- ) ( - -

Diffraction in crystals

-1:

)-
( :
h
= )(1
p

)(

a , b , c


.

-2 ):(the energy of x-ray photons

 - ) ( - -

) ( .
)(
) . ( Von laue 1927

Crystal Diffraction

Laue 1912

1914 Nobel prize

Max von Laue

)(1879-1960

Lattice spacing
typically
o o
10 10 m = 1
1A

) (

:
:
c hc
E = = h = h = )(2
E
) (2 , hc= 1240 ev.nm
) ( 1A0=10-10m )( Kev)(1ev= 1.60210-19
:

1240 ev.nm 12.4 0

= = A )(3
E Kev E

)(10-50 Kev
 - - ( ) -

.

X-RAY ENERGY
Electromagnetic radiation described as having packets of
energy, or photons. The energy of the photon is related to
its frequency by the following formula:

E = h
hc c
E=
=

hc
=Wavelength , = Frequency , c = Velocity of light
E =

x-ray 10-10 1A E ~ 104 ev

X-Ray Crystallography

The wavelength of X-rays is

typically 1 A, comparable to the
interatomic spacing (distances
between atoms or ions) in solids.

We need X-rays:

hc hc
Exray = = h = = = 12.3x103 eV
1x10 m
10

22
 - ) ( - -

-3 ):( Energy of neutrons

) (1
) (p :

p2 h2 h
= En = = n )(4
2m 2mn 2n 2mn En

) (4) ( mn=1.67510-27Kg
:
0.28
n A0 )(5
En

) (En=0.08 ev KT
0.025 ev
. 4000m/s
.
 - ) ( - -
-4 ):(Energy of electrons


) (

.

) (5 ) (me=0.9110-30Kg :

12.25
= e A0 )(6
Ee

150 ev
. 7106 m/s
Today X-ray diffraction supplemented by electron and neutron diffration

Energies X-ray, electrons and neutrons wave-particle

hc hc
= E = h =
E
X-ray: o
1A E 12 k eV
o
1A me = 9.1 10-31 kg
h h h
= Electrons:
=p
k = =
p 2mE E 150 eV
o
1A mn = 1.6749 10-27 kg
h h
Neutrons: = = E 0.08 eV
p 2mE
 - - ( ) -

Diffraction Methods

X-Ray Neutron Electron

= 1A = 1A = 2A

E ~ 104 eV E ~ 0.08 eV E ~ 150 eV

interact with electron interact with nuclei interact with electron

Penetrating Highly Penetrating Less Penetrating

67

Typical Laue X-ray diffraction pattern

symmetry of the pattern symmetry of the crystal

Laue X-ray diffraction

YAlO3
c-axis normal to picture

Complementarity of the three types of radiation

X-ray diffraction Electron diffraction Neutron diffraction

Photon energies 10keV-100keV Charged particle Interaction with nuclei

large penetration depth strong interaction Improved efficiency
with matter for light atoms
3D crystal structure Inelastic scattering:
low penetration depth phonons
scattering by electron density Magnetic moment interacts
best results for Study of: surfaces with moment of electrons
atoms with high Z thin films Magnetic scattering:
Structure, magnons

: ( Bragg's law) -5
1913
)
(

.()
 - ) ( - -
) (8-1


.

)
(
....... .
) (

)( )
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg%27s_law :

= n ) (7

):(1

):(2
 - ) ( - -

) :(3

) : (4

) (5 A
A
B :

)(8
) (7 :
 - ) ( - -
)(9
) (5 :

)(10
:

)(11
) (9:

)(12
:

)(13

) (6
:
= ABC = 2 BC = n
BC
= sin BC = d sin
d
= 2 BC = 2d sin = n )(14
 - ) ( - -
) .(13
.

Bragg Diffraction: Braggs Law

Bragg Diffraction Law

Law describing the minimum condition for diffraction
Applicable for photons, electrons and neutrons

Braggs law
Condition for efficient specular reflection 2d sin = n 2d hkl sin =
n: integer
)(click for java applet

):(7
 - ) ( - -

Spacing dhkl between successive (hkl) planes

a
= In cubic systems: dhkl
h 2 + k 2 + l2

Top view
y

a
d110 a
2 d110 = a 2
2
= d110
2

dhkl for non cubic lattice later in the framework

x
of the reciprocal lattice

Bragg Peaks

) :(8

-6 )(
)(Experimental methods in X-ray diffraction at crystals
-1 :

3-0.2

) .(9
 - ) ( - -

) :(9 .

-2 ) ( :

d

) .( 10
 - ) ( - -

) : (10

-3 - Scattering in X-ray powder diffraction -:

) 11 12.(13

) :(11 )(.
 - ) ( - -

) : (12

) :(13 .

-4 :


:
- 1 ) (Davisson-Germer .
- 2 )(Thomson .
 - ) ( - -
- 3
.