AD Validation Guide Vol II 2017 R2 en

VALIDATION GUIDE
2017 R2
Advance Design
Validation Guide
Version: 2017 R2
Tests passed on: 29 August 2016
Number of tests: 610
INTRODUCTION
Before being officially released, each version of GRAITEC software, including

Advance Design, undergoes a series of validation tests. This validation is performed in
parallel and in addition to manual testing and beta testing, in order to obtain the
"operational version" status. This document contains a description of the automatic
tests, highlighting the theoretical background and the results we have obtained using
the current software release.
Usually, a test is made of a reference (independent from the specific software version
tested), a transformation (a calculation or a data processing scenario), a result (given
by the specific software version tested) and a difference usually measured in
percentage as a drift from a set of reference values. Depending on the cases, the
used reference is either a theoretical calculation done manually, a sample taken from
the technical literature, or the result of a previous version considered as good by
experience.
Starting with version 2012, Graitec Advance has made significant steps forward in term of
quality management by extending the scope and automating the testing process.
While in previous versions, the tests were always about the calculation results which
were compared to a reference set, starting with version 2012, tests have been
extended to user interface behavior, import/export procedures, etc.
The next major improvement is the capacity to pass the tests automatically. These
current tests have obviously been passed on the operational version, but they are
actually passed on a daily basis during the development process, which helps improve
the daily quality by solving potential issues, immediately after they have been
introduced in the code.
In the field of structural analysis and design, software users must keep in mind that the
results highly depend on the modeling (especially when dealing with finite elements)
and on the settings of the numerous assumptions and options available in the
software. A software package cannot replace engineers experience and analysis.
Despite all our efforts in term of quality management, we cannot guaranty the correct
behavior and the validity of the results issued by Advance Design in any situation.
With this validation guide, we are providing a set of concrete test cases showing the
behavior of Advance Design in various areas and various conditions. The tests cover
a wide field of expertise: modeling, climatic load generation according to Eurocode 1,
combinations management, meshing, finite element calculation, reinforced concrete
design according to Eurocode 2, steel member design according to Eurocode 3, steel
connection design according to Eurocode 3, timber member design according to
Eurocode 5, seismic analysis according to Eurocode 8, report generation, import /
export procedures and user interface behavior.
We hope that this guide will highly contribute to the knowledge and the confidence you
are placing in Advance Design.
Manuel LIEDOT
Chief Operating Officer
ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE
Table of Contents
9 MESH ..................................................................................................................................... 15
9.1 Verifying the mesh for a model with generalized buckling (TTAD #11519) ...................................................16
9.2 Verifying mesh points (TTAD #11748) ..........................................................................................................16
9.3 Creating triangular mesh for planar elements (TTAD #11727) .....................................................................16
9.4 Verifying the mesh of a planar element influenced by peak smoothing. .......................................................16
9.5 Verifying the options to take into account loads in linear and planar elements mesh (TTAD #15251)..........16
10 REPORTS GENERATOR ...................................................................................................... 17

10.1 Generating a report with modal analysis results (TTAD #10849) ................................................................18
10.2 Reports - Global envelope for efforts in linear elements with Min/Max Values and coresponding absicsa
position ...................................................................................................................................................................18
10.3 Verifying the steel shape sheet display (TTAD #12657) ..............................................................................18
10.4 Verifying the modal analysis report (TTAD #12718) ....................................................................................18
10.5 EC2 / NF EN 1992-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the EC2 calculation assumptions report (TTAD #11838) ...18
10.6 Verifying the shape sheet strings display (TTAD #12622) ...........................................................................19
10.7 Verifying the Max row on the user table report (TTAD #12512) ..................................................................19
10.8 Verifying the shape sheet report (TTAD #12353) ........................................................................................19
10.9 Verifying the shape sheet for a steel beam (TTAD #12455) ........................................................................19
10.10 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on start and end of super element)
(TTAD #12230) .....................................................................................................................................................19
10.11 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on start and end of super element)
(TTAD #12230) .....................................................................................................................................................20
10.12 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on end points and middle of super
element) (TTAD #12230) ........................................................................................................................................20
10.13 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on start and end of super element)
(TTAD #12230) .......................................................................................................................................................20
10.14 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on end points and middle of super element)
(TTAD #12230) .......................................................................................................................................................20
10.15 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on all quarters of super element)
(TTAD #12230) ......................................................................................................................................................21
10.16 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on each 1/4 of mesh element)
(TTAD #12230) ............................................................................................................................................ 21
10.17 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on the start point of super element)
(TTAD #12230) .......................................................................................................................................................21
10.18 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on each 1/4 of mesh element) (TTAD #12230) ......21
10.19 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on all quarters of super element) (TTAD
#12230) ..................................................................................................................................................................22
10.20 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on the end point of super element) (TTAD
#12230, TTAD #12261) ..........................................................................................................................................22
10.21 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on the start point of super element) (TTAD
#12230) ..................................................................................................................................................................22
7
10.22 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on the end point of super element)
(TTAD #12230, TTAD #12261) .............................................................................................................................. 22
10.23 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on end points and middle of super element)
(TTAD #12230) ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
10.24 Verifying the Min/Max values from the user reports (TTAD# 12231) ........................................................ 23
10.25 Modal analysis: eigen modes results for a structure with one level ........................................................... 23
10.26 Generating the critical magnification factors report (TTAD #11379) ......................................................... 23
10.27 System stability when the column releases interfere with support restraints (TTAD #10557) ................... 23
10.28 Verifying the model geometry report (TTAD #12201) ............................................................................... 24
10.29 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on the end point of super element) (TTAD
#12230, #12261) .................................................................................................................................................... 24
10.30 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on the start point of super element)
(TTAD #12230) ...................................................................................................................................................... 24
10.31 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on all quarters of super element)
(TTAD #12230)...................................................................................................................................................... 24
10.32 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on each 1/4 of mesh element) (TTAD
#12230) ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
10.33 Creating the steel materials description report (TTAD #11954) ................................................................ 25
10.34 Creating the rules table (TTAD #11802) ................................................................................................... 25
11 SEISMIC ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 27

11.1 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying the spectrum results for EC8 seism (TTAD #11478)................ 28
11.2 EC8 / CSN EN 1998-1 - Czech Republic: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element
(DEV2012 #3.18).................................................................................................................................................... 28
11.3 Verifying signed concomitant linear elements envelopes on Fx report (TTAD #11517) .............................. 28
11.4 EC8 / SR EN 1998-1/NA - Romania: Verifying the spectrum results for EC8 seism (TTAD #12472) ......... 28
11.5 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying torsors on grouped walls from a multi-storey concrete structure ...... 29
11.6 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying torsors on walls ........................................................................ 29
11.7 EC8 / SR EN 1998-1-1 - Romania: Verifying action results and torsors per modes on point, linear and
planar supports (TTAD #14840) ............................................................................................................................. 29
11.8 RPA99/2003 - Algeria: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element (DEV2013 #3.5) ............... 29
11.9 EC8 / EN 1998-1-1 - General: Verifying torsors on a 6 storey single concrete core subjected to horizontal
forces and seismic action ....................................................................................................................................... 29
11.10 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: verifying torsors on walls, elastic linear supports and user-defined
section cuts (TTAD #14460) ................................................................................................................................... 30
11.11 EC8 / EN 1998-1-1 - General: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for spectrum with
renewed building option (TTAD #14161) ................................................................................................................ 30
11.12 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying the sum of actions on supports and nodes restraints
(TTAD #12706) ..................................................................................................................................... 30
11.13 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying seismic efforts on planar elements with Q4 and T3-Q4 mesh
type (TTAD #14244) ............................................................................................................................................... 30
11.14 EC8 / EN 1998-1-1 - General: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for an envelope
spectrum (DEV2013 #8.2) ...................................................................................................................................... 31
11.15 PS92/2010 - France: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for an envelope spectrum
(DEV2013 #8.2)...................................................................................................................................................... 31
8
11.16 PS92 - France: Verifying efforts and torsors on planar elements (TTAD #12974).....................................31
11.17 EC8 / NF EN 1993-1-8/NA - France: Verifying the damping correction influence over the efforts in
supports (TTAD #13011). .......................................................................................................................................31
11.18 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying seismic results when a design spectrum is used (TTAD
#13778) ..................................................................................................................................................................32
11.19 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Generating forces results per modes on linear and planar elements
(TTAD #13797) .......................................................................................................................................................32
11.20 RPS 2011 - Morocco: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for an envelope spectrum
(DEV2013 #8.2) ......................................................................................................................................................32
11.21 RPS 2011 - Morocco: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element (DEV2013 #3.6) ...............32
11.22 EC8 / SR EN 1998-1-1 - Romania: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for an
envelope spectrum (DEV2013 #8.2) .......................................................................................................................33
11.23 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying torsors on walls with Seismic Loads (TTAD #16522) .............33
11.24 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying earthquake description report in analysis with Z axis down
(TTAD #15095) .......................................................................................................................................................33
12 STEEL DESIGN ..................................................................................................................... 35

12.1 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - Romania: Verifying lateral-torsional buckling resistance of an I rolled beam laterally
restrained at mid-span ............................................................................................................................................36
12.2 EC3 / CSN EN 1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Compressed and bended profile ............................................36
12.3 AISC 360 2010 - United States of America: Compressive Force Resistance and Buckling Length (LRFD) 36
12.4 AISC 360-10 - United States of America: Verifying buckling lengths and lateral torsional buckling lengths
values after imposing them before starting the steel verification (TFSAD #14487) ................................................36
12.5 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - Germany: Lateral-torsional buckling for a two field column with HEA 200 .................37
12.6 EC3 / SR EN 1993-1-1-2006 - Romania: Verifying the buckling resistance of a rectangular hollow section
column (R50*100/1) ................................................................................................................................................37
12.7 EC3 / SR EN 1993-1-1-2006 - Romania: Stability check for an IPE300 single span beam, simply supported ....37
12.8 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-6 - France: Buckling resistance of a class 4 circular hollow section ..........................37
12.9 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Verifying the compression checks for an I section column .............37
12.10 AISC 360 2010 - United States of America: Example H.1 W-shape subject to combined compression and
bending (LRFD) ......................................................................................................................................................38
12.11 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Mcr & XLT stability values for laminated RHS beams ..................38
12.12 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Mcr & XLT stability values for welded RHS beams .......................38
12.13 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Fy shear checks for an I section column.......................................38
12.14 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: k stability values for an I section column.......................................38
12.15 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Oblique bending checks for an I section column ..........................39
12.16 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Fz shear checks for an I section column.......................................39
12.17 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: XLT stability value for an I section column....................................39
12.18 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Work Ratio stability value for an I section column ........................39
12.19 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: X stability values for an I section column ......................................39
12.20 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: C1, C2 & Mcr stability values for an I section column ...................40
12.21 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification, shear and bending moment verification
of an IPE300 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 3) .....................................................................41
9
12.22 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and compression resistance for an
IPE600 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 7) ............................................................................. 49
12.23 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling resistance of a CHS219.1x6.3H column
(evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 21) .................................................................................................... 55
12.24 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the lateral torsional buckling of a IPE300 beam (evaluated
by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 22) ...................................................................................................................... 60
12.25 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the design plastic shear resistance of a rectangular hollow
section beam (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 12) .............................................................................. 66
12.26 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the resistance of a rectangular hollow section column
subjected to bending and shear efforts (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 13) ....................................... 69
12.27 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling resistance of a RC3020100 column (evaluated
by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 20) ...................................................................................................................... 76
12.28 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Cross section classification and compression resistance verification
of a rectangular hollow section column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 11) ....................................... 84
12.29 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 4 column fixed on the bottom and
with a displacement restraint at 2.81m from the bottom (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 25) ..................... 89
12.30 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 3 column fixed on the
bottom (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 26)....................................................................................... 121
12.31 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 3 beam simply supported
with a displacement restraint (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 27) .................................................... 144
12.32 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling resistance for a IPE300 column (evaluated by
SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 19) ......................................................................................................................... 168
12.33 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a IPE400 column for compression, shear, bending
moment, buckling, lateral torsional buckling and bending and axial compression (evaluated by SOCOTEC France
- ref. Test 23) ........................................................................................................................................................ 175
12.34 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 4 column fixed on the
bottom and without any other restraint (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 24)...................................... 211
12.35 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 1, column hinged on base
and restrained on top for the X, Y translation and Z rotation (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 29) .... 235
12.36 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a rectangular hollow section column subjected to bending
and axial efforts (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 15) ........................................................................ 275
12.37 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Determining lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped welded
built-up beam considering the load applied on the upper flange (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 44) ....... 282
12.38 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and compression verification of an
IPE300 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 1) ........................................................................... 288
12.39 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and shear verification of an IPE300
beam subjected to linear uniform loading (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 2) ................................... 294
12.40 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and combined axial force with bending
moment verification of an IPE300 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 5) .................................. 301
12.41 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and combined biaxial bending
verification of an IPE300 beam (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 6) ................................................... 307
12.42 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the bending resistance of a rectangular hollow section
column made of S235 steel (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 14) ...................................................... 314
12.43 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Comparing the shear resistance of a welded built-up beam made
from different steel materials (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 45) .................................................... 320
12.44 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and bending moment verification of an
IPE300 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 4) ........................................................................... 324
12.45 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the classification and the resistance of a column subjected
to bending and axial load (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 8) ............................................................ 330
10
12.46 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the classification and the compression resistance of a
welded built-up column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 9) ...............................................................336
12.47 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the classification and the bending resistance of a welded
built-up beam (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 10) ............................................................................343
12.48 NTC 2008 - Italy: Stability check for steel column hinged base ...............................................................349
12.49 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1 - France: Buckling resistance of a steel column .................................................353
12.50 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-2 - France: Verifying the bending resistance of a purlin for a 15min duration ........357
12.51 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 1, column fixed on base
and without any other restraint (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 28) ..................................................360
12.52 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam
subjected to biaxial bending (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 16) ......................................................391
12.53 EC3 / CSN EN 1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Compressed IPE300 ..........................................................398
12.54 NTC 2008 - Italy: Deflection check on simply supported beam ...............................................................404
12.55 AISC 360 2010 - United States of America: Deflection and Strength for a W-Shape Continuously Braced
Flexural Member in Strong-Axis Bending (LRFD) .................................................................................................406
12.56 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying critical moment Mcr on a beam with intermediate restraints .. 409
12.57 EC3 / CSN EN1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Bended beam without stability failure ..................................413
12.58 AISC 360 2010 - United States of America: Example G.1 W-shape in strong axis shear (LRFD) ...........418
12.59 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Simply supported laterally restrained (from P374 Hollow Sections
Example 3) ...........................................................................................................................................................421
12.60 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Pin-ended column (from P374 Hollow Sections Example 2).......426
12.61 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Laterally unrestrained beam (from P374 Hollow Sections Example 4) ...430
12.62 NTC 2008 - Italy: Verifying the lateral torsional buckling of a IPE300 beam ..........................................433
12.63 EC3 / CSN EN 1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Compressed U_profile ........................................................440
12.64 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying critical bending moment on a IPE200 beam with
complex loading .................................................................................................................................. 444
12.65 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying critical moment Mcr of a beam with intermediate restraints
subject to upwards loading ...................................................................................................................................444
12.66 EC3 / CSN EN1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Tensioned diagonal .............................................................452
12.67 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Simply supported laterally restrained (from P364 Open Sections
Example 2) ...........................................................................................................................................................454
12.68 NTC 2008 - Italy: Strenght verification of a steel linear hollow section ....................................................456
12.69 NTC 2008 - Italy: Lateral torsional buckling verification of a steel column ...............................................462
12.70 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA France: Verifying the stability of an asymmetric I-shape subjected to axial
force and bending moment ...................................................................................................................................491
12.71 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying IPE450 column fixed on base subjected to axial
compression and bending moment, both applied on top (ref. Test 31) .................................................................505
12.72 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying IPE600 simple supported beam, loaded with centric
compression and uniform linear efforts by Y and Z axis (ref. Test 32) ..................................................................505
12.73 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying RHS300x150x9H class 1 simply supported beam, loaded with
centric compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts and a vertical punctual load in the middle (ref. Test 36) ............505
12.74 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying C310x30.8 class 4 cantilever, loaded with centric compression,
uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load applied on the free end (ref. Test 35) .....................505
12.75 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying IPE300 beam, simply supported, loaded with centric
compression and uniform linear efforts by Y and Z axis (ref. Test 30) .................................................................506
11
12.76 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam
subjected to torsional efforts (ref. Test 17) ........................................................................................................... 506
12.77 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying CHS323.9x6.3H class 2 beam, loaded with centric
compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle (ref. Test 39) ....... 506
12.78 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying C310x30.8 class 3beam, loaded with centric compression,
uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle (ref. Test 34) ............................. 506
12.79 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Determining lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped
welded built-up beam considering the load applied on the upper flange (ref. Test 42) ........................................ 507
laminated beam considering the load applied on the lower flange (ref. Test 43) .................................................. 507
12.81 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying RHS350x150x5H class 4 column, loaded with centric
compression, punctual horizontal force by Y and a bending moment, all applied to the top (ref. Test 38) ........... 507
12.82 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying CHS508x8H class 3, simply supported beam, loaded with
centric compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle (ref. Test 40) .... 507
12.83 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying UPN300 simple supported beam, loaded with centric
compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and punctual vertical force by Z axis (ref. Test 33) .............. 508
12.84 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying RHS350x150x8.5H class 3 column, loaded with centric
compression, punctual lateral load and bending moment, all applied to the top of the column (ref. Test 37)....... 508
12.85 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a simply supported circular hollow section element
subjected to torsional efforts (ref. Test 18) ........................................................................................................... 508
laminated beam considering the load applied on the lower flange (ref. Test 41) .................................................. 508
12.87 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Changing the steel design template for a linear element
(TTAD #12491) ................................................................................................................................................... 509
12.88 Verifying the shape sheet for a steel beam with circular cross-section (TTAD #12533) ......................... 509
12.89 Verifying the "Shape sheet" command for elements which were excluded from the specialized calculation
(TTAD #12389) .................................................................................................................................................... 509
12.90 Generating the shape sheet by system (TTAD #11471) ......................................................................... 509
12.91 Verifying the shape sheet results for the elements of a simple vault (TTAD #11522) ............................. 509
12.92 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the cross section optimization of a steel element
(TTAD #11516).................................................................................................................................................... 510
12.93 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the shape sheet results for a fixed horizontal beam
(TTAD #11545).................................................................................................................................................... 510
12.94 Verifying the shape sheet results for a column (TTAD #11550) .............................................................. 510
12.95 Verifying shape sheet on S275 beam (TTAD #11731) ............................................................................ 510
12.96 Verifying results on square hollowed beam 275H according to thickness (TTAD #11770) ..................... 511
12.97 Verifying the calculation results for steel cables (TTAD #11623) ............................................................ 511
12.98 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA: Verifying the steel shape optimization when using sections from Advance
Steel Profiles database (TTAD #11873) ............................................................................................................... 511
12.99 CM66 (steel design) - France: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the roA
roB method ................................................................................................................................................ 511
12.100 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - General: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the kA
kB method ........................................................................................................................................................... 512
12.101 CM66 (steel design) - France: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the kA
kB method ........................................................................................................................................................... 512
12.102 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling coefficient Xy on a class 2 section ........... 512
12
12.103 EC3 / SR EN 1993-1-1-2006 - Romania: Fire verification: verifying the work ratios after performing an
optimization for steel profiles (TTAD #11975) .......................................................................................................512
12.104 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling length results (TTAD #11550) ..................513
13 TIMBER DESIGN ................................................................................................................. 515

13.1 Modifying the "Design experts" properties for timber linear elements (TTAD #12259) ..............................516
13.2 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying the units display in the timber shape sheet (TTAD #12445) ...516
13.3 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying the timber elements shape sheet (TTAD #12337) ..................516
13.4 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Shear verification for a simply supported timber beam .........................516
13.5 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber purlin subjected to biaxial bending and axial
compression .........................................................................................................................................................517
13.6 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber purlin subjected to oblique bending ..........................522
13.7 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber column subjected to tensile forces ...........................526
13.8 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-2 - France: Verifying the residual section of a timber column exposed to fire for 60
minutes .................................................................................................................................................................529
13.9 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-2 - France: Verifying the fire resistance of a timber purlin subjected to simple bending... 532
13.10 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber column subjected to compression forces ...............537
13.11 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber beam subjected to combined bending and axial
tension 541
13.12 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying lateral torsional stability of a timber beam subjected to
combined bending and axial compression ............................................................................................................547
13.13 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a C24 timber beam subjected to shear force ........................552
13.14 EC5 / SR EN-1995-1-1-2004 - Romania: Timber column subjected to shear stress and torsion ............556
13.15 EC5 / SR EN-1995-1-1-2004 - Romania: Timber column subjected to compression ..............................556
13.16 EC5 / SR EN-1995-1-1-2004 - Romania: Timber beam subjected to simple bending .............................556
13.17 EC5 / SR EN 1995-1-1 - Romania: Verifying compression strength for C14 circular column with
fixed base ............................................................................................................................................................556
13.18 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber beam subjected to simple bending .........................557
13
9 Mesh
9.1 Verifying the mesh for a model with generalized buckling (TTAD #11519)
Test ID: 3649

Test status: Passed
9.1.1 Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the mesh for a model with generalized buckling.
9.2 Verifying mesh points (TTAD #11748)
Test ID: 3458

Test status: Passed
9.2.1 Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the mesh nodes of a concrete structure.
The structure consists of concrete linear elements (R20*20 cross section) and rigid supports; the loads applied on the
structure: dead loads, live loads, wind loads and snow loads, according to Eurocodes.
9.3 Creating triangular mesh for planar elements (TTAD #11727)
Test ID: 3423

Test status: Passed
9.3.1 Description
Creates a triangular mesh on a planar element with rigid supports and self weight.
9.4 Verifying the mesh of a planar element influenced by peak smoothing.
Test ID: 6190

Test status: Passed
9.4.1 Description
The model consists in a c25/30 concrete planar element supported by three concrete columns (2 x R20/30, 1 x D40)
and one steel column (IPE400). Self-weight of elements is taken into account and 2 live loads of -20KN/m2,
respectively -100 KN/m2, are applied on the planar element.
9.5 Verifying the options to take into account loads in linear and planar elements mesh (TTAD
#15251)
Test ID: 6215

Test status: Passed
9.5.1 Description
Verifies the options to take into account loads in linear and planar elements mesh.
16
10 Reports Generator
10.1 Generating a report with modal analysis results (TTAD #10849)
Test ID: 3734

Test status: Passed
10.1.1Description
Generates a report with modal results for a model with seismic actions.
10.2 Reports - Global envelope for efforts in linear elements with Min/Max Values and coresponding
absicsa position
Test ID: 6363

Test status: Passed
10.2.1Description
The purpose of this test is to check the content of a report which returns a global envelope for efforts on linear
elements, with the Max/Min Valus.
The model consisits in a concrete simple frame, 3 LoadCases and several combinations.
The report returns the Max and Min values of the efforts, per linear element, and the position/abiscisa of these
Max/Min values.
10.3 Verifying the steel shape sheet display (TTAD #12657)
Test ID: 4562

Test status: Passed
10.3.1Description
Verifies the steel shape sheet display when the fire calculation is disabled.
10.4 Verifying the modal analysis report (TTAD #12718)
Test ID: 4576

Test status: Passed
10.4.1Description
Generates and verifies the modal analysis report.
10.5 EC2 / NF EN 1992-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the EC2 calculation assumptions report (TTAD
#11838)
Test ID: 4544

Test status: Passed
10.5.1Description
Verifies the EC2 calculation assumptions report.
18
10.6 Verifying the shape sheet strings display (TTAD #12622)
Test ID: 4559

Test status: Passed
10.6.1Description
Verifies the shape sheet strings display for a steel beam with circular hollow cross-section.
10.7 Verifying the Max row on the user table report (TTAD #12512)
Test ID: 4558

Test status: Passed
10.7.1Description
Verifies the Max row on the user table report.
10.8 Verifying the shape sheet report (TTAD #12353)
Test ID: 4545

