. Like much good mathematicians, Wintners
theorem has its roots in physics. Indeed, it was prompted by the fact that
the unbounded linear maps P and Q representing the quantum-mechanical
momentum and position, respectively, satisfy the commutation relation
ih
P Q QP = ( )I,
2
where h is the Plancks constant and I is the identity operator. Actu-
ally one of the preocupations is the structure of a commutator and a non-
commutator. For this it is very intersting to solve the operator equation
AX XB = C. In [14] W.E. Roth has shown for finite matrices A and B
over a field that AX XB = C is solvable for X if and only if the matrices
" # " #
A 0 A B
and
0 B 0 C
are similar. A considerably briefer proof has been given by Flanders and
Wimmer [4]. In [13] Rosenblum showed that the result remains true when A
and B are bounded selfadjoint operators in B(H). In this note we will gen-
eralize these results for the case where A is normal and (A, B) (resp(B, A))
satisfies (F P )B(H) (the Fuglede-Putnam property). Some open questions
are also given.
Let A, B B(H). We say that the pair (A, B) satisfies (F P )B(H) , if
AC = CB where C B(H) implies A C = CB .
2 Main results
In the following we will denote the spectrum, and the approximate spectrum
of an operator A B(H) by (A), and a (A) respectively.
S S + Q Q
is invertible on H.
Proof. Since
S S + Q Q
is a positive operator,
(S S + Q Q) = a (S S + Q Q).
Consequently,
" #
2 *" # " # +
Q R
Q R Q R
lim
(xn 0)
= lim (xn 0), (xn 0)
n
S T
n S T S T
" # " #
N 0 N C
(resp. and )
0 A 0 A
N X XA = C
Hence
AS = S N and N Q = Q N.
Therefore
N S S = S SN,
that is, N commutes with S S and T T. Furthermore we have
= (N Q R + N S T ) (Q RA + S T A)
S. Mecheri 5
= N (Q R + S T ) (Q R + S T )A.
By Lemma 2.1 the operator
S S + Q Q
is invertible and commute with N . Hence
N X XA = C,
X = (S S + Q Q)1 (Q R + S T ).
If the pair (N, A) satisfies the (F P )B(H) property, then the equation
AX XN = C
has a solution X given by
X = (QS + RT )(SS + T T )1 .
2
Corollary 2.1 Let N, A be two operators in B(H) with A normal. If the
pair (A, N ) (resp. (N, A)) has the (F P )B(H) property, then
(" # " # )
N 0 N C
R(A,N ) = and are similar
0 A 0 A
respectively
(" # " # )
A 0 A C
R(N,A ) = and are similar ,
0 N 0 N
where A,B is the generalized derivation defined on B(H) by
A,B (X) = AX XB
.
R = U AU and S = V BV .
If
RX = XS, f or X B(H)
then
AU XV = U XV B.
Now since (A, B) B(H) , it results that U XV B(H). Therefore
A U XV = U XV B .
By this we obtain
U A U X = XV B V ,
from where
R X = XS .
Which proves that (R, S) I .
(ii) If B X = XA for X B(H), then AX = X B and since X
B(H),
A X = X B ,
that is, XA = BX.
(iii) If
A1 X = XB 1 , f or X B(H)
Then
A(A1 X)B = A(XB 1 )B,
that is, AX = XB and so, A X = XB . Hence
(A )1 A X(B )1 = (A )1 XB (B )1 ,
therefore (A )1 X = X(B )1 .
(iv) If
(A)X = X(B), f or X B(H),
then AX = XB and hence
A X = XB .
S. Mecheri 7
Consequently
A X = XB .
(v ) if
(A + I)X = X(B + I),
then AX = XB. Therefore
A X = XB
and hence
(A + I) X = X(B + I) .
2
The (F P )B(H) property hypothesis can be weakned as in the following
corollary.
and
(N ) (SN ) (H) (p H)
" # " #
N 0 N C
(resp. and )
0 A 0 A
Proof. It is well known [15], [3] that the pair (N, A) (resp.(A, N ) has
the (F P )B(H) property under either of the above cases. 2
S. Mecheri 9
3 Some Problems
The operator A B(H) is said to be finite [16] if ||I (AX XA)|| 1
(*) for all X B(H), where I is the identity operator. The well-known
inequality (*), due to [16] is the starting point of the topic of commutator
approximation (a Topic which has its roots in quantum theory [17]). This
topic deals with minimizing the distance, measured by some norm or other,
between a varying commutator (or self-commutator XX X X) and some
fixed operator [1, 6, 8]
we begin by the definition of the best approximant of an operator. Let
E be a normed space and M a supspace of E. If to each A E there exists
an operator B M for which
kA Bk kA Ck f or all C M.
|z Rez| |z x|.
3.1 Problem I
The related topic of approximation by commutators AX-XA or by gen-
eralized commutator AX-XB, which has attracted much interest, has its
roots in quantum theory. The Heinsnberg Uncertainly principle may be
mathematically formulated as saying that there exists a pair A, X of linear
transformations and a non-zero scalar for which
AX XA = I (3.1)
10 Why to solve the operator equation AX XB = C
Clearly, (3.1) cannot hold for square matrices A and X and for bounded
linear operators A and X. This prompts the question:
how close can AX XA be the identity?
Williams [16] proved that if A is normal, then, for all X in B(H),
Maher [6] obtained the Cp variants of Andersons result. Mecheri [8] studied
approximation by generalized commutators AX-XC: he showed that the
following inequality holds
3.2 Problem II
Let A be the operator defined on B(H) by A (X) = AX XA. It is
known that I is not commutator,i.e. I 6 R(A ). Anderson [1] proved that
there exists A B(H) such that I R(A ), that is, the distance from I to
AX XA is minimal, i.e., equal to zero. For more details see Mecheri[7]
In [8] We constructed a pair (A, X) of elements in B(H) such that
Open question: Does dist(I, R(A )) = r (0, 1) implies for all invertible
S that dist(I, R(SAS 1 )) = r (0, 1)
S. Mecheri 11
where X, Y are Banach spaces. differing from the usual closure in that its
points have to be the limits of images of bounded sequences of vectors so:
Question. For which operators A on Hilbert space H do we have
I R(A ) ?
References
[1] J.H.Anderson , C.Foias, Properties which normal operator share with
normal derivation and related operators, Pacific J. Math., 61(1976)
313-325.