Test status: Passed
10.8.1Description
Generates and verifies the shape sheet report.
10.9 Verifying the shape sheet for a steel beam (TTAD #12455)
Test ID: 4535

Test status: Passed
10.9.1Description
Verifies the shape sheet for a steel beam.
10.10 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on start and end of super
element) (TTAD #12230)
Test ID: 4489

Test status: Passed
10.10.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements forces results on the start
and end of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements forces result report".
The model consists of a concrete portal frame with rigid fixed supports.
19
10.11 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on start and end of super element)
(TTAD #12230)
Test ID: 4501

Test status: Passed
10.11.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements stresses on start and end
of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements stresses report".
10.12 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on end points and middle of
super element) (TTAD #12230)
Test ID: 4494

Test status: Passed
10.12.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements displacements on end
points and middle of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements displacements report".
10.13 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on start and end of super
Test ID: 4495

Test status: Passed
10.13.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements displacements on start
and end of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements displacements report".
10.14 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on end points and middle of
super element) (TTAD #12230)
Test ID: 4488

Test status: Passed
10.14.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements forces results on end
points and middle of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements forces result report".
20
10.15 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on all quarters of super
Test ID: 4493

Test status: Passed
10.15.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements displacements on all
quarters of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements displacements report".
10.16 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on each 1/4 of mesh element)
(TTAD #12230)
Test ID: 4492

Test status: Passed
10.16.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements displacements on each
1/4 of mesh element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements displacements report".
10.17 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on the start point of super
Test ID: 4496

Test status: Passed
10.17.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements displacements on the start
point of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements displacements report".
10.18 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on each 1/4 of mesh element) (TTAD
#12230)
Test ID: 4498

Test status: Passed
10.18.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements stresses on each 1/4 of
mesh element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements stresses report".
21
10.19 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on all quarters of super element)
(TTAD #12230)
Test ID: 4499

Test status: Passed
10.19.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements stresses on all quarters of
super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements stresses report".
10.20 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on the end point of super element)
(TTAD #12230, TTAD #12261)
Test ID: 4503

Test status: Passed
10.20.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements stresses on the end point
10.21 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on the start point of super element)
(TTAD #12230)
Test ID: 4502

Test status: Passed
10.21.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements stresses on the start point
10.22 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements displacements (on the end point of super
element) (TTAD #12230, TTAD #12261)
Test ID: 4497

Test status: Passed
10.22.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements displacements on the end
point of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements displacements report".
22
10.23 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements stresses (on end points and middle of super
Test ID: 4500

Test status: Passed
10.23.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements stresses on end points
and middle of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements stresses report".
10.24 Verifying the Min/Max values from the user reports (TTAD# 12231)
Test ID: 4505

Test status: Passed
10.24.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and generates a user report containing the results of Min/Max values.
10.25 Modal analysis: eigen modes results for a structure with one level
Test ID: 3668

Test status: Passed
10.25.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and generates the "Characteristic values of eigen modes" report.
The one-level structure consists of linear and planar concrete elements with rigid supports. A modal analysis is
defined.
10.26 Generating the critical magnification factors report (TTAD #11379)
Test ID: 3647

Test status: Passed
10.26.1Description
Performs the generalised buckling calculation for a steel structure hall, and generates a critical magnification factors
report.
10.27 System stability when the column releases interfere with support restraints (TTAD #10557)
Test ID: 3717

Test status: Passed
10.27.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and generates the systems description report for a structure which has
column releases that interfere with the supports restraints.
The structure consists of steel beams and steel columns (S235 material, HEA550 cross section) with rigid fixed
supports.
23
10.28 Verifying the model geometry report (TTAD #12201)
Test ID: 4467

Test status: Passed
10.28.1Description
Generates the "Model geometry" report to verify the model properties: total weight, largest structure dimensions,
center of gravity.
10.29 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on the end point of super
element) (TTAD #12230, #12261)
Test ID: 4491

Test status: Passed
10.29.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements forces results on the end
point of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements forces result report".
10.30 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on the start point of super
Test ID: 4490

Test status: Passed
10.30.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements forces results on the start
point of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements forces result report".
10.31 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on all quarters of super element)
(TTAD #12230)
Test ID: 4487

Test status: Passed
10.31.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements forces results on all
quarters of super element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements forces result report".
24
10.32 Verifying the global envelope of linear elements forces result (on each 1/4 of mesh element)
(TTAD #12230)
Test ID: 4486

Test status: Passed
10.32.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and verifies the global envelope of linear elements forces results on each 1/4
of mesh element by generating the "Global envelope of linear elements forces result report".
10.33 Creating the steel materials description report (TTAD #11954)
Test ID: 4100

Test status: Passed
10.33.1Description
Generates the "Steel materials" report as a .txt file.
The model consists of a steel structure with supports and a base plate connection.
10.34 Creating the rules table (TTAD #11802)
Test ID: 4099

Test status: Passed
10.34.1Description
Generates the "Rules description" report as .rtf and .txt file.
The model consists of a steel structure with supports and a base plate connection. Two rules were defined for the
steel calculation.
25
11 Seismic analysis
11.1 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying the spectrum results for EC8 seism (TTAD #11478)
Test ID: 3703

Test status: Passed
11.1.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and generates the "Displacements of linear elements by load case" report for
a concrete beam with rectangular cross section R20*30 with fixed rigid punctual support. Model loads: self weight and
seismic loads according to Eurocodes 8 French standards.
11.2 EC8 / CSN EN 1998-1 - Czech Republic: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element
(DEV2012 #3.18)
Test ID: 3626

Test status: Passed
11.2.1Description
Verifies the displacements results of an inclined linear element according to Eurocodes 8 Czech standard. Performs
the finite elements calculation and generates the displacements of linear elements by load case and by element
reports.
The concrete element (C20/25) has R20*30 cross section and a rigid point support. The loads applied on the
element: self weight and seismic loads (CSN EN 1998-1).
11.3 Verifying signed concomitant linear elements envelopes on Fx report (TTAD #11517)
Test ID: 3576

Test status: Passed
11.3.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation on a concrete structure. Generates the "Signed concomitant linear elements
envelopes on Fx report".
The structure has concrete beams and columns, two concrete walls and a windwall. Loads applied on the structure:
self weight and a planar live load of -40.00 kN.
11.4 EC8 / SR EN 1998-1/NA - Romania: Verifying the spectrum results for EC8 seism (TTAD
#12472)
Test ID: 4537

Test status: Passed
11.4.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and generates the "Displacements of linear elements by load case" report for
a concrete beam with rectangular cross section R20*30 with fixed rigid punctual support. Model loads: self weight and
seismic loads according to Eurocodes 8 Romanian standards (SR EN 1998-1/NA).
28
11.5 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying torsors on grouped walls from a multi-storey concrete
structure
Test ID: 4810

Test status: Passed
11.5.1Description
Verifies torsors on grouped walls from a multi-storey concrete structure. EC8 with French Annex is used.
11.6 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying torsors on walls
Test ID: 4803

Test status: Passed
11.6.1Description
Verifies the torsors on walls. Eurocode 8 with French Annex is used.
11.7 EC8 / SR EN 1998-1-1 - Romania: Verifying action results and torsors per modes on point,
linear and planar supports (TTAD #14840)
Test ID: 5860

Test status: Passed
11.7.1Description
Verifies action results and torsors per modes on point, linear and planar supports of a simple concrete structure. The
seismic action is generated according to Eurocode 8 norm (Romanian annex).
11.8 RPA99/2003 - Algeria: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element (DEV2013 #3.5)
Test ID: 5559

Test status: Passed
11.8.1Description
Verifies the displacements results of a vertical linear element according to Algerian seismic standard. Performs the
finite elements calculation and generates the displacements of linear elements by load case and by element reports.
element: self weight and seismic loads (RPA 99/2003).
11.9 EC8 / EN 1998-1-1 - General: Verifying torsors on a 6 storey single concrete core subjected to
horizontal forces and seismic action
Test ID: 6088

Test status: Passed
11.9.1Description
Verifies torsors on a 6 storey single concrete (C25/30) core subjected to horizontal forces and seismic action. The
calculation spectrum is generated considering Eurocode 8 General Annex rules. The walls describing the core are
grouped at each level.
29
11.10 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: verifying torsors on walls, elastic linear supports and user-
defined section cuts (TTAD #14460)
Test ID: 5861

Test status: Passed
11.10.1Description
Verifies torsors on walls, elastic linear supports and user-defined section cuts for a concrete structure which is
subjected to seismic action defined according Eurocode 8 norm (French annex).
11.11 EC8 / EN 1998-1-1 - General: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for
spectrum with renewed building option (TTAD #14161)
Test ID: 6192

Test status: Passed
11.11.1Description
Verifies the displacements results of a linear element for spectrum with renewed building option, according to
Eurocode EC8 standard. Performs the finite elements calculation and generates the displacements of linear elements
by load case and by element reports.
element: self weight and seismic loads for an envelope spectrum.
11.12 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying the sum of actions on supports and nodes restraints
(TTAD #12706)
Test ID: 4859

Test status: Passed
11.12.1Description
Verifies the sum of actions on supports and nodes restraints for a simple structure subjected to seismic action
according to EC8 French annex.
11.13 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying seismic efforts on planar elements with Q4 and T3-Q4
mesh type (TTAD #14244)
Test ID: 5492

Test status: Passed
11.13.1Description
Generates seismic results on planar element meshed with T3-Q4 mesh type and only Q4 mesh type.
30
11.14 EC8 / EN 1998-1-1 - General: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for an
envelope spectrum (DEV2013 #8.2)
Test ID: 5600

Test status: Passed
11.14.1Description
Verifies the displacements results of a vertical linear element according to Eurocode EC8 standard. Performs the
11.15 PS92/2010 - France: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for an envelope
spectrum (DEV2013 #8.2)
Test ID: 5599

Test status: Passed
11.15.1Description
Verifies the displacements results of a vertical linear element according to French PS92/2010 standard. Performs the
11.16 PS92 - France: Verifying efforts and torsors on planar elements (TTAD #12974)
Test ID: 4858

Test status: Passed
11.16.1Description
Verifies efforts and torsors on several planar elements of a concrete structure subjected to horizontal seismic action
(according to PS92 norm).
11.17 EC8 / NF EN 1993-1-8/NA - France: Verifying the damping correction influence over the efforts
in supports (TTAD #13011).
Test ID: 4853

Test status: Passed
11.17.1Description
Verifies the damping correction influence over the efforts in supports. The model has 2 seismic cases. Only one case
uses the damping correction. The seismic spectrum is generated according to the Eurocodes 8 - French standard
(NF EN 1993-1-8/NA).
31
11.18 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying seismic results when a design spectrum is used
(TTAD #13778)
Test ID: 5425

Test status: Passed
11.18.1Description
Verifies the seismic results according to EC8 French Annex for a single bay single story structure made of concrete.
11.19 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Generating forces results per modes on linear and planar
elements (TTAD #13797)
Test ID: 5455

Test status: Passed
11.19.1Description
Generates reports with forces results per modes on a selection of elements (linear and planar elements) from a
concrete structure subjected to seismic action (EC8 French Annex).
11.20 RPS 2011 - Morocco: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for an envelope
spectrum (DEV2013 #8.2)
Test ID: 5598

Test status: Passed
11.20.1Description
Verifies the displacements results of a vertical linear element according to Marocco seismic standard. Performs the
element: self weight and seismic loads for an envelope spectrum (RPS 2011).
11.21 RPS 2011 - Morocco: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element (DEV2013 #3.6)
Test ID: 5597

Test status: Passed
11.21.1Description
Verifies the displacements results of a vertical linear element according to Marocco seismic standard. Performs the
element: self weight and seismic loads (RPS 2011).
32
11.22 EC8 / SR EN 1998-1-1 - Romania: Verifying the displacements results of a linear element for an
envelope spectrum (DEV2013 #8.2)
Test ID: 5601

Test status: Passed
11.22.1Description
Verifies the displacements results of a vertical linear element according to Romanian EC8 appendix. Performs the
11.23 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying torsors on walls with Seismic Loads (TTAD #16522)
Test ID: 6382

Test status: Passed
11.23.1Description
Concrete walls subjected to EQ loads with different q factors on the 2 directions X, Y;
Verification is made according to EC8 - FR NA.
11.24 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying earthquake description report in analysis with Z axis
down (TTAD #15095)
Test ID: 6207

Test status: Passed
11.24.1Description
Verifying earthquake description report in analysis with Z axis down, according to the Eurocodes EC8 standard.
33
12 Steel design
12.1 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - Romania: Verifying lateral-torsional buckling resistance of an I rolled beam
laterally restrained at mid-span
Test ID: 6231

Test status: Passed
12.1.1Description
Verifies lateral torsional-buckling resistance of a simply supported I rolled beam (HEA 400) made of S355 steel. The
beam, laterally restrained on supports and at its middle span, is subjected to bending efforts about its strong axis.
The verification is made according to Romanian Annex of EN 1993-1-1.
12.2 EC3 / CSN EN 1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Compressed and bended profile
Test ID: 6280

Test status: Passed
12.2.1Description
Class section classification and combined axial force with bending moment verification of an IPE300 column
12.3 AISC 360 2010 - United States of America: Compressive Force Resistance and Buckling
Length (LRFD)
Test ID: 6268

Test status: Passed
12.3.1Description
Member AISC W14x132 ASTM A992 (Fy = 50 ksi) W-shape column to carry an axial dead load of 140 kips and live
load of 420 kips. The column is 30 ft long and is pinned top and
bottom in both axes. (LRFD)
12.4 AISC 360-10 - United States of America: Verifying buckling lengths and lateral torsional
buckling lengths values after imposing them before starting the steel verification (TFSAD
#14487)
Test ID: 6233

Test status: Passed
12.4.1Description
Verifies buckling lengths and lateral torsional buckling lengths values on a W18x60 column made of ASTM A992
steel. Buckling lengths and lateral torsional buckling lengths values were manually imposed before starting AISC
steel verification.
36
12.5 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - Germany: Lateral-torsional buckling for a two field column with HEA 200
Test ID: 6286

Test status: Passed
12.5.1Description
Lateral-torsional buckling for a two field column with HEA 200. The system concerned a one field system (8m) in one,
and a 2 field system (4m + 4m) in the other direction. The assumptions for buckling and especially for Lateral-
torsional buckling are set manually. The value XLT is chosen to be the reference value.
12.6 EC3 / SR EN 1993-1-1-2006 - Romania: Verifying the buckling resistance of a rectangular

hollow section column (R50*100/1)
Test ID: 6241

Test status: Passed
12.6.1Description
Description: The test verifies the buckling resistance for a R50*100/1 column made of S235 steel.
The verifications are made according to Eurocode3 Romanian Annex.
12.7 EC3 / SR EN 1993-1-1-2006 - Romania: Stability check for an IPE300 single span beam, simply
supported
Test ID: 6284

Test status: Passed
12.7.1Description
Verification of an IPE300 steel beam with a distributed load applied along the linear element; the beam is made of
S335 material and it is simply supported. The beam is subjected to a -30 kN/m uniform linear effort applied vertically.
12.8 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-6 - France: Buckling resistance of a class 4 circular hollow section
Test ID: 6307

Test status: Passed
12.8.1Description
Calculates the buckling resistance of a class 4 circular hollow section in pure compression and compares the value
with the results from the document from CTICM ("Revue Construction Mtallique n4 - 2011").
12.9 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Verifying the compression checks for an I section column
Test ID: 6315

Test status: Passed
12.9.1Description
Verifying the compression steel checks for a vertical UKB356x171x67 S355 column subject to axial force and
bending moment
37
12.10 AISC 360 2010 - United States of America: Example H.1 W-shape subject to combined
compression and bending (LRFD)
Test ID: 6292

Test status: Passed
12.10.1Description
Determines the available compressive and flexural strengths. Checks for the combined effects of an ASTM A992
W14x99 and whether it has sufficient available strength to support the axial forces and moments together, obtained
from a second-order analysis that includes P-delta effects. The unbraced length is 14 ft and the member has pinned
ends. KLx = KLy = Lb= 14.0 ft.
12.11 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Mcr & XLT stability values for laminated RHS beams
Test ID: 6324

Test status: Passed
12.11.1Description
Verifying the Mcr & XLT stability values for 3 laminated RHS beams, R40*75/3, R40*80/3 and R40*150/3.
12.12 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Mcr & XLT stability values for welded RHS beams
Test ID: 6325

Test status: Passed
12.12.1Description
Verifying the Mcr & XLT stability values for 3 welded RHS beams, R40*75/3, R40*80/3 and R40*150/3.
12.13 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Fy shear checks for an I section column
Test ID: 6316

Test status: Passed
12.13.1Description
Verifying the Fy shear steel checks for a vertical UKB356x171x67 S355 column subject to axial force and bending
moment
12.14 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: k stability values for an I section column
Test ID: 6320

Test status: Passed
12.14.1Description
Verifying the kyy, kyz, kzy & kzz stability values from steel checks for a vertical UKB356x171x67 S355 column
subject to axial force and bending moment
38
12.15 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Oblique bending checks for an I section column
Test ID: 6318

Test status: Passed
12.15.1Description
Verifying the oblique bending steel checks for a vertical UKB356x171x67 S355 column subject to axial force and
bending moment
12.16 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Fz shear checks for an I section column
Test ID: 6317

Test status: Passed
12.16.1Description
Verifying the Fz shear steel checks for a vertical UKB356x171x67 S355 column subject to axial force and bending
moment
12.17 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: XLT stability value for an I section column
Test ID: 6319

Test status: Passed
12.17.1Description
Verifying the XLT stability value from steel checks for a vertical UKB356x171x67 S355 column subject to axial force
and bending moment
12.18 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Work Ratio stability value for an I section column
Test ID: 6323

Test status: Passed
12.18.1Description
Verifying the Work Ratio stability value from steel checks for a vertical UKB356x171x67 S355 column subject to axial
force and bending moment
12.19 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: X stability values for an I section column
Test ID: 6322

Test status: Passed
12.19.1Description
Verifying the Xyy and Xzz stability values from steel checks for a vertical UKB356x171x67 S355 column subject to
axial force and bending moment
39
12.20 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: C1, C2 & Mcr stability values for an I section column
Test ID: 6321

Test status: Passed
12.20.1Description
Verifying the C1, C2 and Mcr stability values from steel checks for a vertical UKB356x171x67 S355 column subject to
40
12.21 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification, shear and bending moment
verification of an IPE300 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 3)
Test ID: 5411

Test status: Passed
12.21.1Description
Classification and verification of an IPE 300 column made of S235 steel.
The column is connected to the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part.
In the middle, the column is subjected to a 200 kN force applied on the web direction, defined as a live load.
The dead load will be neglected.
12.21.2Background
Classification and verification of sections for an IPE 300 column made from S235 steel. The column is connected to
the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part. In the middle, the column is subjected to a 200kN force
applied on the web direction, defined as a live load. The dead load will be neglected.
This test was evaluated by the French control office SOCOTEC.
12.21.2.1 Model description

Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 3 Part1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001;
Analysis type: static linear (plane problem);
Element type: linear.
The following load cases and load combination are used:
Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = -200kN,
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1 x Q
Units
Metric System
Materials properties
41
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions are described below:
Outer:
Support at start point (x = 0) restrained in translation and rotation along X, Y and Z axis,
Support at end point (z = 5.00) free.
Inner: None.
12.21.2.2 Reference results for calculating the cross section class

According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2
In case the column is subjected to a lateral load, the stresses distribution on the most stressed point (the column
base) is like in the picture below:
To determine the web class, we will use Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2.
42
The section geometrical properties are described in the picture below:
According to the Table 5.2 and the column section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
43
Therefore:
This means that the column web is Class 1.

To determine the flanges class it will be used the Table 5.2, sheet 2, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter
5.5.2.
44
Therefore:
This means that the column flanges are Class 1.

A cross-section is classified by quoting the heist (least favorable) class of its compression elements.
According to the calculation above, the column section have a Class 1 web and Class 1 flanges; therefore the class
section for the entire column section will be considered Class 1.
According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2(6).
12.21.2.3 Reference results in calculating the shear resistance Vpl,Rd

The design resistance of the cross-section Vpl,Rd , is determined as follows:
fy
Av *
V pl , Rd = 3
M0
According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 6.2.6(2)
Where:
Av section shear area for rolled profiles Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f
A cross-section area A=53.81cm2
b overall breadth b=150mm
h overall depth h=300mm
hw depth of the web hw=248.6mm
r root radius r=15mm
tf flange thickness tf=10.7mm
tw web thickness tw=7.1mm
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f = 53.81 2 * 15 * 17 + (0.71 + 2 * 1.5) * 1.07 = 25.68cm 2

fy nominal yielding strength for S235 fy=235MPa
M 0 partial safety coefficient M 0 = 1

Therefore:
fy 235
Av * 25.68 * 104 *
V pl , Rd = 3 = 3 = 0.3484MN = 348.42kN
M0 1
12.21.2.4 Reference results in calculating the bending moment resistance

VEd 200
= = 57.4% > 50%
V pl , Rd 348.42
45
The shear force is greater than half of the plastic shear resistance. Its effect on the moment resistance must be taken
into account.
According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 6.2.8(1)(2)
Where:
2
2V 2 * 0.200 2
= Ed 1 = 1 = 0.0223
V pl , Rd 0 . 348
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f
Av section shear area for rolled profiles
A cross-section area A=53.81cm2
b overall breadth b=150mm
h overall depth h=300mm
hw depth of the web hw=248.6mm
r root radius r=15mm
tf flange thickness tf=10.7mm
tw web thickness tw=7.1mm
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f = 53.81 2 * 15 * 17 + (0.71 + 2 * 1.5) * 1.07 = 25.68cm 2


Therefore:
* Av 0.0223 * (25.68 * 104 )

w pl * f y 628.40 * 10 6 * 235
4t w 4 * 0.0071
M y ,V , Rd = = = 0.146 MNm
M0 1
M Ed = 2.5m * 200kN = 500kNm = 0.5MNm
M Ed 0.500
= = 342%
M y ,V , Rd 0.146
Finite elements modeling

Linear element: S beam,
7 nodes,
1 linear element.
Finite elements results

Shear z direction work ratio
46
Shear z direction work ratio

Work ratio - Fz
Combined oblique bending

Work ratio - Oblique
47
12.21.2.5 Reference results

Result name Result description Reference value
Shear z direction Work ratio - Fz 57 %
work ratio
Combined oblique Work ratio - Oblique 341 %
bending
12.21.3Calculated results
Result name Result description Value Error

Work ratio - Fz Work ratio Fz 57.4021 % 0.7054 %
Work ratio - Work ratio - Oblique 341.348 % 0.1021 %
Oblique
48
12.22 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and compression resistance for
an IPE600 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 7)
Test ID: 5620

Test status: Passed
12.22.1Description
Verifies the classification and the compression resistance for an IPE 600 column made of S235 steel. The verification
is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
12.22.2Background
Classification and verification under compression efforts for an IPE 600 column made of S235 steel. The column is
fixed at its base and free on the top. The column is subjected to a compression force (100 000 N) applied at its top.

Reference: Guide devaluation Advance Design, EN 1993-1-1: 2001;
The following load case and load combination are used:
Exploitation loadings (category A), Q:
Fz = -100 000 N,
Cross section dimensions are in milimeters (mm).
Units
Metric System
S235 steel material is used. The following characteristics are used:
Yield strength fy = 235 MPa,
5
Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 2.1 x 10 MPa.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
49
Free at end point (x = 5.00).

Inner: None.
Loading
The column is subjected to the following loadings:
External: Point load at Z = 5.0: N = Fz = -100 000 N,
Internal: None.

The following results are determined according to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), Chapter 5.5.2.
In this case, the column is subjected to a punctual compression load, therefore the stresses distribution is like in the
picture below:
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the web class.
50
The web class can be determined by considering the geometrical properties and the conditions described in Table
5.2 - sheet 1:
c 600mm 19mm 2 24mm 2

= = 42.83
t 12mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
51
Therefore:
c
= 42.83 > 42 = 42
t
Table 5.2 - sheet 2, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the flanges class.
The top flange class can be determined by considering the geometrical properties and the conditions described in
Table 5.2 - sheet 2:
c (220mm 12mm 24mm 2) / 2

= = 4.21
t 19mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 4.21 9 = 9
t
This means that the top column flange is Class 1. Having the same dimensions, the bottom column flange is also
Class 1.
A cross-section is classified according to the least favorable classification of its compression elements (chapter
5.5.2(6) from EN 1993-1-1: 2001).
According to the calculation above, the column section have Class 4 web and Class 1 flanges; therefore the class
52
12.22.2.3Reference results for calculating the compression resistance of the cross-section

The compression resistance for Class 4 cross-section is determined with the formula (6.11) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.
In order to verify the compression resistance for Class 4 cross-section, it is necessary to determine the effective area
of the cross-section.
The effective area of the cross section takes into account the reduction factor, , which is applying in this case only
for the web of the IPE 600 cross-section.
The following parameters have to be determined in order to calculate the reduction factor: the buckling factor and the
stress ratio, and the plate modified slenderness. They will be calculated considering only the cross-section web.
The buckling factor (k) and the stress ratio()

Taking into account that the stress distribution on web is linear, the stress ratio becomes:
2
= = 1.0
1
k = 4.0
The plate modified slenderness (p)

The formula used to determine the plate modified slenderness is:
p =
b/t
=
(600mm 2 19mm 2 24mm ) / 12mm = 0.754
28.4 k 28.4 1.0 4.0
The reduction factor ()

Because p > 0.673, the reduction factor has the following formula:
p 0.055 (3 + )
= 1.0
2p
Effective area
The effective area is determined considering the following:
Aeff = A (1 ) b t w = 15600 (1 0.939 ) (600 2 19 2 24 )12 = 15223.75mm 2
Compression resistance of the cross section

For Class 4 cross-section, EN 1993-1-1: 2011 provides the following formula in order to calculate the compression
resistance of the cross-section:
Aeff f y 15223.75mm 2 235MPa

N c , Rd = = = 3577581N
M0 1.0
Work ratio
N 100000 N
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 2.79518%
N c , Rd 3577581N
53

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Work ratio of the design resistance for uniform compression
Column subjected to bending and axial force

Work ratio - Fx

Work ratio - Fx Compression resistance work ratio [%] 2.79518 %

Work ratio - Fx Compression resistance work ratio 2.79495 % -0.0082 %
54
12.23 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling resistance of a CHS219.1x6.3H

column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 21)
Test ID: 5701

Test status: Passed
12.23.1Description
The test verifies the buckling resistance of a CHS219.1x6.3H made of S355.
The tests are made according to Eurocode 3 French Annex.
12.23.2Background
Buckling verification under compression efforts for an CHS219.1x6.3H column made of S355 steel. The column is

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q1 = -100 000 N,
Cross section dimensions are in millimeters (mm).
Units
Metric System
Geometrical properties
Tube wall thickness: t=6.3mm
Tube diameter: d=219.1mm
2
Cross section area: A=4210mm
Radius of gyration about the relevant axis: i=75.283mm
4 4
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=2366x10 mm
4 4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=2366x10 mm
55
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Free at end point (z = 3.00).
Inner: None.
Buckling lengths Lfy and Lfz are both imposed with 6m value
Loading
External: Point load at Z = 3.0: FZ = N = -100 000 N,
Internal: None.
12.23.2.2 Buckling in the strong inertia of the profile (along Y-Y)

The calculations are made in order to obtain the work ratio of the analyzed element. The work ratio of the element is
calculated using the percentage of the design buckling resistance of the compressed element (Nb,Rd) from the
compression force applied to the element (NEd). The design buckling resistance of the compressed member, Nb,Rd, is
calculated according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.3.1.1.
N Ed
100 100% (6.46)
N b , Rd
Cross-class classification is made according to Table 5.2
d 219.1mm
= = 34.778
t 6.3mm
235 235
= = = 0.814
fy 355
d
= 34.778 80 2 = 50 0.814 = 46.381 therefore the section is considered to be Class 2
t
56
It will be used the following buckling curve corresponding to Table 6.2:
The imperfection factor corresponding to the appropriate buckling curve will be 0.21:
The design buckling resistance of the compressed element is calculated using the next formula:
A fy
N b , Rd = (6.47)
M1
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after the Y-Y axis
coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness will be determined from the relevant buckling curve
according to:
1
y = 2 2
1 (6.49)
y + y y
the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding to Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections:

A* fy Lcr
y = = (6.50)
N cr i 1
E 210000
1 = = = 76.41
fy 355
Iy 23860000mm 4
i= = = 75.283mm
A 4210mm 2
Lcr 6000mm
y = = = 1.043
i 1 75.283mm 76.41
y = 0.5 [1 + ( y 0.2) + 2y ] = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (1.043 0.2) + 1.043 ] = 1.132

1
y = = 0.636 1
1.132 + 1.132 1.043
2 2
A is the cross section area; A=4210mm ; fy is the yielding strength of the material; fy=355N/mm and M1 is a safety
coefficient, M1 = 1
57
The design buckling resistance of the compression member will be:
y A f y 0.636 4210mm 2 355 N / mm 2

N b , Rd = = = 950533.8 N
M1 1
N Ed = 100000 N
N Ed 100000 N
100 = 100 = 10.520%
N b , Rd 950533.8 N

4 nodes,
1 linear element.

The appropriate non-dimensional slenderness

LT
58
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance in the strong inertia of the profile
Column subjected to axial force

Adimensional - SNy

y 0.636
y coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness y
SN y Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance in the 0.1052
strong inertia of the profile

Xy coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.635463 adim 0.0000 %
SNy Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling 0.105293 adim 0.0000 %
resistance in the strong inertia of the profile
59
12.24 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the lateral torsional buckling of a IPE300 beam
(evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 22)
Test ID: 5702

Test status: Passed
12.24.1Description
The test verifies the lateral torsional buckling of a IPE300 beam made of S235 steel.
The calculations are made according to Eurocode 3, French Annex.
12.24.2Background
Lateral torsional buckling verification for an unrestrained IPE300 beam subjected to axis bending efforts, made of
S235 steel. The beam is simply supported. The beam is subjected to a uniform vertical load (10 000 N) applied
constantly on the entire length. The dead load will be neglected.

Units
Metric System
Beam length: 5m
Cross section area: A=5310mm2
4 4
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=8356.00x10 mm
4 4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=603.80x10 mm
60

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,
Support at the end point (z = 3.00) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis and restrained rotation
along X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
External: Linear load From X=0.00m to X=5.00m: FZ = N = -10 000 N,
Internal: None.

calculated using the percentage of the design buckling moment resistance of the bended element (Mb,Rd) from the
designed value moment (MEd) produced by the linear force applied to the element (NEd). The design buckling
resistance of the compressed member, Nb,Rd, is calculated according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.3.1.1.
M Ed
100 100% (6.46)
M b , Rd
for beam web:
c 248.6mm
= = 35.014 c
t 7.1mm = 35.014 72 = 72 therefore the beam web is considered to be
t
=1
Class 1
for beam flange:
c 56.45mm
= = 5.276 c
t 10.7 mm = 5.276 9 = 9 therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1
t
=1
61
In conclusion, the section is considered to be Class 1

The buckling curve will be determined corresponding to Table 6.2:
h 300mm
= = 2 2 the buckling curve about Y-Y will be considered a
b 150mm
The design buckling resistance moment against lateral-torsional buckling is calculated according the next formula:
LT W y f y
M b , Rd = (6.55)
M1
Where:
LT reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling:

1
LT = 1 (6.56)
2 2
LT + LT LT
Where:
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
2
]
LT represents the imperfection factor; LT = 0.21
62
LT the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding:

Wy f y
LT =
M cr
Mcr is the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling, is based on gross cross sectional properties and takes
into account the loading conditions, the real moment distribution and the lateral restraints.
2 E I z k z I w (k z L) G I t
2
M cr = C1
k w I z
+ + (C z )2
C z (1)
(k z L )2
E IZ
2 2 g 2 g

according to EN 1993-1-1-AN France; AN.3 Chapter 2

Where:
2
E is the Youngs module: E=210000N/mm
G is the share modulus: G=80770N/mm2
Iz is the inertia of bending about the minor axis Z: Iz=603.8 x104mm4
It is the torsional inertia: It=20.12x104mm4
IW is the warping inertia (deformation inertia moment): Iw=12.59x1010mm6
L is the beam length: L=5000mm
kz and kw are buckling coefficients
zg is the distance between the point of load application and the share center (which coincide with the center of
gravity)
C1 and C2 are coefficients depending on the load variation over the beam length
If the bending moment is linear along the bar, if there are no transversal loads or if the transverse load is applied to
the center, then C2xxg=0 and the Mcr formula become:
E Iz I L G I t
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
The C1 coefficient is chosen from the Table2 of the EN 1993-1-1-AN France; AN.3 Chapter 3.3:
63
210000 N / mm 2 603.80 10 4 mm 4
M cr = 1.13
(5000mm)
12.59 1010 mm 6 (5000mm) 80770 N / mm 2 20.12 10 4 mm 4
+ =
603.80 10 4 mm 4 210000 N / mm 2 603.80 10 4 mm 4
= 1.13 500578.44 N 230.80mm = 130609424.8 Nmm = 130.61kNm
therefore:
Wy f y 628.4 10 3 mm 3 235 N / mm 2
LT = = = 1.063
M cr 130609424.8 Nmm
[ ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (1.063 0.2) + 1.0632 ] = 1.156
2
1 1
LT = = = 0.621 1
LT + LT LT 1.156 + 1.156 1.063

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

The steel calculation results can be found in the Shape Sheet window. The Class tab shows the classification of the
cross section and the effective characteristics (not applicable in this case, as the cross section is class 1).
Lateral torsional buckling coefficient
Simply supported beam subjected to bending efforts

Lateral torsional buckling coefficient
64
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

Mcr

LT Lateral-torsional buckling coefficient [adim.] 0.621
Mcr Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling [kNm] 130.61

XLT Lateral-torsional buckling coefficient 0.621588 0.0947 %
adim
Mcr Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling 130.699 0.0681 %
kN*m
65
12.25 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the design plastic shear resistance of a
rectangular hollow section beam (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 12)
Test ID: 5706

Test status: Passed
12.25.1Description
Verifies the design plastic shear resistance of a rectangular hollow section beam made of S275 steel.
The verification is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
12.25.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section beam made of S275 steel to resist shear. Verification of the
shear resistance at ultimate limit state is realised. The name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and can be found in
the Advance Design OTUA library. The beam is simply supported and it is subjected to an uniformly distributed load
(50 000 N/ml) applied at its top. The dead load will be neglected.

Fz = -50 000 N/ml,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Below are described the beam cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 300 mm,
Width: b = 200 mm,
Thickness: t = 10 mm,
Outer radius: r = 15 mm,
Beam length: L = 5000 mm,
2
Section area: A = 9490 mm ,
Partial factor for resistance of cross sections: M 0 = 1.0 .
66
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y, Z axis and restrained in rotation along
X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
The beam is subjected to the following loadings:
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fz = -50 000 N/ml,
Internal: None.
12.25.2.2 Reference results for calculating the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section
The design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section is determined with formula (6.18) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.
Before using it, the shear area (Av) has to be determined.
Shear area of the cross section

For a rectangular hollow section of uniform thickness the shear area is determined according to chapter 6.2.6 (3) from
EN 1993-1-1. As the load is parallel to depth, the shear area is:
A h 9490mm 2 300mm
Av = = = 5694mm 2
b+h 300mm + 200mm
Design plastic shear resistance of the cross section
EN 1993-1-1: 2011 provides the following formula to calculate the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-
section:
f y 275MPa
Av 5694mm 2
V pl , Rd = 3 = 3 = 904044 N
M0 1.0
Work ratio
The verification of the design plastic shear resistance is done with relationship (6.17) from EN 1993-1-1. The
corresponding work ratio is:
q L 50 N / mm 5000mm
VEd 125000 N
Work ratio = 100 = 2 100 = 2 100 = 100 = 13.83%
V pl , Rd V pl , Rd 904044 N 904044 N

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
67
Work ratio of the design shear resistance
Beam subjected to uniformly distributed load

Work ratio - Fz

Work ratio - Fz Work ratio of the design shear resistance [%] 13.83 %

Work ratio - Fz Shear resistance work ratio 13.8219 % 0.1587 %
68
12.26 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the resistance of a rectangular hollow section
column subjected to bending and shear efforts (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 13)
Test ID: 5707

Test status: Passed
12.26.1Description
Verifies the resistance of a rectangular hollow section column (made of S235 steel) subjected to bending and shear
efforts.
12.26.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel to resist shear and bending efforts.
Verification of the shear resistance at ultimate limit state, as well as the design resistance for bending, is realised.
The name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library. The column is
fixed at its base and it is subjected to a punctual horizontal load applied to the middle height (200 000 N). The dead
load will be neglected.

Fx = 200 000 N,
69
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Below are described the column cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 300 mm,
Width: b = 200 mm,
Column height: L = 5000 mm,
2
3
Plastic section modulus about y-y axis: Wpl,y = 956000 mm ,
5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation and rotation along X, Y and Z axis,
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Point load at z = 2.5: V= Fx = 200 000 N,
Internal: None.
70
12.26.2.2 Reference results for calculating the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section
The design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section is determined with formula (6.18) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.
Before using it, the shear area (Av) has to be determined.
Shear area of the cross section

For a rectangular hollow section of uniform thickness the shear area is determined according to chapter 6.2.6 (3) from
EN 1993-1-1. As the load is parallel to depth, the shear area is:
A h 9490mm 2 300mm
Av = = = 5694mm 2
b+h 300mm + 200mm
Design plastic shear resistance of the cross section
EN 1993-1-1: 2011 provides the following formula to calculate the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-
section:
f y 235MPa
Av 5694mm 2
V pl , Rd = 3 = 3 = 772546.6 N
M0 1 .0
Work ratio
The verification of the design plastic shear resistance is done with relationship (6.17) from EN 1993-1-1. The
V 200000
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 25.89%
V pl , Rd 772546.6
12.26.2.3 Reference results for calculating the design resistance for bending
Before calculating the design resistance for bending, the cross section class has to be determined.
Cross section class

In this case, the column is subjected to bending efforts, therefore the stresses distribution is like in the picture below:
71
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the class for
compressed parts. The picture below shows an extract from this table.
72
Taking into account that the top wing part is subjected to compression stresses, its class can be determined by
considering the geometrical properties and the conditions described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (the above highlighted
extract part subject to compression).
c b 2 r 2 t 200mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

= = = 15
t t 10mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 15 33 = 33
t
This means that the top wing is Class 1. Because the bottom wing is tensioned, it will be classified as Class 1.
The left/right web is subjected to bending stresses. Their class can be determined by considering the geometrical
properties and the conditions described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (the above highlighted extract part subject to
bending):
c h 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

= = = 25
t t 10mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 25 72 = 72
t
This means that the left/right web is Class 1.
Because a cross-section is classified according to the least favorable classification of its compression elements
(chapter 5.5.2(6) from EN 1993-1-1: 2001), this means that the cross-section is Class 1.
Design resistance for bending

The design resistance for bending, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (6.13) from EN 1993-1-
1:2001.
W pl , y f y 956000mm 3 235MPa
M c , Rd = = = 224660000 Nmm
M0 1.0
Work ratio
The verification of the design resistance for bending is done with relationship (6.12) from EN 1993-1-1. The
L 5000mm
V 200000 N
M Ed 2 100 = 2
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 222.56%
M c , Rd M c , Rd 224660000 Nmm

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
73
Work ratio of the design shear resistance
Column subjected to a punctual horizontal load applied to the middle height

Work ratio - Fz
Work ratio of the design resistance for bending

Work ratio Oblique
74

Work ratio - Fz Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance [%] 25.89 %
Work ratio - Oblique Work ratio of the design resistance for bending [%] 222.56 %

Work ratio - Fz Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance 25.8793 % -0.0413 %
Work ratio - Work ratio of the design resistance for bending 222.559 % -0.0004 %
Oblique
75
12.27 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling resistance of a RC3020100 column
Test ID: 5700

Test status: Passed
12.27.1Description
The test verifies the buckling of a RC3020100 column made of S355 steel.
The verifications are made according to Eurocode3 French Annex.
12.27.2Background
Verification of buckling under compression efforts for a rectangular hollow, RC3020100 column made of S235 steel.
The column is fixed at its base and free on the top. The column is subjected to a compression force (200 000 N)
applied at its top. The dead load will be neglected.

Units
Metric System
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=11819x104mm4
4 4
76
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Buckling lengths Lfy and Lfz are both imposed (10m)
Loading
Internal: None.
77

N Ed
100 100% (6.46)
N b , Rd
A fy
N b , Rd = (6.47)
M1
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after the Y-Y axis
according to:
1
= 2
1 (6.49)
+ 2

A* f y
=
N cr
Where: A is the cross section area; A=5380mm2; fy is the yielding strength of the material; fy=235N/mm2 and Ncr is the
elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional properties:
E Iz 210000MPa 11819 104 mm 4

N cr = = = 2449625.943 N
L fy (10000mm )2
A fy 9490mm2 235 N / mm2
= = = 0.954
N cr 2449625.943 N
[
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + ]
It will be used the following buckling curve:
[ ]
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (0.954 0.2) + 0.9542 ] = 1.034
78
Therefore:
1 1
= 2
= = 0.698 1
+ 2 1.034 + 1.0342 0.9542
M1 is a safety coefficient, M1 = 1
0.698 9490mm2 235 N / mm2

N b , Rd = = 1556644.7 N
1
N Ed = 200000 N
N Ed 200000 N
100 = 100 = 12.848%
N b , Rd 1556644.7 N
12.27.2.3 Buckling in the weak inertia of the profile (along Z-Z)

N Ed
100 100% (6.46)
N b , Rd
A fy
N b , Rd = (6.47)
M1
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after the Z-Z axis
according to:
1
= 2
1 (6.49)
+ 2

A* f y
=
N cr
E Iz 210000MPa 6278 104 mm 4

N cr = = = 1301188.905 N
L fy (10000mm )2
A fy 9490mm 2 235 N / mm 2
= = = 1.309
N cr 1301188.905 N
[
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + ]
79
[ ]
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (1.309 0.2) + 1.3092 ] = 1.473
Therefore:
1 1
= 2
= = 0.465 1
+ 2 1.473 + 1.4732 1.3092
0.465 9490mm2 235 N / mm2

N b , Rd = = 1037019.75 N
1
N Ed = 200000 N
N Ed 200000 N
100 = 100 = 19.286%
N b , Rd 1037019.75 N

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
80
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y axis
Buckling of a column subjected to compression force

Non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y axis
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z axis

Non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z axis
81
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (strong inertia)

Work ratio (y-y)
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (weak inertia)

Work ratio (z-z)
82

y coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y 0.698

axis
z coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z 0.465

axis
Work ratio (y-y) Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance 12.85%
(strong inertia) [%]
Work ratio (z-z) Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (weak 19.29%
inertia) [%]

Xy coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional 0.697433 adim 0.0000 %
slenderness after Y-Y axis
Xz coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional 0.465226 adim 0.0000 %
slenderness after Z-Z axis
SNy Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling 0.128586 adim 0.0000 %
resistance in the strong inertia of the profile
SNz Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling 0.192767 adim 0.0000 %
resistance in the weak inertia of the profile
83
12.28 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Cross section classification and compression resistance
verification of a rectangular hollow section column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test
11)
Test ID: 5705

Test status: Passed
12.28.1Description
Verifies the cross section classification and the compression resistance of a rectangular hollow section column.
12.28.2Background
Classification and verification under compression efforts of a hot rolled rectangular hollow section column made of
S235 steel. The name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library. The
column is fixed at its base and free on the top. It is subjected to a compression force (100 000 N) applied at its top.

Fz = -100 000 N,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,
84
Width: b = 200 mm,

Column length: L = 5000 mm,
Section area: A = 9490 mm2 ,
Partial factor for resistance of cross sections: .
5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
External: Point load at Z = 5.0:
N = Fz = -100 000 N,
Internal: None.
85

picture below:
compressed parts. The picture below shows an extract from this table. The entire cross-section is subjected to
compression stresses.
The cross-section class can be determined by considering the geometrical properties and the conditions described in
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, and it is calculated for the most defavourable compressed part:
c h 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

= = = 25
t t 10mm
86
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 25 33 = 33
t
12.28.2.3 Reference results for calculating the compression resistance of the cross-section
The compression resistance for Class 1 cross-section is determined with formula (6.10) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.

For Class 1 cross-section, EN 1993-1-1: 2011 provides the following formula in order to calculate the compression
A f y 9490mm 2 235MPa
N c , Rd = = = 2230150 N
M0 1.0
Work ratio
N 100000 N
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 4.48%
N c , Rd 2230150 N

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
87

Work ratio - Fx


Work ratio - Fx Compression resistance work ratio 4.484 % 0.0893 %
88
12.29 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 4 column fixed on
the bottom and with a displacement restraint at 2.81m from the bottom (evaluated by
SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 25)
Test ID: 5712

Test status: Passed
12.29.1Description
The test verifies a user defined cross section column.
The cross section has an I symmetric shape with: 880mm height; 220mm width; 5mm center thickness; 15mm
flange thickness; 0mm fillet radius and 0mm rounding radius.
The column is subjected to a -328kN axial compression force; 1274 kNm bending moment after the Y axis and 127.4
kNm bending moment after the Z axis. All the efforts are applied on the top of the column. The column height is
5.62m and has a restraint of displacement at 2.81m from the bottom over the weak axis.
The calculations are made according to Eurocode 3 French Annex.
12.29.2Background
An I880*5+220*15 shaped column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column has a
880x5mm web and 220x15mm flanges. The column is hinged at its base and at his top the end is translation is
permitted only on vertical direction and the rotation is blocked for the long axis of the column. The column is
subjected to an axial compression load -328000 N, a 127400Nm bending moment after the X axis and a1274000Nm
bending moment after the Y axis.
The column has lateral restraints against torsional buckling placed in at 2.81m from the column end (in the middle).
89

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=-328000N N, Mx= 127400Nm; My=1274000Nm
Units
Metric System
Column length: L=5620mm
Cross section area: A = 10850mm 2

Overall breadth: b = 220mm
Flange thickness: t f = 15mm
Root radius: r = 0mm

Web thickness: t w = 5mm
Depth of the web: hw = 880mm
Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y = 3387.66 103 mm 3
Plastic modulus after the Y axis, W y = 3757.62 103 mm 3
Elastic modulus after the Z axis, Wel , z = 242.08 103 mm 3
Plastic modulus after the Z axis, W pl , z = 368.31 103 mm 3
4 4
4 4
Torsional moment of inertia: It=51.46x104 mm4
6 6
Working inertial moment: Iw=4979437.37x10 mm
Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 210000 MPa.
Shear modulus of rigidity: G=80800MPa
90
Boundary conditions
Outer:
along X axis.
Inner:
Lateral buckling restraint in the middle of the column (z=2.81).
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=5.62m: FZ =--328000N; Mx=127400Nm and My=1274000Nm
12.29.2.2 Cross section Class

According to Advance Design calculations:
91
- for beam web:

The web dimensions are 850x5mm.
N Ed 0.328
= 2 1 = 2 1 = 0.78 > 1
A fy 0.0109 275
1 N 1 0.328
= 1 + Ed = 1 + = 0.64 > 0.5
2 f y t d 2 275 0.85 0.005
235 235
= = = 0.924
fy 275
c 880mm 2 15mm
= = 170 c 42 42 0.924
t 5mm = 170 > = = 94.06
t 0 .67 + 0 .33 0 . 67 + 0 . 33 ( 0 . 78)
= 924
therefore the beam web is considered to be Class 4
- for beam flange:
c 107.5
= = 7.61 c
t 15 = 7.61 9 0.924 = 8.316 therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1.
t
= 924
In conclusion, the section is considered to be Class 4.
92
12.29.2.3 Effective cross-sections of Class4 cross-sections

- the section is composed from Class 4 web and Class 1 flanges, therefore will start the web calculation:
- in order to simplify the calculations the web will be considered compressed only
c 880mm 2 15mm
= = 170 :
t 5mm
= 1 k = 4
According to EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Table 4.1
bw
p = t
28.4 k
bw is the width of the web; bw = 850mm

t is the web thickness; t=5mm
235 235
= = = 0.9244
fy 275
850mm
p = 5mm = 3.261
28.4 0.9244 4
According to EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Chapter4.4
-the web is considered to be an internal compression element, therefore:
p = 3.261 > 0.673 p 0.055 (3 + ) 3.261 0.055 4

= 2
= = 0.286
3 + = 4 0 p 3.2612
beff = bw beff = 0.286 850mm = 243.1mm

be1 = 0.5 beff be1 = 0.5 243.1mm = 121.55mm

be 2 = 0.5 beff be 2 = 0.5 243.1mm = 121.55mm
Aeff ,web = t w be1 + t w be 2 = 5mm 121.55mm + 5mm 121.55mm = 1215.5mm 2
Aeff , flange = t f b f = 15mm 220mm = 3300mm 2
Aeff = Aeff , web + 2 Aeff , flange = 1215.5mm 2 + 2 3300mm 2 = 7815.2mm 2
93
12.29.2.4 Effective elastic section modulus of Class4 cross-sections

- In order to simplify the calculation the section will be considered in pure bending
inf 850mm
= = 1 bc = bt = = 425mm
sup 2
= 1 k = 23.9
According to EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Table 4.1
c 880mm 2 15mm
= = 170
t 5mm
bw
p = t
28.4 k

235 235
= = = 0.9244
fy 275
850mm
p = 5mm = 1.325
28.4 0.9244 23.9
According to EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Chapter4.4
p = 1.325 > 0.673 p 0.055 (3 + ) 1.325 0.055 2

= 2
= = 0.692
3 + = 2 0 p 1.325 2
bw 850mm
beff = bc = beff = 0.692 = 294.1mm
1 1 ( 1)

be1 = 0.4 beff be1 = 0.4 294.1mm = 117.64mm
b = 0.6 294.1mm = 176.46mm
be 2 = 0.6 beff e2

94
-the weight center coordinate is:
yG =
(220 15) 432.5 + (117.64 5) 366.18 (220 15) 432.5 (601.46 5)124.27 =
220 15 + 117.64 5 + 601.46 5 + 220 15
158330.095
= = 15.53mm
10195.5
-the inertial moment along the strong axis is:
15 3 220 117.64 3 5
Iy = + 220 15 448.03 2 + + 117.64 5 381.712 +
12 12
3 3
601.46 5 15 220
+ + 601.46 5 107.74 2 + + 220 15 416.97 2 =
12 12
= 748854356.6 + 699380072.5 = 1448234429mm 4
220 3 15 53 117.64
Iz = + 220 15 0 2 + + 117.64 5 0 2 +
12 12
3
5 601.46 2 220 3 15
+ + 601.46 5 0 + + 220 15 0 2 = 26627490.63mm 4
12 12
Iy 1448234429mm 4
Wel , y = = = 3179229.533mm 3
z max 455.53mm
Iz 26627490.63mm 4
Wel , z = = = 242068.10mm 3
y max 110mm
95
12.29.2.5 Buckling verification

a) over the strong axis of the section, y-y:
- the imperfection factor will be selected according to Tables 6.1 and 6.2:
= 0.34
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y axis:
y coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness y will be determined from the relevant buckling
curve according to:
1
y = 2
1 (6.49)
2
y + y y
y the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding to Class 4 cross-sections:
Aeff * f y
y =
N cr , y
96
Where: A is the effective cross section area; Aeff = 7815.2mm 2 ; fy is the yielding strength of the material;
2
fy=275N/mm and Ncr is the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional
properties:
E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 1448234429mm 4
N cr , y = = = 95035371.44 N = 95035.37kN
l fy (5620mm)
Aeff f y 7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
y = = = 0.15
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
[ ]
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.15 0.2 ) + 0.15 2 ] = 0.503
1 1
y = = = 1.017
2 2
y + y y 0.503 + 0.5032 0.15 2 y =1

y 1
b) over the weak axis of the section, z-z:
= 0.49
97
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z axis:
z coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness z will be determined from the relevant buckling curve
according to:
1
z = 2 2
1 (6.49)
z + z z
z the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding to Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections:

Aeff * f y
z =
N cr , z
2
properties:
l fz = 2.81m because of the torsional buckling restraint from the middle of the column
E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
N cr , z = = = 6989347.62 N = 6989.35kN
l fz (2810mm )
Aeff f y 7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
z = = = 0.555
N cr , z 6989347.62 N
[ ]
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.555 0.2) + 0.555 2 ] = 0.741
1 1
z = = = 0.812
2 2 2 2
z + z z 0.741 + 0.741 0.555 z = 0.812

z 1
12.29.2.6 Lateral-torsional buckling verification

a) for the top part of the column:
The elastic moment for lateral-torsional buckling calculation, Mcr:
- the transversal load is applied to the shear center, therefore C2zg=0 and the moment formula will be:
E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
According to EN 1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 2; (3)
- where:
C1 is a coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram
allure
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
637 kNm
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column extremities: = = 0.50
1274kNm
98
637 kNm
= = 0.5 C1 = 1.31
1274kNm
According to EN 1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 3.2; Table 1
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: I y = 1448234429mm 4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: I z = 26627490.63mm 4

Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 210000 N/mm2.
Torsional moment of inertia: It=514614.75mm4
Warping inertial moment:
IW is the warping inertia (deformation inertia moment):
I z (h t f )
2
Iw =
4
h cross section height; h=880mm
tf flange thickness; t f = 15mm
26627490.63 mm 4 (880mm 15mm )

2
Iw = = 49.808 1011 mm 6
4
According to EN1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 2 (4)
Length of the column part: L=2810mm
Shear modulus of rigidity: G=80800N/mm2
99
E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1.31
L Iz E Iz (2810mm )2
49.808 1011 mm 6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 514614mm 4
2
+ = 1.31 6989347.626 N 439.32mm =
26627490.63mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
= 4022433856 Nmm = 4022.43kNm
Iy 1448234429mm 4
The elastic modulus : Wel , y = = = 3179229.533mm 3
z max 455.53mm
Weff , y f y 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2

LT = = = 0.466
M cr 4022433856 Nmm
Calculation of the LT for appropriate non-dimensional slenderness LT will be determined with formula:
1
LT = 1 (6.56)
LT + LT LT
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT ]
The cross section buckling curve will be chosen according to Table 6.4:
h 880mm
= =4>2
b 220mm
The imperfection factor will be chose according to Table 6.3:
= 0.76
[ ( ) ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5[1 + 0.76 (0.466 0.2) + 0.466 ] = 0.710
1 1
LT = = = 0.803 1
LT + LT LT 0.710 + 0.710 0.466
b) for the bottom part of the column:
100
E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
- where:
C1 is a coefficient that depends on several parameters, such as: section properties; support conditions; moment
diagram allure
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
0
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column extremities: = =0
637 kNm
= 0 C1 = 1.77

I z (h t f )
2
Iw =
4
101
26627490.63 mm 4 (880mm 15mm )

2
Iw = = 49.808 1011 mm 6
4

E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1.77
49.808 1011 mm 6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 514614mm 4
2
+ = 1.77 6989347.626 N 439.32mm =
26627490.63mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
= 5434891269 Nmm = 5434.89kNm
Iy 1448234429mm 4
z max 455.53mm
Weff , y f y 3179229.533mm3 275 N / mm 2

LT = = = 0.401
M cr 5434891269 Nmm
Calculation of the LT for appropriate non-dimensional slenderness LT will be determined with the formula:
1
LT = 1 (6.56)
LT + LT LT
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT ]
The cross section buckling curve will be chose according to Table 6.4:
h 880mm
= =4>2
b 220mm
= 0.76
[ ( ) ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5[1 + 0.76 (0.401 0.2 ) + 0.401 ] = 0.657
102
1 1
LT = = = 0.849 1
LT + LT LT 0.657 + 0.657 0.401
12.29.2.7 Internal factor, k yy , calculation
The internal factor k yy corresponding to a Class 4 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1, and will be
calculated separately for the two column parts separate by the middle torsional lateral restraint:
y
k yy = C my C mLT
N Ed
1
N cr , y
N Ed
1
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
y =1 (previously calculated)
N Ed = 328kN
E Iy
N cr , y = = 95035371.44 N = 95035.37 kN (previously calculated)
l fy
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N = 1
y = =
N Ed 328000 N
1 y 1 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
103
The Cmy will be calculated according to Table A.1:
Calculation of the 0 term:
Weff , y f y
0 =
M cr 0
According to Eurocode 3 EN 1993-1-1-2005; Chapter 6.3.2.2
Iy 1448234429mm 4
Wel , y = = = 3179229.533mm 3
z max 455.53mm
The calculation the M cr 0 will be calculated using C1 = 1 and C2 = 0 , therefore:
E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
M cr 0 = C1 + = 1
49.808 1011 mm 6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 514614mm 4
2
+ = 1 6989347.626 N 439.32mm =
26627490.63mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
= 3070560199 Nmm = 3070.56kNm
Weff , y f y 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0 = = = 0.534
M cr 0 3070560199 Nmm
104
N N
Calculation of the 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed

term:
N cr , z N cr ,TF
Where:
- for a symmetrical section for the both axis, N cr ,TF = N cr ,T
A 2 E I w
N cr ,T = G It +
I0 Lcr ,T
The mass moment of inertia I 0
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: I y = 1490580416.67 mm 4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: I z = 26628854.17 mm 4

Distance between the section neutral axis and the section geometrical center: z g =0
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 1490580416.67 mm 4 + 26628854.17 mm 4 = 1517209270mm 4
- the buckling length, Lcr ,T ,
Lcr ,T = 2.81m
Torsional moment of inertia: I t = 514614.75mm 4
Working inertial moment: I w = 49.808 1011 mm 6 (previously calculated)
Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 210000 MPa

10850mm 2 2 210000 N / mm 2 49.808 1011 mm 6

N cr ,T = 80800 N / mm 2 514614.75mm 4 + =
1517209270mm 4 (2810mm )
= 9646886.24 N
N Ed = 328000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 9646886.24 N
E Iz
N cr , z = = 6989347.62 N = 6989.35kN (previously calculated)
l fz
C1=1.31 for the top part of the column
C1=1.77 for the bottom part of the column
For the top part of the column:

N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 N Ed = 0.20 1.31 4 1 328000 N 1 328000 N =
N cr , z N cr ,TF 6989347.62 N 9646886.24 N

= 0.224
105
Therefore:

y a LT
0 = 0.534 C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT

N N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.224 C mz = C mz , 0
N cr , z N cr ,TF a LT
C mLT = C my 2
1
N N
0 = 0.534 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.224 1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z cr ,TF
N cr , z N cr ,T
The Cmy coefficient takes into account the column behavior in the buckling plane: the buckling and bending moment distribution.
The coefficient must be calculated considering the column over the entire height.
y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
M y , Ed Aeff
y =
N Ed Weff , y
Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y = Weff , y = 3179229.533mm 3
M y , Ed Aeff 1274 10 6 Nmm 7815.2mm 2

y = = = 9.55
N Ed Weff , y 328000 N 3179229.533mm 3
It 514614.75mm 4
a LT = 1 = 1 = 0.9996 1
Iy 1448234429mm 4
The Cm 0 coefficient is defined according to the Table A.2:
The bending moment is null at the end of the column, therefore: =0

N Ed
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N cr , y
Where:
106
E Iy
l fy
328000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 (0 0.33) = 0.79
95035371.44 N
y a LT 9.55 1
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 ) = 0.79 + (1 0.79 ) = 0.949
1 + y a LT 1 + 9.55 1
Equivalent uniform moment factor, CmLT , calculation

- CmLT must be calculated separately for each column part, separated by the lateral buckling restraint
2 a LT
CmLT = Cmy 1

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N cr , z N cr ,T

-the C my term used for CmLT calculation, must be recalculated for the corresponding column part (in this case the top column part)
-this being the case, the C my will be calculated using = 0.5 :
y a LT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y a LT
N Ed 328000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33) = 0.895
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
M y , Ed Aeff 1274 10 6 Nmm 7815.2mm 2
y = = = 9.55 (previously calculated)
N Ed Weff , y 328000 N 3179229.533mm 3
y a LT 9.55 1
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.895 + (1 0.895) = 0.974
1 + y a LT 1 + 9.55 1
2 a LT 1
C mLT = C my = 0.974 2 = 0.989
0.328 0.328
1 N Ed 1 N Ed 1 1
C mLT = 1
N N 6.9897 9.644
cr , z cr ,T
C mLT 1

Therefore the k yy term corresponding to the top part of the column will be:
y 1
k yy = C my C mLT = 0.949 1 = 0.952
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
y
k yy = C my C mLT
N Ed
1
N cr , y
107
Weff , y f y 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2

0 = = = 0.534
M cr 0 3070560199 Nmm
For the bottom part of the column:
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 N Ed = 0.20 1.77 4 1 328000 N 1 328000 N =
N 6989347.62 N 9646886.24 N
N cr , z cr ,TF
= 0.260
Therefore:
For the bottom part of the column:

y a LT
0 = 0.534 C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT

N N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.260 C mz = C mz , 0
C mLT = C my2
1
N N
0 = 0.534 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.260 1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N N N
cr , z cr ,TF cr , z cr ,T
108
y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
M y , Ed Aeff
y =
N Ed Weff , y
M y , Ed Aeff 1274 10 6 Nmm 7815.2mm 2

y = = = 9.55
N Ed Weff , y 328000 N 3179229.533mm 3
It 514614.75mm 4
a LT = 1 = 1 = 0.9996 1
Iy 1448234429mm 4
M Ed ,inf 0
The bending moment is null at the end of the column, therefore: = = =0
M Ed ,sup 1274kNm
N Ed
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N cr , y
Where:
E Iy
l fy
328000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 (0 0.33) = 0.79
95035371.44 N
y a LT 9.55 1
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 ) = 0.79 + (1 0.79 ) = 0.949
1 + y a LT 1 + 9.55 1
109

2 a LT
CmLT = Cmy 1

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N cr , z N cr ,T

-the C my term used for CmLT calculation, must be recalculated for the corresponding column part (in this case the top column part)
-this being the case, the C my will be calculated using = 0 .5 :
y a LT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y a LT
N Ed 328000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33) = 0.895
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
M y , Ed Aeff 637 10 6 Nmm 7815.2mm 2
y = = = 4.77
N Ed Weff , y 328000 N 3179229.533mm 3
y a LT 4.77 1
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 ) = 0.895 + (1 0.895) = 0.967
1 + y a LT 1 + 4.77 1
2 a LT 1
C mLT = C my = 0.967 2 = 0.974
328000 N 328000 N
1 N Ed 1 N Ed 1 1
C mLT = 1
N N 6989347.62 N 9646886.24 N
cr , z cr ,T
C mLT 1

y 1
k yy = C my C mLT = 0.949 1 = 0.952
N 328000 N
1 Ed 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
Note:
The software does not give the results of the lower section because it is not the most solicited segment.
12.29.2.8 Internal factor, k yz , calculation
y
k yz = C mz
N Ed
1
N cr , z
M 0
The Cmz term must be calculated for the hole column length = Ed ,inf = = 0
M Ed ,sup 1274kNm

110
N Ed 328000 N
C mz = C mz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.784
N cr , z 6989347.62 N
y 1
k yz = C mz = 0.784 = 0.823
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , z 6989347.62 N
y 1
k yz = C mz = 0.784 = 0.823
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , z 6989347.62 N
Note:
12.29.2.9 Internal factor, k zy , calculation
z
k zy = C my C mLT
N Ed
1
N cr , y
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , z 6989347.62 N
z = = = 0.991
N Ed 328000 N
1 z 1 0.812
N cr , z 6989347.62 N
z 0.991
k zy = C my C mLT = 0.949 1 = 0.944
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
z 0.991
k zy = C my C mLT = 0.949 1 = 0.944
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
Note:
12.29.2.10Internal factor, k zz , calculation

z 0.991
k zz = C mz = 0.784 = 0.815
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , z 6989347.62 N
111

z 0.991
k zz = C mz = 0.784 = 0.815
N 328000 N
1 Ed 1
N cr , z 6989347.62 N
Note:
12.29.2.11Bending and axial compression verification
N Ed M y , Ed + M y , Rd M + M z , Rd
+ k yy + k yz z , Ed
N M M z , Rk
y Rk LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1

+ k zy + k zz z , Ed
N Rk M M z , Rk
z LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1
N Rk = f y Ai
328000 N 1274 10 6 Nmm

+ 0 . 952 +
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1 0.803
1 1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
+ 0.823 = 0.15 + 1.73 + 1.58 = 3.46
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N 1274 10 6 Nmm
+ 0.944 +
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0.812 0.803
1 1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
+ 0.815 = 0.19 + 1.71 + 1.56 = 3.56
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
112
328000 N 1274 10 6 Nmm

+ 0. 952 +
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0.812 0.803
1 1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
+ 0.823 = 0.19 + 1.73 + 1.58 = 3.46
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N 1274 10 6 Nmm
+ 0.944 +
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0.812 0.803
1 1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
+ 0.815 = 0.19 + 1.71 + 1.56 = 3.56
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
Note:

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Column subjected to axial and shear force to the top
113
z coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness z

z
Internal factor, k yy
k yy
114
Internal factor, k yz
k yz
Internal factor, k zy
k zy
115
Internal factor, k zz

k zz
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression effort over the Y axis: SNy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression effort
over the Y axis
SNy
116
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending moment over the Y axis: SMyy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending moment
over the Y axis
SMyy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment over the Y axis: SMyz
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment
over the Y axis
SMyz
117
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression effort over the Z axis: SNz
over the Z axis
SNz
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending moment over the Z axis: SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzy
118
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment over the Z axis: SMzz
over the Z axis
SMzz

y 1
z 0.81
0.95
k yy Internal factor, k yy
k yz Internal factor, k yz 0.82
k zy Internal factor, k zy 0.94
SNy Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the 0.15
compression effort over the Y axis
SMyy Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y 1.72
bending moment over the Y axis
SMyz Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z 1.58
SNz Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the 0.19
compression effort over the z axis
SMzy Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y 1.71
bending moment over the Z axis
SMzz Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z 1.56
119

Xy Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 1 adim 0.0000 %
Xz Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.811841 0.2273 %
adim
Kyy Internal factor, kyy 0.950358 0.0377 %
adim
Kyz Internal factor, kyz 0.823048 0.3717 %
adim
Kzy Internal factor, kzy 0.941635 0.1739 %
adim
Kzz Internal factor, kzz 0.815493 -0.5496 %
adim
SNy Bending and axial compression verification term 0.152455 1.6367 %
depending of the compression effort over the Y axis adim
SMyy Bending and axial compression verification term 1.72357 0.2076 %
depending of the Y bending moment over the Y axis adim
SMyz Bending and axial compression verification term 1.57508 -0.3114 %
depending of the Z bending moment over the Y axis adim
SNz Bending and axial compression verification term 0.187789 -1.1637 %
depending of the compression effort over the z axis adim
SMzy Bending and axial compression verification term 1.70775 -0.1316 %
depending of the Y bending moment over the Z axis adim
SMzy Bending and axial compression verification term 1.70775 -0.1316 %
depending of the Z bending moment over the Z axis adim
120
the bottom (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 26)
Test ID: 5714

Test status: Passed
12.30.1Description
The cross section has an I symmetric shape with: 408mm height; 190mm width; 9.4mm center thickness; 14.6mm
The column is subjected to 1000kN axial compression force and a 200kNm bending moment after the Y axis. All the
efforts are applied on the top of the column.
12.30.2Background
An I40.8*0.94+19*1.46 shaped column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column
has a 40.8x9.4mm web and 190x14.6mm flanges. The column is fixed at its base The column is subjected to an axial
compression load -1000000 N, a 200000Nm bending moment after the Y axis and a 5000N lateral force after the Y
axis.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=-1000000N N; My=200000Nm
121
Units
Metric System
Cross section area: A = 9108.72mm 2

Flange thickness: t f = 14.6mm

Web thickness: t w = 9.4mm
Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y = 1261435.06mm 3
Plastic modulus after the Y axis, W y = 1428491.78mm 3
Elastic modulus after the Z axis, Wel , z = 175962.65mm 3
Plastic modulus after the Z axis, W pl , z = 271897.69
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=257332751mm4
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=16716452.10 mm
Torsional moment of inertia: It=492581.13 mm4
6
Working inertial moment: Iw=645759981974.33mm
Boundary conditions
Outer:
122
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=2.00m: FZ =-1000000N; Mx=200000Nm and Fy=5000N

- for beam web:

The web dimensions are 378.8x9.4mm.
N Ed 1.000
= 2 1 = 2 1 = 0.20 > 1
A f y 0.0091 275
123
1 N 1 1
= 1 + Ed = 1 + = 1.01 > 0.5
2 f y t d 2 275 0.3788 0.0094
235 235
= = = 0.924
fy 275
c 408mm 2 14.6mm
= = 40.30 c 42 42 0.924
t 9.4mm = 170 > = = 64.25
t 0 . 67 + 0 .33 0 .67 + 0 . 33 ( 0 . 20 )
= 0.924
therefore the beam web is considered to be Class 3.
- for beam flange:
c 90.30
= = 6.18 c
t 14.6 = 6.18 9 0.924 = 8.316 therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1
t
= 0.924
124

= 0.34
curve according to:
1
y = 2
1 (6.49)
2
y + y y
A * fy
y =
N cr , y

4
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=257332751mm
125
E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 257332751mm 4
N cr , y = = = 133338053.7 N = 133338.05kN
l fy (2000mm)
A f y 9108.72mm 2 275 N / mm 2
y = = = 0.137
N cr , y 133338053.7 N
[ ]
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.137 0.2 ) + 0.137 2 ] = 0.499
1 1
y = = = 1.022
2 2 2 2
y + y y 0.499 + 0.499 0.137 y =1

y 1
= 0.49
according to:
126
1
z = 2 2
1 (6.49)
z + z z

A* f y
z =
N cr , z
l fz = 2.00m
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=16716452.10 mm4

E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
N cr , z = = = 8661700.38 N = 8661.70kN
l fz (2000mm )
A fy 9108.72mm 2 275 N / mm 2
z = = = 0.538
N cr , z 8661700.38 N
[ ]
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.538 0.2 ) + 0.538 2 ] = 0.728
1 1
z = = = 0.821
2 2
z + z z 0.728 + 0.728 2 0.538 2 z = 0.821

z 1
12.30.2.4 Lateral torsional buckling verification

E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
-where:
allure
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
127
- in order to simplify the calculation, we will consider C1 = 1
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=257332751mm4

Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=16716452.10 mm4
I z (h t f )
2
Iw =
4
tf flange thickness; t f = 14.6mm
16716452.10mm 4 (408mm 14.6mm )

2
Iw = = 6.46774 1011 mm 6
4
Length of the column: L=2000mm
E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1
6.46774 1011 mm 6 (2000mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 492581.13mm 4
2
+ = 1 8661700.384 N 208.052mm =
16716452.10mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
= 1802088994 Nmm = 1802.089kNm
128
Iy 257332751mm 4
z max 204mm
Weff , y f y 1261434.172mm 3 275 N / mm 2
LT = = = 0.439
M cr 1802088994 Nmm
1
LT = 1 (6.56)
LT + LT LT
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT ]
h 408mm
= = 2.147 > 2
b 190mm
= 0.76
[ ( ) ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.76 (0.439 0.2 ) + 0.439 ] = 0.687
1 1
LT = = = 0.813 1
LT + LT LT 0.687 + 0.687 0.439
129
y
k yy = C my C mLT
N Ed
1
N cr , y
N Ed
1
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
y = 1.022 (previously calculated)
N Ed = 1000kN
E Iy
N cr , y = = 133338053.7 N = 133338.05kN (previously calculated)
l fy
N Ed 1000000 N
1 1
N cr , y 133338053 .7 N = 1
y = =
N Ed 1000000 N
1 y 1 1
N cr , y 133338053.7 N
130
Weff , y f y
0 =
M cr 0
Iy 257332751mm 4
Wel , y = = = 1261434.172mm 3
z max 204mm
E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1
6.46774 1011 mm 6 (2000mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 492581.13mm 4
2
+ = 1 8661700.384 N 208.052mm =
16716452.10mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
= 1802088994 Nmm = 1802.089kNm
Weff , y f y 1261434.172mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0 = = = 0.439
M cr 1802088994 Nmm
131
N N

term:
N cr , z N cr ,TF
Where:
1 2 E I w
N cr ,T = G I +
i0 Lcr ,T
2 t
2 2 2
i0 = i y + i z + y02 + z 02 = 0.0301
Working inertial moment: Iw=645759981974.33mm6
Lcr ,T = 2.00m
1mm 2 2 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 645759981974.33mm 6

N cr ,T = 80800 N / mm 492581.13mm + =
0.0301mm 4 (2000mm )
= 1.244 1013 N
N Ed = 1000000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 1.244 1013 N
E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
N cr , z = = = 8661700.38 N (previously calculated)
l fz (2000mm)
C1=1 for the top part of the column
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 N Ed = 0.20 1 4
1
1000000 N
1
1000000 N
=
N 13
8661700.38 N 1.244 10 N
N cr , z cr ,TF
= 0.172
132
Therefore:

y a LT
0 = 0.469 C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT

N N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.172 C mz = C mz , 0
C mLT = C my 2
1
N N N N
0 = 0.469 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1
N
Ed = 0.172
1 Ed 1 Ed
N N N
cr , z cr ,TF cr , z cr ,T
y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
M y , Ed Aeff
y =
N Ed Weff , y
M y , Ed Aeff 200 10 6 Nmm 9108.72mm 2

y = = = 1.444
N Ed Weff , y 1000000 N 1261435.06mm 3
It 492581.13 mm 4
a LT = 1 = 1 = 0.998 1
Iy 257332751mm 4
133
The bending moment has the same value on both ends of the column: =1
N Ed
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N cr , y
Where:
E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 257332751mm 4
N cr , y = = = 133338053.7 N (previously calculated)
l fy (2000mm)
N Ed = 1000000 N
1000000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.211 + 0.36 (1 0.33) = 1.002
133338053.7 N
y a LT 1.444 1
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 ) = 1.002 + (1 1.002 ) = 1.001
1 + y a LT 1 + 1.444 1
2 a LT 1
C mLT = C my = 1.0012 = 1.065
1000000 N 1000000 N
1 N Ed 1 N Ed 1 1
C mLT = 1.065
N N 8661700 . 38 N 1 . 244 1013
N
cr , z cr ,T
C mLT 1

y 1
k yy = C my C mLT = 1.001 1.065 = 1.074
N Ed 1000000 N
1 1
N cr , y 133338053.7 N
y
k yz = C mz
N Ed
1
N cr , z
M
Cmz term must be calculated for the whole column length = Ed ,inf = 200kNm = 1
M Ed ,sup 200kNm

E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
N cr , z = = = 8661700.38 N = 8661.70kN
l fz (2000mm )
N Ed 1000000 N
C mz = C mz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.776
N cr , z 8661700.38 N
y 1
k yz = C mz = 0.776 = 0.878
N 1000000 N
1 Ed 1
N cr , z 8661700.38 N
134
z
k zy = C my C mLT
N Ed
1
N cr , y
N Ed 1000000 N
1 1
N cr , z 8661700.38 N
z = = = 0.799
N Ed 1000000 N
1 z 1 0 . 821
N cr , z 8661700.38 N
z = 0.821 (previously calculated)

z 0.977
k zy = C my C mLT = 1.001 1.065 = 1.050
N 1000000 N
1 Ed 1
N cr , y 133338053.7 N
12.30.2.8 Internal factor, k zz , calculation
z 0.977
k zz = C mz = 0.776 = 0.857
N 1000000 N
1 Ed 1
N cr , z 8661700.38 N
12.30.2.9 Bending and axial compression verification
N M M z , Rk
y Rk LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1

N Rk M M z , Rk
z LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1
N Rk = f y Ai
135
1000000 N 200 10 6 Nmm

+ 1. 074 +
9108.72mm 2 275 N / mm 2 1261435.06mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1 0.813
1 1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.878 = 0.40 + 0.76 + 0.18 = 1.34
175962.5mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
1000000 N 200 10 6 Nmm
+ 1.050 +
9108.72mm 2 mm 2 275 N / mm 2 1261435.06mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0.821 0.813
1 1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.857 = 0.49 + 0.74 + 0.18 = 1.41
175962.5mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
5 nodes,
1 linear element.
136

z
137
k yy
k yz
138
k zy

k zz
139
over the Y axis
SNy
over the Y axis
SMyy
140
over the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
141
over the Z axis
SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzz
142
12.30.2.10Reference results
y 1
z 0.821
k yy Internal factor, k yy 1.074

Xy coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 1 adim 0.0000 %
Xz coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.821634 0.0772 %
adim
Kyy Internal factor kyy 1.11767 4.0661 %
adim
Kyz Internal factor kyz 0.877605 -0.0450 %
adim
Kzy Internal factor kzy 1.09224 4.0229 %
adim
Kzz Internal factor kzz 0.857639 0.0746 %
adim
#SNy Bending and axial compression verification term 0.399218 -0.1955 %
SMyy Bending and axial compression verification term 0.783306 3.0666 %
SMyz Bending and axial compression verification term 0.181362 0.7567 %
SNz Bending and axial compression verification term 0.485883 -0.8402 %
SMzy Bending and axial compression verification term 0.765485 3.4439 %
SMzz Bending and axial compression verification term 0.177236 -1.5356 %
143
12.31 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 3 beam simply
supported with a displacement restraint (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 27)
Test ID: 5717

Test status: Passed
12.31.1Description
The test verifies a user defined cross section beam. The beam is hinged at one end and the translations over the Y
and Z axis and rotation after the X axis are blocked.
The beam is subjected to 10 kN/m linear force applied vertically, 5 kN/m linear force applied horizontally and 3700 kN
punctual force applied on the end of the beam.
12.31.2Background
An I53*1.2+22*1.9 beam column subjected to axial compression, uniform distributed vertical force and uniform
distributed horizontal force, made from S235 steel. The beam has a 53x12mm web and 220x19mm flanges. The
beam is simply supported. The beam is subjected to an axial compression load 3700000 N, 10000 N/m uniform
distributed load over the Z axis and 5000 N/m horizontal uniform distributed force after the Y axis.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fx=-3700000N; Fy=-5000N/m; Fz=-10000N/m
Units
Metric System
144

Plastic modulus after the Y axis, W y = 2862172.00mm 3
Elastic modulus after the Z axis, W el , z = 307177.41mm 3
Plastic modulus after the Z axis, W pl , z = 477512.00mm 3
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: I y = 665089874.67mm 4
Working inertial moment: I w = 2201162989666.67mm 6
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at the end point (x = 5) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis and restrained rotation
along X axis.
Inner:
Lateral buckling restraint in the middle of the column (x=2.50).
145
Loading
External: Point load from X=f.00m and z=.00m: Fx =-3700000N;
External: vertical uniform distributed linear load from X=0.00 to X=5.00: Fz=-10000N/m
External: horizontal uniform distributed linear load from X=0.00 to X=5.00: Fy=-5000N/m
146

-for beam web:

inf 246.94Mpa
= = =1
sup 246.94Mpa
147
235 235
= = =1
fy 235
148
c 530mm 2 19mm
= = 41 c
t 12mm 38 = 38 < = 41 42 = 42 therefore the beam web is
t
=1
considered to be Class 3
-for beam flange:
220 12
c c
= 2 = 5.47 = 4.57 9 1 = 9 therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1
t 19 t
=1

-the imperfection factor will be selected according to the Table 6.1 and 6.2:
= 0.34
149
curve according to:
1
y = 2
1 (6.49)
2
y + y y
A * fy
y =
N cr , y

E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 665089874.67mm 4
N cr , y = = = 55139061.21N = 55139.06kN
l fy (5000mm )
A f y 14264mm 2 235 N / mm 2
y = = = 0.247
N cr , y 55139061.21N
[ ]
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.247 0.2 ) + 0.247 2 ] = 0.538
1 1
y = = = 0.984
2 2 2 2
y + y y 0.538 + 0.538 0.247 y = 0.984

y 1
150

= 0.49
according to:
1
z = 2 2
1 (6.49)
z + z z

A* f y
z =
N cr , z
l fz = 2.50m

151
E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
N cr , z = = = 11205235.19 N = 11205.235kN
l fz (2500mm)
A f y 14264mm 2 235 N / mm 2
z = = = 0.547
N cr , z 11205235.19 N
[ ]
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.547 0.2 ) + 0.547 2 ] = 0.735
1 1
z = = = 0.819
2 2
z + z z 0.735 + 0.735 2 0.547 2 z = 0.816

z 1

-it must be studied separately for each beam segment
-however, the two sections are symmetrical, the same result will be obtained
is the isotactic moment report (for simply supported bar) due to Q load ant the maxim moment value
q L 10000 N / m (2500mm )
= = = 0.25
8 M 8 31.25 10 3 Nm
-the transversal load is applied to the shear center, therefore C2zg=0 and the moment formula will be:
E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
-where:
C1 is a coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure

=0 therefore:
152
C1 = 1.31
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: I y = 665089874.67mm4

Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 210000 N / mm 2
Shear modulus of rigidity: G = 80800 N / mm 2

Buckling length of the beam L = 2500mm
E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1.31
L Iz E Iz (2500mm)2
22.01163 1011 mm 6 (2500mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 1269555.73mm 4
2
+ = 1.31 11205235.19 N 272.58mm =
33789514.67 mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
= 4001163141Nmm
153
Weff , y f y 2509773.11mm 3 235 N / mm 2

LT = = = 0.384
M cr 4001163141Nmm
Calculation of the LT for appropriate non-dimensional slenderness LT will be determined below:
Note:
M Ed 31.25 10 6 Nmm
= = 7.81 10 3
M cr 4001163141
LT = 0.384 > 0.20
M Ed 2
M Ed 3 LT , 0 M
= 7.81 10 0.04 M cr 2
M cr
Ed
= 0.00781 LT , 0 = 0.0156
M cr
b 220
= 0.125 LT , 0 = 0.0156
2
LT ,0 = 0.3 = 0.3

h 530
According to EN 1993-1-1-AN France; AN.3; Chapter 6.3.2.2(4)
M Ed 2
For slendernesses LT , 0 (see 6.3.2.3) lateral torsional buckling effects may be ignored and only cross sectional checks
M cr
apply.
-therefore:
LT = 1
According to EN 1993-1-1-AN (2005); Chapter 6.3.2.2(4)
The internal factor k yy corresponding to a Class 4 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1, and will be calculated
separately for the two column parts separate by the middle torsional lateral restraint:
154
y
k yy = C my C mLT
N Ed
1
N cr , y
N Ed
1
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
N Ed = 3700kN
E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 665089874.67mm 4
N cr , y = = = 55139061.21N (previously
l fy (5000mm )
calculated)
N Ed 3700000 N
1 1
N cr , y 55130961.21N
y = = = 0.999
N Ed 3700000 N
1 y 1 0.984
N cr , y 55130961.21N
- Cmy coefficient takes into account the behavior in the plane of bending (buckling in the plan and distribution of the
bending moment).
- Must be calculated considering the beam along its length.
155
Weff , y f y
0 =
M cr 0
-according to Eurocode 3 EN 1993-1-1-2005; Chapter 6.3.2.2
Iy 665089874.67mm 4
Wel , y = = = 2509773.11mm 3
z max 265mm
E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
M cr , 0 = C1 + = 1
L Iz E Iz (2500mm)2
22.01163 1011 mm 6 (2500mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 1269555.73mm 4
2
+ = 1 11205235.19 N 272.58mm =
33789514.67 mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
= 3054323008 Nmm
Weff , y f y 2509773.11mm 3 235 N / mm 2
0 = = = 0.439
M cr , 0 3054323008 Nmm
156
N N

term:
N cr , z N cr ,TF
Where:
-for a symmetrical section for the both axis, N cr ,TF = N cr ,T
1 2 E I w
N cr ,T = G I +
i0 Lcr ,T
2 t
2 2 2
i0 = i y + i z + y 02 + z 02 = 0.0491

Lcr ,T = 2.50m
1mm 2 2 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 2201162989666.67 mm 6

N cr ,T = 80800 N / mm 1269555 . 73mm + =
0.0491mm 4 (2500mm)
= 1.696 1013 N
N Ed = 3700000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 1.696 1013 N
E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
N cr , z = = = 11205235.19 N (previously calculated)
l fz (2500mm)
C1=1
N N 3700000 N 3700000 N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N
= 0.20 1 4
1 1 =
11205235.19 N 1.696 10 N
13
N cr , z cr ,TF
= 0.181
Therefore:

y a LT
0 = 0.439 C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 N Ed = 0.181 C mz = C mz , 0
N
N cr , z cr ,TF a LT
C mLT = C my 2
1
N N N N
0 = 0.439 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.181 1 Ed 1 Ed
N N cr , z cr ,TF N N
cr , z cr ,T
157
y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
M y , Ed Aeff
y =
N Ed Weff , y
M y , Ed Aeff 31.25 10 6 Nmm 14264mm 2

y = = = 0.048
N Ed Weff , y 3700000 N 2509773.11mm 3
It 1269555.73mm 4
a LT = 1 = 1 = 0.998
Iy 665089874.67 mm 4
N Ed
C my , 0 = 1 + 0.03
N cr , y
Where:
E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 665089874.67mm 4
N cr , y = = = 55139061.21N (previously calculated)
l fy (5000mm )
N Ed = 3700000 N
3700000 N
C my , 0 = 1 + 0.03 = 1.002
55139061.21N
y a LT 0.048 1
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 ) = 1.002 + (1 1.002 ) = 1.002
1 + y a LT 1 + 0048 1

- It must be calculated for each of the two sections.
158
2 aLT
CmLT = Cmy

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z cr ,T
It must again calculate the coefficient Cmy, but only for the left section.
z = 0.0001396m
2 E Iy N
Cmy , 0 = 1 + 1 Ed =
L2 M y , Ed N cr , y

2 210000 N / mm 2 665089874.67mm 4 0.0001396 3700000 N
= 1 + 1 = 0.999
(2500mm) 31.25 10 Nmm
2 6
55139061.21N
159
y a LT 0.219 0.998
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 ) = 0.999 + (1 0.999 ) = 0.999
1 + y a LT 1 + 0.219 0.998
2 a LT 0.998
C mLT = C my = 0.999 = 1.377
N N 3700000 N 3700000 N
1 Ed 1 Ed 1 1
N cr , z N cr ,T 11205235.19 N 1.696 10 N
13

y 1
k yy = C my C mLT = 1.002 1.377 = 1.476
N Ed 3700000 N
1 1
N cr , y 55130961.21N
y
k yz = C mz
N Ed
1
N cr , z
Cmz coefficient must be calculated considering the beam along its length
N Ed 3700000 N
C mz = C mz , 0 = 1 + 0.03 = 1 + 0.03 = 1.010
N cr , z 11205235.19 N
y 1
k yz = C mz = 0.776 = 1.506
N Ed 3700000 N
1 1
N cr , z 11205235.19 N
160
z
k zy = C my C mLT
N Ed
1
N cr , y
N Ed 3700000 N
1 1
N cr , z 11205235.19 N
z = = = 0.917
N Ed 3700000 N
1 z 1 0.816
N cr , z 11205235.19 N
z 0.917
k zy = C my C mLT = 1.002 1.377 = 1.355
N 3700000 N
1 Ed 1
N cr , y 55130961.21N
z 0.917
k zz = C mz = 0.776 = 1.383
N Ed 3700000 N
1 1
N cr , z 11205235.19 N
N M M z , Rk
y Rk LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1
N Rk M M z , Rk
z LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1
N Rk = f y Ai
161
3700000 N 31.25 10 6 Nmm

+ 1 . 476 +
14264mm 2 235 N / mm 2 2509773.11mm 3 235 N / mm 2
0.984 1
1 1
6
15.62 10 Nmm
+ 1.506 = 0.12 + 0.08 + 0.33 = 0.53
307177.41mm 3 235 N / mm 2
1
3700000 N 31.25 10 6 Nmm
+ 1.355 +
14264mm 2 235 N / mm 2 2509773.11mm 3 235 N / mm 2
0.816 1
1 1
6
15.62 10 Nmm
+ 1.383 = 1.35 + 0.07 + 0.30 = 1.72
307177.41mm 3 235 N / mm 2
1
7 nodes,
1 linear element.

z
162
k yy
k yz
k zy
163

k zz
over the Y axis
SNy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending moment over
the Y axis
SMyy
164
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment over
the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
over the Z axis
SMzy
165
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment over
the Z axis
SMzz
y 0.98
z 0.82
k zz Internal factor, k zz 1.38
166

Xy coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.983441 0.3511 %
adim
Xz coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.816369 -0.4428 %
adim
Kyy Internal factor, kyy 1.47276 0.1878 %
adim
Kyz Internal factor, kyz 1.50599 -0.2656 %
adim
Kzy Internal factor, kzy 1.35211 0.1563 %
adim
Kzz Internal factor, kzz 1.38261 0.1891 %
adim
SNy Bending and axial compression verification term 1.12239 0.2134 %
depending of the compression effort over the Y adim
SMyy Bending and axial compression verification term 0.078033 -2.4587 %
SMyz Bending and axial compression verification term 0.325974 -1.2200 %
SNz Bending and axial compression verification term 1.35209 0.1548 %
SMzy Bending and axial compression verification term 0.0716405 2.3436 %
SMzz Bending and axial compression verification term 0.29927 -0.2433 %
167
12.32 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling resistance for a IPE300 column
Test ID: 5699

Test status: Passed
12.32.1Description
The test verifies the buckling resistance for a IPE300 column made of S235 steel.
The verifications are made according to Eurocode3 French Annex.
12.32.2Background
Classification and verification under compression efforts for an IPE 300 column made of S235 steel. The column is

Units
Metric System
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=603.80x104mm4
4 4
168
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Buckling lengths Lfy and Lfz are doth imposed with 10m value
Loading
Internal: None.
169

The calculations are made in order to obtain the buckling resistance work ratio of the analyzed element. The work
ratio of the element is calculated using the percentage of the design buckling resistance of the compressed element
(Nb,Rd) from the compression force applied to the element (NEd). The design buckling resistance of the compressed
member, Nb,Rd, is calculated according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.3.1.1.
N Ed
100 100% (6.46)
N b , Rd
A fy
N b , Rd = (6.47)
M1
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness for Y-Y axis
according to:
1
= 2
1 (6.49)
+ 2
A* f y
=
N cr
E Iz 210000MPa 8356 104 mm 4

N cr = = = 1731878.70 N
L fy (10000mm )2
A fy 5380mm 2 235 N / mm 2
= = = 0.854
N cr 1731878.70 N
[
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + ]
170
[ ]
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (0.854 0.2) + 0.8542 ] = 0.933
Therefore:
1 1
= 2
= = 0.764 1
+ 2 0.933 + 0.9332 0.8542
0.764 5380mm2 235 N / mm2

N b , Rd = = 966051.089 N
1
N Ed = 200000 N
N Ed 200000 N
100 = 100 = 20.703%
N b , Rd 966051.089 N
12.32.2.3 Buckling in the weak inertia of the profile (along Z-Z)

N Ed
100 100% (6.46)
N b , Rd
A fy
N b , Rd = (6.47)
M1
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness for Z-Z axis
according to:
1
= 2
1 (6.49)
+ 2

A* f y
=
N cr
E Iz 210000MPa 603.80 104 mm4

N cr = = = 125144.610 N
L fy (10000mm)2
171
A fy 5380mm2 235 N / mm2

= = = 3.178
N cr 125144.610 N
[
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + ]
[ ]
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (3.178 0.2) + 3.1782 ] = 6.056
Therefore:
1 1
= 2
= = 0.089 1
+ 2 6.056 + 6.0562 3.1782
0.089 5380mm2 235 N / mm2

N b , Rd = = 112771.78 N
1
N Ed = 200000 N
N Ed 200000 N
100 = 100 = 177.349%
N b , Rd 112771.78 N

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
172

Non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y axis
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (strong inertia)

Work ratio (y-y)
173

y coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y 0.764

axis
z coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z 0.089

axis
Work ratio (y-y) Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance 0.21 %
(strong inertia) [%]
Work ratio (z-z) Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (weak 1.77 %
inertia) [%]

Xy coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.763129 -0.1140 %
after Y-Y axis adim
Xz coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.0891543 0.1734 %
after Z-Z axis adim
SNy Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling 0.207253 -1.3081 %
resistance in the strong inertia of the profile adim
SNz Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling 1.77401 0.2266 %
resistance in the weak inertia of the profile adim
174
12.33 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a IPE400 column for compression, shear, bending
moment, buckling, lateral torsional buckling and bending and axial compression (evaluated
by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 23)
Test ID: 5703

Test status: Passed
12.33.1Description
The test verfies a IPE400 column, made of S275 steel, subjected to compression, shear, bending moment, buckling,
lateral torsional buckling and bending and axial compression
A lateral restraint is placed at 3m from the base.
The verifications are made according to Eurocode 3 French Annex.
12.33.2Background
Unrestrained IPE400 column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column is fixed at
its base and free on the top end. A lateral restraint is placed at 3m from the base. The column is subjected to an axial
compression load (-125000 N) applied and to a lateral load after the X global axis (28330N). Both loads are applied
on the top end of the column. The dead load will be neglected. The results will be compared with the ones obtained
by the CTIM n4-2006.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q1x= 28330 N, Q1z= -125000 N
175
Units
Metric System


Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y = 1156 103 mm3
Plastic modulus after the Y axis, Wy = 1307 103 mm3
Elastic modulus after the Z axis, Wel , z = 146.40 10 3 mm 3
Plastic modulus after the Z axis, W pl , z = 229 103 mm3
4 4
4 4
4 4
Torsional moment of inertia: It=51.08x10 mm
Working inertial moment: Iw=490000x106mm6
176
Boundary conditions
Outer:
along X axis.
Inner: lateral (xoz) restraint at z=3m
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and Y=9.00m: FZ =-125000N and Fx=28330N
Internal: None.
177
CTICM model
The model is presented in the CTICM 2006-4-Resistance barre comprimee selon
178

-for beam web:
c 331mm
= = 38.49 c
t 8.6mm = 38.49 72 = 72 therefore the beam web is considered to be Class 1
t
=1
-for beam flange:
c 67.47mm
= = 4.50 c
t 13.5mm = 4.50 9 = 9 therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1
t
=1

According to CTICM document:
The cross section is considered to be Class 1. The column strength will be determined considering the plastic
characteristics of the cross-section. Below can be seen the CTICM conclusion, extracted from CTICM 2006-4:
179
12.33.2.3 Compression verification

calculated using the percentage of the design axial compression resistance of the element (Nc,Rd) from the
compression force applied to the element (NEd). The compressed resistance of the member, Nc,Rd, is calculated
according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.2.4.
N Ed
100 100% (6.9)
N c ,Rd
The design resistance of the cross-section for uniform compression Nc,Rd is determined using the formula below:
A f y
N c , Rd = (6.10)
M0
-where:
A is the section area: A = 8446mm 2

f y is the yielding strength: f y = 275 N / mm 2
M0 is the partial safety factor: M0 =1

A f y 8446mm 2 275 N / mm 2
N c , Rd = = = 2322650 N = 2322.65kN
M0 1
N Ed = 125000 N
N Ed 125000 N
= 100 = 5.38% 100%
N c ,Rd 2322650 N
The compression resistance of the column is N c , Rd = 2324kN as it can be seen from conclusion extracted from
CTCIM 2006-4:
12.33.2.4 Shear verification

calculated using the percentage of the design shear resistance of the element (Vc,Rd) from the shear force applied to
the element (VEd). The shear resistance of the member, Vc,Rd, is calculated according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005,
Chapter 6.2.6.
V Ed
100 100% (6.17)
Vc , Rd
180
The design shear resistance of the element, Vc,Rd is determined using the formula below:
f
AV y
Vc , Rd = 3 (6.18)
M0
-where:
AV is the shear area:
AV = A 2 b t f + (t w + 2 r ) t f hw t w
-where:
A is the cross section area: A = 8446mm 2

b is the overall breadth: b = 180mm
tf is the flange thickness: t f = 13.5mm
r is the root radius: r = 21mm
tw is the web thickness: t w = 8.6mm
hw is the depth of the web: hw = 400mm
=1
AV = A 2 b t f + (t w + 2 r ) t f =
= 8446mm 2 2 180mm 13.5mm + (8.6mm + 2 21mm ) 13.5mm = 4269.1mm 2
hw t w = 1 8.6mm 400mm = 3440mm 2
AV = 4269.1mm 2 3440mm 2
fy 2 275 N / mm 2
AV 4269.1mm
3 3 = 677810.66 N
Vc , Rd = =
M0 1
VEd = 28330 N
V Ed 28330 N
100 = 100 = 0.04179 100 = 4.180% 100%
Vc , Rd 677810.66 N
181
The shear resistance of the column is V pl , z , Rd = 677.8kN as it can be seen from conclusion extracted from CTCIM
2006-4:
12.33.2.5 Bending moment verification

calculated using the percentage of the design bending moment resistance of the element (Mpl,Rd) from the bending
moment effor applied to the element (MEd). The Bending moment resistance of the member, Mpl,Rd, is calculated
according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.2.5.
M Ed
100 100% (6.12)
M pl , Rd
-the shear force does not exceed 50% of the shear plastic resistance, therefore there is no influence of the shear on
the composed bending;
-the axial compression force does not exceed 25% of the plastic resistance, therefore there is no influence of the
compression on the composed bending
The design bending moment resistance of the element, Mpl,Rd is determined using the formula below:
w pl f y
M pl , Rd = (6.13)
M0
-where:
wpl is the plastic modulus: wpl = 1307000mm3

wpl f y 1307000mm3 275 N / mm 2
M pl , Rd = = = 359425000 Nmm
M0 1
M Ed = 254970000 Nmm
M Ed 254970000 Nmm
100 = 100 = 0.70938 100 = 70.938% 100%
M pl , Rd 359425000 Nmm
182
The bending moment resistance of the column is M pl , y , Rd = 359.7 kNm as it can be seen from the conclusion
extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:

The imperfection factor will be chosen according to Table 6.1:
= 0.21
curve according to:
1
y = 2
1 (6.49)
2
y + y y
y the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding to Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections:
A* fy
y =
N cr , y
2 2
Where: A is the cross section area; A=8446mm ; fy is the yielding strength of the material; fy=275N/mm and Ncr is
the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional properties:
E Iy 210000 MPa 23130 10 4 mm 4

N cr , y = = = 5918472.77 N
L fz (9000mm)2
183
A fy 8446mm 2 275 N / mm 2
y = = = 0.62645
N cr , y 5918472.77 N
[ ]
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (0.62645 0.2 ) + 0.626452 ] = 0.740997
1 1
y = = = 0.87968 1
y + y y
2 2
0.740997 + 0.740997 2 0.626452
The determined value for the coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness for the strong section, y-y
axis, y is: y = 0.8796 as it can be observed from the conclusion extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:
b) over the strong axis of the section, z-z:

184
= 0.34
according to:
1
z = 2 2
1 (6.49)
z + z z

A* fy
z =
N cr , z
Where: A is the cross section area; A=8446mm2; fy is the yielding strength of the material; fy=275N/mm2 and Ncr is
the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional properties:
Outside the frame, the calculation can be made with more than the safety of taking in account a buckling length equal
to the grater length of the two beam sections, 6m. A more accurate calculation is to perform a modal analysis of the
column buckling outside the frame. The first eigenmode of instability corresponds to an amplification factor equal to
critical cr = 9.15 . The normal critical force can be directly calculated:
E Iz 210000 N / mm2 1318 104 mm4

N cr , z = = = 1142396.153N
l fy (4890mm)
A fy 8446mm 2 275 N / mm 2
z = = = 1.42588
N cr , z 1142396.153
[ ]
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (1.42588 0.2 ) + 1.425882 ] = 1.72497
1 1
z = = = 0.37096 1
z + z z
2 2
1.72497 + 1.72497 2 1.425882
The determined value for the coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness for the strong section, z-z
axis, z is: z = 0.3711 as it can be observed from the conclusion extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:
185

a) for the 3m part of the column:
E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
-where:
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
169.98kNm
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column extremities: = = 0.66667
254.97 kNm
1 1
C1 = = = 1.17932
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252 0.325 + 0.423 0.66667 + 0.252 0.66667

4 4
5
4 4
6 6
Working inertial moment: Iw=490000x10 mm
E Iz I w L G It 210000 N / mm 2 1318 104 mm 4

M cr = C1 + = 1.17932
49 1010 mm6 (3000mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 51.08 104 mm 4
2
+ = 1.17932 3035232.34 N 225.33396mm =
1318 104 mm 4 210000 N / mm 2 1318 104 mm 4
= 806585210.2 Nmm
186
Calculation of the non-dimensional slenderness factor, LT :

Wy f y
LT =
M cr
3 3
Plastic modulus, Wy = 1307 10 mm
Wy f y 1307 103 mm3 275 N / mm2

LT = = = 0.66754
M cr 806585210.2 Nmm
1
LT = 1 (6.56)
LT + LT LT
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT ]
= 0.34
LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.66754 0.2 ) + 0.66754 ] = 0.80228

1 1
LT = = = 0.80173 1
LT + LT LT 0.80228 + 0.80228 0.66754
The determined value for the coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness, LT is: LT = 0.7877 as
it can be observed from the conclusion extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:
187
b) for the 6m part of the column:

E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
-where:
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column extremities: =0
C1 = 1.77
4 4
5
6 6
Working inertial moment: Iw=490000x10 mm
E Iz I w L G It 210000 N / mm 2 1318 104 mm 4

M cr = C1 + = 1.77
L Iz E Iz 6000 mm 2
49 1010 mm6 6000 mm 2 80800 N / mm 2 51.08 104 mm 4
+ = 1.77 758808.085 N 302.604mm =
1318 104 mm 4 210000 N / mm 2 1318 104 mm 4
= 406423987 Nmm
188
Calculation of the non-dimensional slenderness factor, LT :

Wy f y
LT =
M cr
Plastic modulus, Wy = 1307 103 mm3
Wy f y 1307 103 mm3 275 N / mm2
LT = = = 0.94040
M cr 406423987 Nmm
1
LT = 1 (6.56)
LT + LT LT
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT ]
= 0.34
LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.94040 0.2 ) + 0.94040 ] = 1.06804

1 1
LT = = = 0.63518 1
LT + LT LT 1.06804 + 1.06804 0.94040
189
The determined value for the coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness, LT is: LT = 0.694 as it
can be observed from the conclusion extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:

N Ed M + M y , Rd M + M z , Ed
+ k yy y , Ed + k yz z , Ed 1 (6.61)
N Rk M y , Rd M z , Rk
y LT
M1 M1 M1
N Ed M + M y , Rd M + M z , Ed
+ k zy y , Ed + k zz z , Ed 1 (6.62)
N Rk M y , Rd M z , Rk
z LT
M1 M1 M1
The formulae can be simplified because:
There is no bending on the small inertia axis: M z , Ed = 0
The section is considered to be a Class1: M y , Rd = 0 and M z , Rd = 0

Therefore the formulae are:
N Ed M y , Ed
N Rk
+ k yy
M y , Rk
1.00 (6.61)
y LT
M1 M1
N Ed M y , Ed
N Rk
+ k zy
M y , Rk
1.00 (6.62)
z LT
M1 M1
190
12.33.2.9 Internal factor, k yy , calculation:
The internal factor k yy corresponding to a Class 1 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1:
y 1
k yy = Cmy CmLT
N C yy
1 Ed
N cr , y
Auxiliary terms:
N Ed
1
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
Where:
E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 23130 104 mm4

N cr , y = = = 5918472.773 N
l fy (9000mm)
125000 N
1
y = 5918472.773 N = 0.99741
125000 N
1 0.87968
5918472.773
191
0 = C1 LT
-where:
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column extremities: = 0
C1 = 1.77
Wy f y 1307 103 mm3 275 N / mm2

LT = = = 0.66754
M cr 806585210.2 Nmm
192
0 = C1 LT = C1 LT = 1.77 0.66754 = 0.88811
N N
Calculation of the 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed term:
N cr , z N cr ,TF

Where:
A 2 E I w
N cr ,T = G It +
I0 Lcr ,T
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2
4 4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=1318.00x104 mm4

I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 23130 104 mm 4 + 1318 104 mm 4 = 24448 104 mm 4
-for simplification, it will be considered the same buckling length, Lcr ,T , for all the column parts:
Lcr ,T = 6m
4 4
Working inertial moment: Iw=490000x106mm6
8446mm 2 2 210000 N / mm 2 49 1010 mm6

N cr ,T = 80800 N / mm 2 51.08 104 mm 4 + =
24448 104 mm 4 (6000mm )
= 2400423.788 N
N cr , TF = N cr , T = 2400423.788 N
N cr , z = 1142396.153 N (previously calculated)
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.20 1.77 4 1 125000 N 1 125000 N =
N N 1142396.153 N 2400423.788 N
cr , z cr ,TF
= 0.25505
193
Therefore:

C = C + (1 C ) y aLT
my my , 0 my , 0
1 + y aLT

N N
0 = 0.88811 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.25505 Cmz = Cmz , 0
N Ncr , z cr ,TF
CmLT = Cmy
2 aLT
1

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z cr ,T
y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
M y , Ed A
y =
N Ed Wel , y
M y , Ed A 254.94 106 Nmm 8446mm2
y = = = 14.90119
N Ed Wel , y 125000 N 1156 103 mm3
It 51.08 10 4 mm 4
a LT = 1 = 1 = 0.99779
Iy 23130 10 4 mm 4

N Ed
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y = 5918472.773 N (previously calculated)
125000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 (0 0.33) = 0.78749
5918472.773N
y aLT 14.90119 0.99779
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.78749 + (1 0.78749 ) = 0.95619
1 + y aLT 1 + 14.90119 0.99779
194
The CmLT coefficient takes into account the laterally restrained parts of the column. The CmLT coefficient must be calculated
individually for each of the column parts.
2 a LT
CmLT = Cmy 1

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N cr , z N cr ,T

y a LT
C my.3m = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT
a LT = 0.99779 (previously calculated)
169.98kNm
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column part extremities: = = 0.66667
254.97 kNm
195
N Ed
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N cr , y
Where:
125000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 0.66667 + 0.36 (0.66667 0.33) = 0.93256
5918472.773N
y a LT 14.90119 0.99779
C my ,3m = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 ) = 0.93256 + (1 0.93256 ) = 0.98609
1 + y a LT 1 + 14.90119 0.99779
N cr ,T = 2400423.788 N (previously calculated)

a LT = 0.99779 (previously calculated)
2 a LT
CmLT ,3m = Cmy ,3m =

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z cr ,T

0.99779
= 0.98609 = 1.05596 CmLT ,3m = 1.05596
125000 N 125000 N
1 1
1142396 . 153 N 2400423 . 788 N

CmLT ,3m 1

y a LT
C my.6 m = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT
M y , Ed A
y =
N Ed Wel , y
M y , Ed A 169.98 10 6 Nmm 8446mm 2

y = = = 9.9353
N Ed Wel , y 125000 N 1156 10 3 mm 3
It 51.08 10 4 mm 4
a LT = 1 = 1 = 0.99779
Iy 23130 10 4 mm 4
196
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column part extremities: =0
N Ed
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N cr , y
Where:
125000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 0 + 0.36 (0 0.33) = 0.78749
5918472.773 N
y a LT 9.9353 0.99779
C my , 6 m = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 ) = 0.78749 + (1 0.78749 ) = 0.94873
1 + y a LT 1 + 9.9353 0.99779
N cr ,T = 2400423.788 N (previously calculated)
2 a LT
C mLT , 6 m = C my ,6 m =
N N
1
N 1 N
Ed Ed

cr , z cr ,T

0.99779
= 0.94873 = 0.97746 C mLT , 6 m = 1
125000 N 125000 N
1 1
1142396.153 N 2400423.788 N

C mLT , 6 m 1

In conclusion:
C mLT ,3m = 1.05596
C mLT =
C mLT , 6 m = 1
197
The C yy coefficient is defined according to the Table A.1 on the Auxiliary terms: part:
1.6 1.6 Wel , y

C yy = 1 + ( w y 1) 2 2
C my max 2
C my 2max n pl bLT
wy wy
W pl , y
Where:
M y , Ed M z , Ed M y , Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 20 = 0.5 aLT 20 0 = 0
LT M pl , y , Rd M pl , Rd LT M pl , y , Rd
W pl , y
wy = 1.5
Wel , y
Plastic modulus after the Y axis, W pl , y = 1307 10 3 mm 3
W pl , y 1307 103 mm3
wy = = = 1.13062 1.5
Wel , y 1156 103 mm3
N Ed
n pl =
N Rk
M1
A fy 8446mm 2 275 N / mm 2
N Rk = N c , Rd = = = 2322650 N
M0 1
N Ed 125000 N
n pl = = = 0.05382
N Rk 2322650 N
M1 1
198
(
max = max y ; z )
( )
max = max y ; z = max(0.62645;1.42504 ) = 1.42504
C my = 0.95619 (previously calculated)
1.6 1.6
C yy = 1 + (1.13062 1) 2 0.95619 1.42504 0.95619 1.42504 0.05382 0 =
1.13062 1.13062
= 0.98511
Wel , y 1156 10 3 mm 3
C yy = 0.98511 = = 0.88447
W pl , y 1307 10 3 mm 3
In conclusion:
y 1 0.99741 1
k yy `,3m = Cmy CmLT ,3m = 0.95619 1.05569 = 1.04409
N Ed C yy 125000 N 0 . 98511
1 1
N cr , y 5918472.773 N
k yy =
k y 1 0.99741 1
yy , 6 m = C my C mLT , 6 m = 0.95619 1 = 0.98902
N Ed C yy 125000 N 0 . 98511
1 1
N cr , y 5918472.773 N
According to CTICM 2006-4:
199
12.33.2.10Internal factor, k zy , calculation:
The internal factor k zy corresponding to a Class 1 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1:
z 1 wy
k zy = C my C mLT 0.6
N Ed C zy wz
1
N cr , y
Auxiliary terms:
N Ed
1
N cr , z
z =
N
1 z Ed
N cr , z
Where:
E Iz 210000 N / mm2 1318 104 mm4

N cr , z = = = 1142396.153N
l fy (4890mm)
125000 N
1
z = 1142396 .1533 N = 0.92826
125000 N
1 0.37096
1142396.153 N
200

C = C + (1 C ) y aLT
my my , 0 my , 0
1 + y aLT

N 1 N Ed = 0.208 Cmz = Cmz , 0
0 = 0.88811 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z N cr ,TF

CmLT = Cmy2 aLT
1

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z cr ,T
(previously calculated)
M y , Ed A 6
254.94 10 Nmm 8446mm 2
N Ed Wel , y 125000 N 1156 103 mm3
It 51.08 104 mm 4
aLT = 1 =1 = 0.99779 (previously calculated)
Iy 23130 104 mm 4
201

N Ed
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.78749
N cr , y
y a LT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.95619
1 + y a LT
2 a LT CmLT ,3m = 1.05596

CmLT = Cmy =
CmLT , 6 m = 1
1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z cr ,T
The C zy coefficient is defined according to the Table A.1 on the Auxiliary terms: part:
C 2 2 wy Wel , y
Czy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 my 5 max n pl d LT 0.6
wy

wz W pl , y
202
Where:
0 M y , Ed M z , Ed 0 M y , Ed
d LT = 2 aLT 4
= 2 aLT 0 = 0
0.1 + z
Cmy LT M pl , y , Rd Cmz M pl , z , Rd 0.1 + z Cmy LT M pl , y , Rd
4
W pl , y 1307 103 mm3

wy = = = 1.13062 1.5 (previously calculated)
Wel , y 1156 103 mm3
W pl , z
wz = 1.5
Wel , z
Elastic modulus after the Z axis, Wel , z = 146.40 10 3 mm 3
Plastic modulus after the Z axis, W pl , z = 229 103 mm3
W pl , z 229 103 mm3

wz = = 3 3
= 1.564
Wel , z 146.40 10 mm wz = 1.5
wz 1.5

N Ed
n pl =
N Rk
M1
N Ed 125000 N
n pl = = = 0.05382 (previously calculated)
N Rk 2322650 N
M1 1
( )
max = max y ; z = max(0.62645;1.42504 ) = 1.42504 (previously calculated)
0.986092 1.425042
C zy = 1 + (1.13062 1) 2 14
0 . 05382 0 = 0.90887
1.130625
wy Wel , y 1.13062 1156 103 mm3
0.6 = 0.6 = 0.46073
wz W pl , y 1.5 1307 103 mm3
C 2 2 wy Wel , y
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 my 5 max n pl d LT = 0.90887 0.6 = 0.46073
wy

wz W pl , y
In conclusion:
z 1 wy 0.923830 1 1.13062
k zy = C my C mLT 0 .6 = 0.98609 1.05569 0 .6 =
N Ed C zy wz 125000 N 0.90887 1 .5
1 1
N cr , y 5918472.773 N
= 0.56307
203
y 1 wy
k zy `,3m = C my C mLT ,3m 0.6 =
N Ed C zy wz
1
N cr , z

0.99741 1 1.13062
= 0.95619 1.05569 125000 N

0.90887
0.6
1.5
= 0.52306
1
5918472.773 N
k zy =
y 1 wy
k zy , 6 m = C my C mLT , 6 m 0.6 =
N Ed C zy wz
1
N cr , z

= 0.95619 1 0.99741 1 1.13062
0.6 = 0.50752
125000 N 0.98511 1.5
1
5918472.773 N
The bending and axial compression verifications are:

-for the 3m column part:
N Ed M y ,Ed
+ k yy =
N Rk M y ,Rk
y LT
M1 M1
125000 N 254970000 Nmm
= + 1.04409 =
2322650 N 359425000 Nmm
0.87968 0.80173
1 1
= 0.06119 + 0.92383 = 0.98501 1
N Ed M y ,Ed
+ k zy =
N Rk M y ,Rk
z LT
M1 M1
125000 N 254970000 Nmm
= + 0.52306 =
2322650 N 359425000 Nmm
0.37096 0.80173
1 1
= 0.14508 + 0.46281 = 0.60789 1
204
-for the 6m column part:
N Ed M y ,Ed
+ k yy =
N M y ,Rk
y Rk LT
M1 M1
125000 N 168980000 Nmm
= + 0.98902 =
2322650 N 359425000 Nmm
0.87968 0.63518
1 1
= 0 . 06118 + 0 .73204 = 0 .79322 1
N Ed M y ,Ed
+ k zy =
N Rk M y ,Rk
z LT
M1 M1
125000 N 168980000 Nmm
= + 0.50752 =
2322650 N 359425000 Nmm
0.37096 0.63518
1 1
= 0.14508 + 0.37565 = 0.52073 1

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
205
Ratio of the design normal force to design compresion resistance

Work ratio - Fx
Ratio of the design share force to design share resistance

Work ratio - Fz
206
Ratio of the design share force to design share resistance

Work ratio - oblique
207

z
k yy
208
k yz
Work ratio - Fx Ratio of the design normal force to design compression resistance 5.38
Work ratio - Fz Ratio of the design share force to design share resistance 4.18
Work ratio - Oblique Ratio of the design moment resistance to design bending resistance 70.94
one the principal axis
y 0.88
z 0.37
k yy Internal factor, k yy for the 3m segment 1.04
k yy Internal factor, k yy for the 6m segment 0.99
k zy Internal factor, k zy for the 3m segment 0.52
k zy Internal factor, k zy for the 6m segment 0.51
209

Work ratio - Fx Ratio of the design normal force to design compression 5.38178 % 0.0331 %
resistance
Work ratio - Fz Ratio of the design share force to design share resistance 4.17973 % -0.0065 %
Work ratio - Ratio of the design moment resistance to design bending 70.9383 % -0.0024 %
Oblique resistance one the principal axis
Xy Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.879684 -0.0359 %
adim
Xz Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.370957 0.2586 %
adim
Kyy Internal factor,kyy for the 3m segment 1.03159 -0.8087 %
adim
Kyy Internal factor,kyy for the 6m segment 0.983324 -0.6743 %
adim
Kzy Internal factor,kzy for the 3m segment 0.537037 3.2763 %
adim
Kzy Internal factor,kzy for the 6m segment 0.511305 0.2559 %
adim
210
the bottom and without any other restraint (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 24)
Test ID: 5709

Test status: Passed
12.34.1Description
The test verifies an user defined cross section column.
The column is subjected to 328 kN axial compression force; 1274 kNm bending moment after the Y axis and 127.4
kNm bending moment after the Z axis. All the efforts are applied on the top of the column. The column height is
5.62m and has no restraints over its length.
12.34.2Background
An I880*5+220*15 shaped column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column has a
880x5mm web and 220x15mm flanges. The column is hinged at its base and, at his top end, translation is permitted
only on vertical direction and the rotation is blocked for the long axis of the column. The column is subjected to an
axial compression load 328000 N, 127400Nm bending moment after the X axis and 1274000Nm bending moment
after the Y axis.
211

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=-328000N N, Mx= 127400Nm; My=1274000Nm
Units
Metric System


Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y = 3387.66 103 mm 3
4 4
4 4
6 6
Working inertial moment: Iw=4979437.37x10 mm
212
Boundary conditions
Outer:
along X axis.
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=5.62m: FZ =--328000N; Mx=127400Nm and My=1274000Nm
213
12.34.2.2Cross section Class

-for beam web:

N Ed 0.328
= 2 1 = 2 1 = 0.78 > 1
A fy 0.0109 275
1 N 1 0.328
= 1 + Ed = 1 + = 0.64 > 0.5
2 f y t d 2 275 0.850 0.005
214
235 235
= = = 0.924
fy 275
c 880mm 2 15mm
= = 170 c 42 42 0.924
t 5mm = 170 > = = 94.057
t 0.67 + 0.33 0.67 + 0.33 (0.78)
=1
therefore the beam web is considered to be Class 4
-for beam flange:
c 107.5
= = 7.61 c
t 15 = 7.61 9 = 9 therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1
t
=1
12.34.2.3 Effective cross-sections of Class4 cross-sections

-the section is composed from Class 4 web and Class 1 flanges, therefore will start the web
calculation:
-in order to simplify the calculations the web will be considered compressed only
c 880mm 2 15mm
= = 170 :
t 5mm
= 1 k = 4
-according EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Table 4.1
bw
p = t
28.4 k

235 235
= = = 0.9244
fy 275
850mm
p = 5mm = 3.261
28.4 0.9244 4
-according EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Chapter4.4
-the web is considered to be an internal compression element, therefore:
p = 3.261 > 0.673 p 0.055 (3 + ) 3.261 0.055 4

= 2
= = 0.286
3 + = 4 0 p 3.2612
215
beff = bw beff = 0.286 850mm = 243.1mm

be1 = 0.5 beff be1 = 0.5 243.1mm = 121.55mm

be 2 = 0.5 beff be 2 = 0.5 243.1mm = 121.55mm
Aeff ,web = t w be1 + t w be 2 = 5mm 121.55mm + 5mm 121.55mm = 1215.5mm 2
Aeff , flange = t f b f = 15mm 220mm = 3300mm 2
Aeff = Aeff , web + 2 Aeff , flange = 1215.5mm 2 + 2 3300mm 2 = 7815.2mm 2
12.34.2.4 Effective elastic section modulus of Class4 cross-sections

-In order to simplify the calculation the section will be considered in pure bending
inf 850mm
= = 1 bc = bt = = 425mm
sup 2
= 1 k = 23.9
-according EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Table 4.1
c 880mm 2 15mm
= = 170
t 5mm
bw
p = t
28.4 k

235 235
= = = 0.9244
fy 275
850mm
p = 5mm = 1.325
28.4 0.9244 23.9
-according EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Chapter4.4
p = 1.325 > 0.673 p 0.055 (3 + ) 1.325 0.055 2

= 2
= = 0.692
3 + = 2 0 p 1.325 2
bw 850mm
beff = bc = beff = 0.692 = 294.1mm
1 1 ( 1)

be1 = 0.4 beff be1 = 0.4 294.1mm = 117.64mm
b = 0.6 294.1mm = 176.46mm
be 2 = 0.6 beff e2

216
-the weight center coordinate is:
yG =
(220 15) 432.5 + (117.64 5) 366.18 (220 15) 432.5 (601.46 5)124.27 =
220 15 + 117.64 5 + 601.46 5 + 220 15
158330.095
= = 15.53mm
10195.5
-the inertial moment along the strong axis is:
15 3 220 117.64 3 5
Iy = + 220 15 448.03 2 + + 117.64 5 381.712 +
12 12
3 3
601.46 5 15 220
+ + 601.46 5 107.74 2 + + 220 15 416.97 2 =
12 12
= 748854356.6 + 699380072.5 = 1448234429mm 4
220 3 15 53 117.64
Iz = + 220 15 0 2 + + 117.64 5 0 2 +
12 12
3
5 601.46 2 220 3 15
+ + 601.46 5 0 + + 220 15 0 2 = 26627490.63mm 4
12 12
Iy 1448234429mm 4
Wel , y = = = 3179229.533mm 3
z max 455.53mm
Iz 26627490.63mm 4
Wel , z = = = 242068.10mm 3
y max 110mm
217

= 0.34
curve according to:
1
y = 2
1 (6.49)
2
y + y y
Aeff * f y
y =
N cr , y
218
2
properties:
E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 1448234429mm 4
N cr , y = = = 95035371.44 N = 95035.37kN
l fy (5620mm)
Aeff f y 7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
y = = = 0.15
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
[ ]
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.15 0.2 ) + 0.15 2 ] = 0.503
1 1
y = = = 1.017
2 2
y + y y 0.503 + 0.5032 0.15 2 y =1

y 1
= 0.49
219
according to:
1
z = 2 2
1 (6.49)
z + z z

Aeff * f y
z =
N cr , z
2
properties:
E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
N cr , z = = = 1747336.905 N = 1747.34kN
l fz (5620mm )
Aeff f y 7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
z = = = 1.109
N cr , z 1747336.905 N
[ ]
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (1.109 0.2) + 1.109 2 ] = 1.338
1 1
z = = = 0.479
2 2 2 2
z + z z 1.338 + 1.338 1.109 z = 0.479

z 1

E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
-where:
allure
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
0kNm
1274kNm
220
0kNm
= = 0 C1 = 1.77
1274kNm

I z (h t f )
2
Iw =
4
26627490.63 mm 4 (880mm 15mm )

2
Iw = = 49.808 1011 mm 6
4
-according to EN1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 2 (4)
E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1.77
49.808 1011 mm 6 (5620mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 514614mm 4
2
+ = 1.77 1747336.905 N 459.185mm =
26627490.63mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
= 1420163158 Nmm = 1420.163kNm
Iy 1448234429mm 4
z max 455.53mm
Weff , y f y 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
LT = = = 0.785
M cr 1420163158 Nmm
1
LT = 1 (6.56)
LT + LT LT
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT ]
h 880mm
= =4>2
b 220mm
221
= 0.76
[ ( ) ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5[1 + 0.76 (0.785 0.2 ) + 0.785 ] = 1.030
1 1
LT = = = 0.589 1
LT + LT LT 1.030 + 1.030 0.785
The internal factor k yy corresponding to a Class 1 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1:
y
k yy = C my C mLT
N Ed
1
N cr , y
222
N Ed
1
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
y =1 (previously calculated)
N Ed = 328kN
E Iy
l fy
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N = 1
y = =
N Ed 328000 N
1 y 1 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
Weff , y f y
0 =
M cr 0
223
Wel , y = 3387.66 103 mm 3

M cr = 1420163158 Nmm = 1420.163kNm (previously calculated)
Weff , y f y 3387660mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0 = = = 0.810
M cr 0 1420163158 Nmm
N N

term:
N cr , z N cr ,TF
Where:
A 2 E I w
N cr ,T = G It +
I0 Lcr ,T
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: I z = 26628854.17 mm 4

I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 1490580416.67 mm 4 + 26628854.17 mm 4 = 1517209270mm 4

Lcr ,T = 5.62m
Working inertial moment: I w = 49.808 1011 mm 6 (previously calculated)

10850mm 2 2 210000 N / mm 2 49.808 1011 mm 6

N cr ,T = 80800 N / mm 2 514614.75mm 4 + =
1517209270mm 4 (5620mm )
= 2634739.14 N
N Ed = 328000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 2634739.14 N
E Iz
N cr , z = = 1747336.905 N (previously calculated)
l fz
224
N N 328000 N 328000 N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N
= 0.20 1.77 4
1 1 =
N cr , z cr ,TF 1747336.905 N 2634739.14 N
= 0.244
Therefore:

y a LT
0 = 0.810 Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y a LT
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 N Ed = 0.244 Cmz = Cmz , 0
N cr , z N cr ,TF
a LT
CmLT = Cmy 2
1
N
0 = 0.810 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 N Ed = 0.244
1 N Ed 1 N Ed

N cr , z N cr ,TF
N cr , z N cr ,T

y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
M y , Ed Aeff
y =
N Ed Weff , y
M y , Ed Aeff 1274 10 6 Nmm 7815.2mm 2
y = = = 9.55
N Ed Weff , y 328000 N 3179229.533mm 3
It 514614.75mm 4
a LT = 1 = 1 = 0.9996 1
Iy 1448234429mm 4
225
N Ed
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N cr , y
Where:
E Iy
l fy
328000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 (0 0.33) = 0.79
95035371.44 N
y a LT 9.55 1
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 ) = 0.79 + (1 0.79 ) = 0.949
1 + y a LT 1 + 9.55 1
2 aLT
CmLT = Cmy 1

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z cr ,T
1
CmLT = 0.949 2 = 1.068
328000 N 328000 N
1 1
1747336.905 N 2634739.14 N
y 1
k yy = Cmy CmLT = 0.949 1.068 = 1.0161
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
y
k yz = C mz
N Ed
1
N cr , z
N Ed 328000 N
C mz = C mz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.7677
N cr , z 1747336.905 N
y 1
k yz = C mz = 0.7677 = 0.945
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , z 1747336.905 N
z
k zy = C my C mLT
N Ed
1
N cr , y
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , z 1747336.905 N
z = = = 0.893
N Ed 328000 N
1 z 1 0.479
N cr , z 1747336.905 N
226
z 0.893
k zy = Cmy CmLT = 0.949 1.068 = 0.908
N 328000 N
1 Ed 1
N cr , y 95035371.44 N
12.34.2.10Internal factor, k zz , calculation
z 0.893
k zz = C mz = 0.7677 = 0.844
N 328000 N
1 Ed 1
N cr , z 1747336.905 N
12.34.2.11Bending and axial compression verification
N M M z , Rk
y Rk LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1

N Rk M M z , Rk
z LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1
N Rk = f y Ai
328000 N 1274 10 6 Nmm

+ 1 . 0161 +
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1 0.589
1 1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
+ 0.945 = 0.15 + 2.51 + 1.808 = 4.47
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N 1274 10 6 Nmm
+ 0.908 +
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2 3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0.479 0.589
1 1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
+ 0.844 = 0.32 + 2.24 + 1.61 = 4.14
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
6 nodes,
1 linear element.
227

z
228
k yy
k yz
229
k zy

k zz
230
over the Y axis
SNy
over the Y axis
SMyy
231
over the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
232
over the Z axis
SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzz
233
y 1
z z coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness z 0.48

Xy Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 1 adim 0.0000 %
Xz Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness 0.479165 -0.1740 %
adim
Kyy Internal factor kyy 1.01066 -0.0336 %
adim
Kyz Internal factor kyz 0.9451 adim -0.5158 %
Kzy Internal factor kzy 0.902094 0.0104 %
adim
Kzz Internal factor kzz 0.843573 0.4254 %
adim
#SNy Bending and axial compression verification term 0.152455 1.6367 %
#SMyy Bending and axial compression verification term 2.49874 -0.0504 %
#SMyz Bending and axial compression verification term 1.80865 -0.0746 %
#SMzy Bending and axial compression verification term 2.23031 0.0139 %
#SMzz Bending and axial compression verification term 1.61436 0.2708 %
234
12.35 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 1, column hinged
on base and restrained on top for the X, Y translation and Z rotation (evaluated by SOCOTEC
France - ref. Test 29)
Test ID: 5729

Test status: Passed
12.35.1Description
The column is an I symmetric shape with: 260mm height; 150mm width; 7.1mm web thickness; 10.7mm flange
thickness; 0mm fillet radius and 0mm rounding radius. The column is made of S275 steel.
The column is subjected to 328 kN axial compression force and 50kNm bending moment after the Y axis and 10kNm
bending moment after the Z axis. All the efforts are applied to the top of the column.
12.35.2Background
An I260*7.1+150*10.7 shaped column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column
has a 260x7.1mm web and 150x10.7mm flanges. The column is fixed for all translations and free for all rotations, at
its base, and on the top end, the translations over the X and Y axes and the rotation over the Z axis are not permitted.
In the middle of the column there is a restraint over the Y axis, therefore the bucking length for the XY plane is equal
to half of the column length. The column is subjected to an axial compression load -328000 N, a 10000Nm bending
moment after the X axis and a 50000Nm bending moment after the Y axis
235

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=-328000N N; My=50000Nm; Mx=10000Nm;
Units
Metric System


Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y = 445717.63mm3
Plastic modulus after the Y axis, Wy = 501177.18mm3
Plastic modulus after the Z axis, W pl , z = 123381.96mm3
Torsional moment of inertia: I t = 149294.97 mm 4
236
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Restraint of translation over the Y axis at half (z=2.81)
Support at start point (z = 5.62) restrained in translation along X and Y axis, and restrained in rotation
along Z axis,
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=5.62m: FZ =-328000N; Mx=10000Nm and My=50000Nm
237

- for beam web:

The web dimensions are 238.6x7.1mm.
N Ed 0.328
= 2 1 = 2 1 = 0.78 > 1
A fy 0.0109 275
1 N 1 0.328
= 1 + Ed = 1 + = 0.85 > 0.5
2 f y t d 2 275 0.2386 0.0071
238
235 235
= = = 0.924
fy 275
c 260mm 2 10.7 mm
= = 33.61 c 396 396 0.924
t 7.1mm = 33.6 = = 36.41 therefore the beam
t 13 1 13 0.85 1
= 0.924
web is considered to be Class 1
-for beam flange:
150 7.1
c c
= 2 = 6.68 = 6.68 9 0.924 = 8.316 therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1
t 10.7 t
= 0.924

= 0.34
239
curve according to:
1
y = 2
1 (6.49)
2
y + y y
A * fy
y =
N cr , y

E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 57943291.64mm 4
N cr , y = = = 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
l fy (5620mm)
A f y 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
y = = = 0.5956
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
[ ]
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.5956 0.2 ) + 0.5956 2 ] = 0.7446
1 1
y = = = 0.839
2 2
y + y y 0.7446 + 0.7446 2 0.5956 2 y = 0.839

y 1
240

= 0.49
according to:
1
z = 2 2
1 (6.49)
z + z z

A* f y
z =
N cr , z

E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
N cr , z = = = 1581706.51N = 31581.71kN
l fz (2810mm )
A fy 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
z = = = 0.923
N cr , z 1581706.51N
241
[ ]
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.923 0.2) + 0.9232 ] = 1.103
1 1
z = 2 2
=
2 2
= 0.586
z + z z 1.103 + 1.103 0.923 z = 0.586

z 1

E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
- where:
allure
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
M y ,botom 25kN
= = = 0.5 C1 = 1.31
M y ,top 25kN
242


Warping inertial moment (recalculated):
I z (h t f )
2
Iw =
4
h cross section height; h = 260mm
tf flange thickness; t f = 10.7 mm
6025866.46mm 4 (260mm 10.7mm )

2
Iw = = 93627638290mm 6
4
E Iz I w L G It 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1.31
93627638290mm6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97mm 4
2
+ = 1.31 1581706.51N 152.20mm =
6025866.46mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
= 315363380.74 Nmm = 315.36kNm
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
LT = = = 0.661
M cr 315363380.74 Nmm
1
LT = 1 (6.56)
LT + LT LT
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT ]
243
h 260mm
= = 1.733 2
b 150mm
LT = 0.49
[ ( ) ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.661 0.2) + 0.661 ] = 0.831
1 1
LT = = = 0.749 1
LT + LT LT 0.831 + 0.831 0.661

E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
- where:
C1 is a coefficient that depends of several parameters, such as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
244
0
637 kNm
= 0 C1 = 1.77


I z (h t f )
2
Iw =
4
6025866.46mm 4 (260mm 10.7mm )

2
Iw = = 93627638290mm 6
4
245
E Iz I w L G It 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1.77
93627638290mm6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97mm 4
2
+ = 1.77 1581706.51N 152.20mm =
6025866.46mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
= 426102243.6 Nmm = 426.10kNm
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
LT = = = 0.569
M cr 426102243.6 Nmm
1
LT = 1 (6.56)
LT + LT LT
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT ]
h 260mm
= = 1.733 2
b 150mm
LT = 0.49
[ ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.569 0.2 ) + 0.569 ] = 0.752
1 1
LT = = = 0.804 1
LT + LT LT 0.752 + 0.752 0.569
246
The internal factor k yy corresponding to a Class 1 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1, and will
be calculated separately for the two column parts separate by the middle torsional lateral restraint:
y `1
k yy = Cmy CmLT
N Ed C yy
1
N cr , y
N Ed
1
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
N Ed = 328kN
E Iy
l fy
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
y = = = 0.985
N Ed 328000 N
1 y 1 0.839
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
247
W pl , y f y
0 =
M cr 0
3
W y = 501177.18mm
E Iz I w L G It 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1
93517065421.88mm6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97 mm 4
2
+ = 1 1581706.51N 152.20mm =
6025866.46mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
= 240735730.8 Nmm = 240.73kNm
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0 = = = 0.757
M cr 240735730.8 Nmm
248
N N

term:
N cr , z N cr ,TF
Where:
1 2 E I w
N cr ,T = G It +
I0 Lcr ,T
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 57943291.64mm 4 + 6025866.46mm 4 = 63969158.1mm 4

Lcr ,T = 2.81m
4904.06mm 2 2 210000 N / mm 2 93517065421.88mm6

N cr ,T = 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97mm 4 + =
63969158.1mm 4
(2810mm )
= 2806625.68 N = 2806.63kN
N Ed = 328000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 2806625.68 N
E Iz
N cr , z = = 1581706.51N = 31581.71kN (previously calculated)
l fz
N N 328000 N 328000 N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
= 0.20 1 1 1581706.51N 1 2806625.68 N =
4
N cr , z N cr ,TF
= 0.183
249
Therefore:

y aLT
0 = 0.757 Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
N N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.183 Cmz = Cmz , 0

N cr , z N cr ,TF aLT
CmLT = Cmy 2
1
N
0 = 0.757 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 N Ed = 0.183
1 N Ed 1 N Ed

N cr , z N cr ,TF N N
cr , z cr ,T

y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
M y , Ed Aeff
y =
N Ed Weff , y
Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y = Weff , y = 445717.63mm3
M y ,Ed Aeff 50 106 Nmm 4904.06mm 2

y = = = 1.677
N Ed Weff , y 328000 N 445717.63mm3
It 149294.97 mm 4
aLT = 1 =1 = 0.997 1
Iy 57943291.64mm 4
250
The bending moment in null at one end of the column, therefore: =0

N Ed N
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 0.36 0.33 Ed
N cr , y N cr , y
Where:
E Iy
l fy
N Ed = 328000 N
328000 N
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 0.36 0.33 = 0.780
3802327.95 N
y aLT 1.677 1
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.780 + (1 0.780 ) = 0.904
1 + y aLT 1 + 1.677 1
2 a LT
CmLT = Cmy 1

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N cr , z N cr ,T

- the C my term used for CmLT calculation, must be recalculated for the corresponding column part (in this case the top column
part)
- this being the case, C my will be calculated using = 0.5 :
y a LT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y a LT
N Ed 238000 N
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33) = 0.900
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
M y ,Ed Aeff 50 106 Nmm 4904.06mm 2
N Ed Weff , y 328000 N 445717.63mm3
y aLT 1.677 1
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.900 + (1 0.900) = 0.956
1 + y aLT 1 + 1.677 1
251
2 aLT
CmLT = Cmy =
N N
1
N 1 N
Ed Ed
cr , z cr ,T

0 . 997
= 0.9562 = 1.089 CmLT = 1.089
328000 N 328000 N
1 1
1581706.51N 2806625.68 N

CmLT 1

The C yy coefficient is defined according to the Table A.1, Auxiliary terms:
1.6 1.6 2 W

C yy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 Cmy max
2
Cmy max n pl bLT el , y
2
wy wy
W pl , y
2 M y , Ed M z , Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0
LT M pl , y , Rd M pl , z , Rd

- bLT must be calculated separately for each of the two column parts, depending on 0 and LT :

0 = C1 LT = 1.31 0.661 = 0.757 (for the top part of the column)
252
2 M y , Ed M z , Ed 2 M y , Ed M z , Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0 = 0.5 aLT 0
LT M pl , y , Rd M pl , z , Rd LT W pl , y f y W pl , z f y
50000000 Nmm 10000000 Nmm
= 0.5 0.997 0.757 2 =
0.749 501177.18mm 275 N / mm 123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
3 2
= 0.041
W pl , y 501177.18mm 3
wy = = = 1.124 1.5
Wel , y 445717.63mm 3
N Ed 328000 N
n pl = = = 0.243
N Rk 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
M1 1
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923

1.6 1.6
C yy = 1 + (1.124 1) 2 0.904 0.923 0.904 0.923 0.243 0.041 = 0.993
1.124 1.124

C yy = 0.993
Wel , y 445717.63mm 3

= 3
= 0 .889 C yy = 0.993
W pl , y 501177.18mm
Wel , y
C yy
W pl , y
E Iy
l fy
Therefore, the k yy term corresponding to the top part of the column will be:
y `1 0.985 1
k yy = Cmy CmLT = 0.904 1.089 = 1.069
N Ed C yy 328000 N 0.993
1 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
253
y `1
k yy = Cmy CmLT
N C yy
1 Ed
N cr , y
- the terms: CmLT ; bLT and C yy must be recalculated:
2 aLT
CmLT = Cmy 1

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z cr ,T
- the Cmy term must be calculated corresponding to the bottom part of the column (with = 0) :
N Ed 238000 N
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.780
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
M y , Ed Aeff 25 106 Nmm 4904.06mm 2

y = = = 0.839
N Ed Weff , y 328000 N 445717.63mm3
y aLT 0.839 1
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.780 + (1 0.780 ) = 0.885
1 + y aLT 1 + 0.839 1
2 aLT
CmLT = Cmy =

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z cr ,T

0.997
= 0.8852 = 0.933 CmLT = 1
328000 N 328000 N
1 1
1581706 . 51N 2806625.68 N

CmLT 1

254
1.6
1.6 2 W
C yy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 2
Cmy max 2
wy wy
W pl , y
2 M y , Ed M z , Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0
LT M pl , y , Rd M pl , z , Rd

-the bLT must be calculated separately for each of the two column parts, depending of 0 and LT :
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0 = = = 0.757 (for the bottom part of the column)
M cr 240735730.8 Nmm
1 1
LT = = = 0.804 1 (for the bottom part of the column)
LT + LT LT 0.752 + 0.752 0.569
2 M y , Ed M z , Ed 2 M y , Ed M z , Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0 = 0.5 aLT 0
LT M pl , y , Rd M pl , z , Rd LT W pl , y f y W pl , z f y
25000000 Nmm 5000000 Nmm
= 0.5 0.997 0.757 2 =
0.804 501177.18mm 275 N / mm 123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
3 2
= 0.0095
W pl , y 501177.18mm 3
wy = = = 1.124 1.5
Wel , y 445717.63mm 3
N Ed 328000 N
n pl = = = 0.243
N Rk 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
M1 1
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923

1.6 1.6
C yy = 1 + (1.124 1) 2 0.904 0.923 0.904 0.923 0.243 0.0095 = 0.997
1.124 1.124

C yy = 0.997
Wel , y 445717.63mm 3

= 3
= 0 .889 C yy = 0.997
W pl , y 501177.18mm
W
C yy el , y
W pl , y
E Iy
l fy
255
Therefore the k yy term corresponding to the bottom part of the column will be:
y `1 0.985 1
k yy = Cmy CmLT = 0.904 1 = 0.977
N C yy 328000 N 0.997
1 Ed 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
Note: The software does not give the results of the lower section because it is not the most requested segment.
y 1 wz
k yz = Cmz 0.6
N C yz wy
1 Ed
N cr , z
-the Cmz ter will be considered for the entire column length (with = 0) :
N Ed 328000 N
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.765
N cr , z 1581706.51N
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
y = = = 0.985
N Ed 328000 N
1 y 1 0 .839
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
E Iz
N cr , z = = 1581706.51N (previously calculated)
l fz
2
C 2
max
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14 mz
5 n pl cLT
w z

2
0 M y , Ed
cLT = 10 aLT
4 Cmy lt M pl , y , Rd
5+ z
It 149294.97 mm 4
Iy 57943291.64mm 4
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0 = = = 0.757 (previously calculated)
M cr 240735730.8 Nmm
A fy 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
z = = = 0.923 (previously calculated)
N cr , z 1581706.51N
M y , Ed = 50000 Nm
W pl , z 123381.96mm 3
wz = = = 1.536 1.5
w z = 1 .5
3
Wel , z 80344.89mm
w z 1.5

256
W pl , y 501177.18mm 3
wy = = = 1.124 1.5
Wel , y 445717.63mm 3
- the Cmy term will be considered separately for each column part:
y aLT 1.677 1
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.900 + (1 0.900 ) = 0.956 (previously calculated)
1 + y aLT 1 + 1.677 1
1 1
LT = = = 0.749 1 (previously calculated)
LT + LT LT 0.831 + 0.831 0.661
M pl , y , Rd = Wy f y = 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2 = 137823724.5 Nmm

2
0 M y , Ed
cLT = 10 aLT =
5 + z
0.757 50000000 Nmm
= 10 0.997 4
= 0.506
5 + 0.923 0.956 0.749 137823724.5 Nmm
E Iz
N cr , z = = 1581706.51N (previously calculated
l fz
N Ed 328000 N
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.765
N cr , z 1581706.51N
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923

N Ed
n pl = = 0.243 (previously calculated)
N Rk
M1
- Therefore:
2
2
Cmz max
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14 5 n pl cLT =
wz

0.7652 0.9232
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2 14 5
0.243 0.506 = 0.878
1.5
y 1 wz 0.985 1 1. 5
k yz = Cmz 0.6 = 0.765 0.6 = 0.750
N C yz wy 328000 N 0.878 1.124
1 Ed 1
N cr , z 1581706.51N
257
y aLT 0.839 1
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.780 + (1 0.780 ) = 0.885 (previously calculated)
1 + y aLT 1 + 0.839 1
1 1
LT + LT LT 0.752 + 0.752 0.569

2
0 M y , Ed
cLT = 10 aLT 4
=
Cmy lt M pl , y , Rd
5 + z
0.757 25000000 Nmm
= 10 0.997 4
= 0.254
5 + 0.923 0.885 0.804 137823724.5 Nmm
E Iz
N cr , z = = 1581706.51N (previously calculated
l fz
N Ed 328000 N
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.765
N cr , z 1581706.51N
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923

N Ed
N Rk
M1
-Therefore:
2
2
Cmz max
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14 n pl cLT =
wz5

0.7652 0.9232
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2 14 5
0.243 0.254 = 1.0043
1.5
y 1 wz 0.985 1 1.5
k yz = Cmz 0.6 = 0.765 0.6 = 0.656
N Ed C yz wy 328000 N 1.0043 1.124
1 1
N cr , z 1581706.51N
258
z 1 wz
k zy = Cmy CmLT 0.6
N C zy wy
1 Ed
N cr , y
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , z 1581706.51N
z = = = 0.902
N Ed 328000 N
1 z 1 0.586
N cr , z 1581706.51N
2
Cmy max
2
wy Wel , y
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 5 n pl d LT 0.6
wy wz W pl , y

M pl , z , Rd = Wz f z = 123381.96mm3 275 N / mm2 = 33930039 Nmm
-in order to calculate the d LT term, the terms Cmy and Cmz must be recalculated for each column part;
-the term Cmz must be recalculated for the top column part only, using = 0.5 :
N Ed
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33) =
N cr , z
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33) = 0.908
1581706.51N

0 M y ,Ed M z ,Ed
d LT = 2 aLT =
4
Cmy LT M pl , y ,Rd Cmz M pl , z ,Rd
0.1 + z
0.757 50000000 Nmm 10000000 Nmm
= 2 0.997 4
=
0.1 + 0.923 0.956 0.749 137823724.5 Nmm 0.908 33930039 Nmm
= 0.301
259
2
max
2
C my
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 5 n pl d LT =
wy

0.904 1.847
2 2

= 1 + (1.124 1) 2 14
0 .243 0. 301 = 0. 859
1.1245 C zy = 0.859

wy Wel , y 1.5 445717.63mm 3
0 .6 = 0.6 = 0.616
wz W pl , y 1.124 501177.18mm 3

wy Wel , y
C zy 0.6
wz W pl , y
- for the calculation of the C zy term, Cmy will be used for the entire column and d LT will be used for the top column part:
z 1 wy 0.902 1 1.124
k zy = Cmy CmLT 0 .6 = 0.904 1.089 0 .6 = 0.588
N C zy wz 328000 N 0.859 1 .5
1 Ed 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
z 1 wz
k zy = Cmy CmLT 0.6
N Ed C zy wy
1
N cr , y
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , z 1581706.51N
z = = = 0.902
N Ed 328000 N
1 z 1 0.586
N cr , z 1581706.51N
2
max
2
C my wy Wel , y
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 5 n pl d LT 0.6
w w W pl , y
y
z

- in order to calculate the d LT term, the terms Cmy and Cmz must be recalculated for each column part;
- the term Cmz must be recalculated for the top column part only, using = 0 :
N Ed 328000 N
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.765
N cr , z 1581706.51N
260

0 M y ,Ed M z ,Ed
d LT = 2 a LT =
4
Cmy LT M pl , y ,Rd Cmz M pl , z ,Rd
0.1 + z
0.757 25000000 Nmm 5000000 Nmm
= 2 0.997 4
=
0.1 + 0.923 0.885 0.804 137823724.5 Nmm 0.765 33930039 Nmm
= 0.090
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923

2
C 2
my max
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 5 n pl d LT =
wy

2 2
0.885 0.923
= 1 + (1.124 1) 2 14
0 . 243 0. 090 = 0. 892
1.1245 C zy = 0.892

wy Wel , y 1.124 445717.63mm3
0.6 = 0.6 = 0.462
wz W pl , y 1.5 501177.18mm 3

wy Wel , y
C zy 0.6
wz W pl , y
- for the calculation of the C zy term, Cmy will be used for the entire column and d LT will be used for the top column part:
z 1 wy 0.902 1 1.124
k zy = Cmy CmLT 0.6 = 0.904 1.089 0.6 = 0.566
N C zy wz 328000 N 0.892 1.5
1 Ed 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N

z 1
k zz = Cmz
N C zz
1 Ed
N cr , z
1.6 1.6 W
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 2
Cmz max 2
Cmz max n pl eLT el , z
wz wz W pl , z
- in calculating the eLT , the Cmy term must be used accordingly with the corresponding column part

0 M y ,Ed
eLT = 1.7 a LT =
4 Cmy lt M pl , y ,Rd
0.1 + z
0.757 50000000 Nmm
= 1.7 0.997 = 0.787
0.1 + 0.923 0.956 0.749 501177.18mm 3 275 N / mm 2
4
261
- for the calculation of the C zz term, C mz will be used for the entire column and eLT will be used for the top column part:
1.6 1.6 2
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 2
Cmz max 2
Cmz max eLT n pl =
wz wz

1.6 1.6 2
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2 2
0.765 1.847 0.765 1.847 0.787 0.243 = 1.013
2
1 .5 1 .5
C zz = 1.013
Wel , z 80344.89mm3
= = 0.651
W pl , z 123381.96mm3

Wel , z
C zz
W pl , z
z 1 0.902 1
k zz = Cmz = 0.765 = 0.860
N C zz 328000 N 1.013
1 Ed 1
N cr , z 1581706.51N
z 1
k zz = Cmz
N Ed C zz
1
N cr , z
1.6 1.6 W
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 2
Cmz max 2
wz wz W pl , z
- in calculating the eLT , the Cmy term must be used according to the corresponding column part

0 M y , Ed
eLT = 1.7 aLT =
0.1 + z
0.757 25000000 Nmm
= 1.7 0.997 = 0.396
0.1 + 0.923 0.885 0.804 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
4
- for the calculation of the C zz term, C mz will be used for the entire column and eLT will be used for the top column part:
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923

1.6 1.6 2
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 2
Cmz max 2
Cmz max eLT n pl =
wz wz

1.6 1.6
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2 0.7652 0.923 0.7652 0.9232 0.396 0.243 = 1.060
1.5 1.5
C zz = 1.060
Wel , z 80344.89mm 3

= 3
= 0.651
W pl , z 123381.96mm

Wel , z
C zz
W pl , z
262
z 1 0.902 1
k zz = Cmz = 0.765 = 0.821
N C zz 328000 N 1.060
1 Ed 1
N cr , z 1581706.51N
N M M z , Rk
y Rk LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1

N Rk M M z , Rk
z LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1
N Rk = f y Ai
328000 N 50 106 Nmm

+ 1. 069 +
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.839 0.749
1 1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.750 = 0.29 + 0.52 + 0.21 = 1.02
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N 50 106 Nmm
+ 0 .588 +
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.586 0.804
1 1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.860 = 0.41 + 0.27 + 0.25 = 0.93
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
263
328000 N 25 106 Nmm

+ 0 . 977 +
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.839 0.804
1 1
6
5 10 Nmm
+ 0.656 = 0.29 + 0.22 + 0.97 = 1.30
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N 25 106 Nmm
+ 0 . 566 +
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.586 0.804
1 1
6
5 10 Nmm
+ 0.821 = 0.42 + 0.13 + 0.12 = 0.67
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
7 nodes,
1 linear element.
264

z
265
k yy
k yz
266
k zy

k zz
267
over the Y axis
SNy
over the Y axis
SMyy
268
over the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
269
over the Z axis
SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzz
270
Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure
Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support

conditions; moment diagram allure
C1
The elastic moment for lateral-torsional buckling calculation

Mcr
271

LT
272
y 0.839
z z coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness z 0.586
SNy Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression 0.29
effort over the Y axis
SMyy Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending 0.52
moment over the Y axis
SMyz Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending 0.21
moment over the Y axis
SNz Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression 0.41
effort over the z axis
SMzy Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending 0.27
moment over the Z axis
SMzz Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending 0.25
moment over the Z axis
C1 Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support 1.77
Mcr The elastic moment for lateral-torsional buckling calculation 315.36
LT The appropriate non-dimensional slenderness 0.749
273
y 0.839
z 0.586
C1 Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; 1.77
support conditions; moment diagram allure

Xy Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional 0.839285 adim 0.0340 %
slenderness by Y axis
Xz Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional 0.585533 adim -0.0797 %
slenderness by the Z axis
Kyy Internal coefficient kyy 1.07027 adim 0.1188 %
Kyy Internal coefficient kyy (bottom) 0.954475 adim -2.3055 %
Kyz Internal coefficient kyz 0.750217 adim 0.0289 %
Kyz Internal coefficient kyz (bottom) 0.656481 adim 0.0733 %
Kzy Internal coefficient kzy 0.593445 adim 0.9260 %
Kzy Internal coefficient kzy (bottom) 0.508819 adim -0.0356 %
Kzz Internal coefficient kzz 0.860237 adim 0.0276 %
Kzz Internal coefficient kzz (bottom) 0.821717 adim 0.0873 %
274
12.36 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a rectangular hollow section column subjected to
bending and axial efforts (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 15)
Test ID: 5735

Test status: Passed
12.36.1Description
Verifies a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel subjected to bending and axial efforts.
12.36.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel to resist bending and axial efforts.
The name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and it can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library. The column is
fixed at its base and it is subjected to a uniformly distributed load over its height and a punctual axial load applied on
the top. The dead load will be neglected.

Fz = - 500 000 N,
Fx = 5 000 N/ml,
275
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,
Width: b = 200 mm,
2
Section area:A = 9490 mm ,
3
5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Point load at z = 5.0: Fz = - 500 000 N,
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fx = 5 000 N/ml
Internal: None.
276
12.36.2.2 Reference results for calculating the column subjected to bending and axial force
In order to verify the steel column subjected to bending and axial force, the design resistance for uniform
compression (Nc,Rd) and also the design plastic moment resistance (Mpl,Rd) have to be compared with the design
values of the corresponding efforts.
The design resistance for uniform compression is verified considering the relationship (6.9) from chapter 6.2.4 (EN
1993-1-1), while the design plastic moment resistance is verified considering the criterion (6.12) from chapter 6.2.5
(EN 1993-1-1).
Before starting the above verifications, the cross-section class has to be determined.
Cross section class

In this case, the stresses distribution is like in the picture below:
277
c b 2 r 2 t 200mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

= = = 15
t t 10mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 15 33 = 33
t
properties and the conditions described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (the above highlighted extract part subject to bending
and compression). It is also necessary to determine which portion of the web is compressed (). is determined
considering the stresses distribution on the web.
132 MPa
= = 0.832 > 0.5
1 26.63MPa
c h 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm
= = = 25
t t 10mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c 396
= 25 = 40.34
t 13 1
278
Verifying the design resistance for uniform compression

The design resistance for uniform compression, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (6.10) from EN
1993-1-1:2001.
A f y 9490mm 2 235MPa
N c , Rd = = = 2230150 N
M0 1.0
The verification of the design resistance for uniform compression is done with relationship (6.9) from EN 1993-1-1.
The corresponding work ratio is:
N Ed F 500000 N
Work ratio = 100 = z 100 = 100 = 22.42%
N c , Rd N c , Rd 2230150 N
Verifying the design plastic moment resistance

The design plastic moment resistance, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (6.13) from EN 1993-1-
1:2001.
W pl , y f y 956000mm 3 235MPa
M c , Rd = M pl , Rd = = = 224660000 Nmm
M0 1.0
L 5000mm
q L 5 N / mm 5000mm
M Ed 2 100 = 2
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 27.82%
M c , Rd M c , Rd 224660000 Nmm

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
279
Column subjected to bending and axial efforts

Work ratio Fx

Work ratio Oblique
280

Work ratio Fx Compression resistance work ratio [%] 22.42 %
Work ratio Oblique Work ratio of the design resistance for bending 27.82 %

Oblique
281
12.37 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Determining lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-
shaped welded built-up beam considering the load applied on the upper flange (evaluated by
SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 44)
Test ID: 5749

Test status: Passed
12.37.1Description
Determines the lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped welded built-up beam made of S235 steel,
considering the load applied on the upper flange. The loadings applied on the beam are: a uniformly distributed load
and 2 punctual bending moments, acting opposite to each other, applied at beam extremities.
The determination is made considering the provisions from Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
12.37.2Background
Determines the elastic critical moment (Mcr) and factors (C1, C2, LT) involved in the torsional buckling verification for
a simply supported steel beam. The beam is made of S235 steel and it is subjected to a uniformly distributed load (50
000 N/ml) applied over its length and concentrated bending moments applied at its extremities (loads are applied to
the upper fibre). The dead load will be neglected.

Analysis type: static linear;
Fz = - 50 000 N/ml,
My,1 = 142 x 106 Nmm,
My,2 = - 113.6 x 106 Nmm,
282
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 260 mm,
Flange width: b = 150 mm,
Flange thickness: tf = 10.7 mm,
Web thickness: tw = 7.1 mm,
2
4
Flexion inertia moment about the z axis: Iz = 6025866.46 mm ,
4
Torsional moment of inertia: It = 149294.97 mm ,
6
Warping constant: Iw = 93517065421.88 mm ,
Plastic modulus about the y axis: Wy = 501177.18 mm3
5
Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 2.1 x 10 MPa;
Shear modulus of rigidity: G=80800MPa.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis and restrained rotation
along X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load over its length: q = Fz = -50 000 N/ml
Bending moment at x=0: My,1 = 142 x 106 Nmm
Bending moment at x=5: My,2 = - 113.6 x 106 Nmm,
Internal: None.
283
12.37.2.2 Reference results for calculating the elastic critical moment of the cross section
In order to determine the elastic critical moment of the cross section (Mcr), factors C1 and C2 have to be calculated.
They are determined considering the method provided at chapter 3.5 from French Annex of EN 1993-1-1. C1 and C2
coefficients are depending on the bending moment diagram along the member segment between lateral restraints.
The simply supported beam has the following bending moment diagram (the values are in Newton x meter):
For a beam subjected to uniformly distributed load and concentrated bending moments applied at its extremities, the
moments distribution is defined considering two parameters:
Ratio between the moments at extremities:
113600 Nm
= = 0.8
142000 Nm
Ratio between the moment given by uniformly distributed load and the biggest bending moment from
extremity:
q L2 50 N / mm (5000mm )
2
= = = 1.1
8 M 8 142 10 6 Nmm
Its value is positive as both loadings are deforming the beam about the same fibre (chapter 3.4 from French
Annex of EN 1993-1-1).
In order to determine C1 and C2 parameters, factors , , a, b, c, A, B, d1, e1, r1, , m, C10, d2, e2, r2 need to be
calculated considering the analytical relationships provided in chapter 3.5 from French Annex of EN 1993-1-1:
= + 4 1 = 0.8 + 4 1.1 1 = 4.2

= 2 8 = 4.2 2 8 1.1 = 8.84
a = 0.5 (1 + ) + 0.1413364 0.6960364 + 0.9126223 2 = 1.738
b = 0.5 (1 + ) + 0.1603341 0.9240091 + 1.4281556 2 = 1.4765
c = 0.1801266 0.0900633 + 0.5940757 0.9352904 2 = 0.0602
A = a b c 2 = 2.5625
b
B = 2 a + = 4.2143
2
d1 = + 0.52 (1 + ) = 2.036
e1 = 0.3
As d1 > e1, the factor r1 is equal to 1.0
1
= 0.5 = 0.4773 1.0
8
m = 1 (1 ) + 4 (1 ) = 2.002 1.0
B B2 4 A
C10 = r1 = 0.5363
2 A
d 2 = 0.425 + + 0.675 = 2.065
e2 = 0.65 0.35 = 0.37
284
As d2 > e2, the factor r2 is equal to 1.0

Having the above factors, C1 and C2 coefficients become:
C1 = m C10 = 1.074
C 2 = 0.398 r2 C10 = 0.235
The load being applied at the top fibre it tends to accentuate the lateral torsional buckling, so it will reduce the value
of elastic critical moment. In this case, the distance from the shear centre to the point of load application (zg) will be
positive:
z g = +130mm
The French Annex of EN 1993-1-1 provides the analytical relationship used to determine the value of the elastic
critical moment:
2 E Iz I L2 G I t
+ (C 2 z g ) C 2 z g = 91.71772 10 6 Nmm
2
M cr = C1 w + 2
L2 I z E I z
12.37.2.3 Reference results for calculating the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling
The calculation of the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling (LT) is done using the formula (6.56) from chapter
6.3.2.2 (EN 1993-1-1).
Before determining the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling (LT), the following terms should be determined:
LT , imperfection factor LT, LT.
Non dimensional slenderness for lateral torsional buckling, LT :
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm 3 235 N / mm 2
LT = = = 1.133
M cr 91.71772 10 6 Nmm
In order to determine the imperfection factor LT, the buckling curve must be chosen. According to table 6.4
from EN 1993-1-1, for welded I-sections which have the ratio h / b 2, the recommended lateral torsional
buckling curve is c. In this case, table 6.3 from EN 1993-1-1 recommends the value for imperfection factor
LT:
LT = 0.49
The value used to determine the reduction factor LT, LT, becomes:
[ ( ) ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT 2 = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (1.133 0.2 ) + 1.133 2 ] = 1.370
The reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling is calculated using the formula (6.56) from EN 1993-1-1:
1 1
LT = = = 0.467 1.0
2 2
LT + LT LT 1.37 + 1.37 2 1.133 2

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
285
C1 parameter
Simply supported beam

C1
C2 parameter

C2
Elastic critical moment

Mcr
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling

XLT
286

C1 C1 parameter [adim.] 1.074
C2 C2 parameter [adim.] 0.235
Mcr Elastic critical moment [kNm] 91.72 kNm
XLT Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling [adim.] 0.467

C1 C1 parameter 1.07375 -0.0233 %
adim
C2 C2 parameter 0.234812 -0.0800 %
adim
Mcr Elastic critical moment 91.72 kN*m 0.0000 %
XLT Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling 0.466895 -0.0225 %
adim
287
12.38 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and compression verification of
an IPE300 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 1)
Test ID: 5383

Test status: Passed
12.38.1Description
On top, the column is subjected to a 100 kN force applied gravitationally, defined as a live load.
12.38.2Background
the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part. On top, the column is subjected to a 100kN force applied
gravitationally, defined as a live load. The dead load will be neglected.

288
Units
Metric System
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x=0) restrained in translation and rotation along X, Y and Z axis,
Inner: None.

In this case, the column is subjected only to compression, therefore the distribution of stresses along the section is
like in the picture below:
To determine the web class, we use Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2
289
According to Table 5.2 and the column section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
=1
Therefore:

To determine the flanges class, we will use Table 5.2, sheet 2, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2
290
c 56.45mm
= = 5.276
t 10.7 mm
=1
Therefore:
c 56.45mm
= = 5.276 9 * = 9 this means that the column flanges are Class 1.
t 10.7 mm
291
12.38.2.3 Reference results in calculating the compressive resistance Nc,Rd

The design resistance of the cross-section force Nc,Rd shall be determined as follows:
A* fy
For Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-section N c , Rd =
M0
Where:
A section area A=53.81cm2
Fy nominal yielding strength for S235 fy=235MPa

Therefore:
A* fy 53.81 * 104 * 235

N c , Rd = = = 1.264535MN = 1264.54kN
M0 1

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Compressive resistance work ratio
Column subjected to compressive load

Work ratio [%]
292

Work ratio Compressive resistance work ratio [%] 8%

Work ratio - Fx Work ratio Fx 7.90805 % -1.1494 %
293
12.39 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and shear verification of an
IPE300 beam subjected to linear uniform loading (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 2)
Test ID: 5410

Test status: Passed
12.39.1Description
Classification and verification of an IPE 300 beam made of S235 steel.
The beam is subjected to a 50 kN/m linear uniform load applied gravitationally.
The force is considered to be a live load and the dead load is neglected.
12.39.2Background
Classification and verification of sections for an IPE 300 beam made from S235 steel. The beam is subjected to a
50 kN/m linear uniform load applied gravitationally. The force is considered to be a live load and the dead load is
neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = -50kN/m,
294
Units
Metric System
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x=0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,
Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis and rotation restrained on X
axis
Inner: None.

In this case the stresses distribution along the section is like in the picture below:
compression for the top flange
compression and tension for the web
tension for the bottom flange
To determine the web class it will be used the Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2.
295
According to the Table 5.2 and the beam section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
296
Therefore:

To determine the flanges class it will be used the Table 5.2, sheet 2, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter
5.5.2
According to the Table 5.2 and the beam section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
c 56.45mm
= = 5.276
t 10.7 mm
= 0.92
297
Therefore:
c 56.45mm
= = 5.276 9 * = 9 * 0.92 = 8.28 this means that the column flanges are Class 1.
t 10.7mm
According to the calculation above, the beam section have a Class 1 web and Class 1 flanges; therefore the class
section for the entire beam section will be considered Class 1.
12.39.2.3 Reference results in calculating the shear resistance Vpl,Rd

The design resistance of the cross-section Vpl,Rd shall be determined as follows:
fy
Av *
V pl , Rd = 3
M0
Where:
Av: section shear area for rolled profiles Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f
A: cross-section area A=53.81cm2
b: overall breadth b=150mm
h: overall depth h=300mm
hw: depth of the web hw=248.6mm
r: root radius r=15mm
tf: flange thickness tf=10.7mm
tw: web thickness tw=7.1mm
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f = 53.81 2 * 15 * 17 + (0.71 + 2 * 1.5) * 1.07 = 25.68cm 2

fy: nominal yielding strength for S275 fy=275MPa
M 0 : partial safety coefficient M 0 = 1

Therefore:
fy 275
Av * 25.68 * 104 *
V pl , Rd = 3 = 3 = 0.4077 MN = 407.7kN
M0 1
298
For more:
Verification of the shear buckling resistance for webs without stiffeners:
hw
72 *
tw
M1 1
= 1.20 * = 1.20 * = 1.20
M0 1
235 235
= = = 0.92
fy 275
hw 248.6 1.20
= = 35.01 72 * = 72 * = 93.91
tw 7.1 0.92
There is no need for shear buckling resistance verification
According to: EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004 Chapter 5.1(2)

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Shear resistance work ratio

Work ratio - Fz
299

Fz Shear force 125 kN
Work ratio Work ratio - Fz 31 %

Fz Fz -125 kN 0.0000 %
Work ratio - Fz Work ratio Fz 30.6579 % -1.1035 %
300
12.40 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and combined axial force with
bending moment verification of an IPE300 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 5)
Test ID: 5421

Test status: Passed
12.40.1Description
The column is subjected to a 500 kN compressive force applied on top and a 5 kN/m uniform linear load applied on
all the length of the column, on the web direction, both defined as live loads.
12.40.2Background
the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part. The column is subjected to a 500kN compressive force
applied on top and a 5kN/m uniform linear load applied for all the length of the column, on the web direction, both
defined as live loads. The dead load will be neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q1 = 500kN, Q2 = 5kN/m,
301
Units
Metric System
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.

In this case the column is subjected to compression and lateral load, therefore the stresses distribution on the most
stressed point (the column base) is like in the picture below.
Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2 determines the web class.
302
N Ed 0.500
= 2 1 = 2 1 = 0.21 > 1
A f y 0.005381 235
1 N 1 0.5
= 1 + Ed = 1 + = 1.10 > 0.5
2 f y t d 2 235 0.2486 0.0071
303
Therefore:
42 42 * 1
= = 69.92
0.67 + 0.33 0.67 + 0.33 * (0.21)
Therefore:
c 42
= 35.014 = 69.92
t 0.67 + 0.33
Table 5.2, sheet 2, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2 determines the flanges class.
304
Therefore:

Cross sections for class 3, the maximum longitudinal stress should check:

In this case:
In absence of shear force, for Class 3 cross-sections the maximum longitudinal stress shall satisfy the criterion:
According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 6.2.9.2(1)

This means:
The corresponding work ratio is: WR = 0.8728 x 100 = 87.28 %
305

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio bending and axial compression
Column subjected to bending and axial compression
Work ratio Oblique [%]

Bending and axial Work ratio oblique [%] 87.28 %
compression

Work ratio - Work ratio- Oblique 87.2799 % 0.3217 %
Oblique
306
12.41 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and combined biaxial bending
verification of an IPE300 beam (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 6)
Test ID: 5424

Test status: Passed
12.41.1Description
Classification and verification on combined bending of an IPE 300 beam made of S235 steel.
The beam is connected to its ends by a connection with all translation blocked and on the other end by a connection
with translation blocked on the Y and Z axis and rotation blocked along X axis.
The beam is subjected to a -10 kN/m uniform linear force applied along the beam gravitational along the Z local axis,
and a 10kN/m uniform linear force applied along the beam on the Y axis.
Both forces are considered as live loads.
12.41.2Background
Classification and verification on combined bending of sections for an IPE 300 beam made from S235 steel. The
beam is connected to its ends by a connection with all translation blocked and on the other end by a connection with
translation blocked on the Y and Z axis and rotation blocked along X axis. The beam is subjected to a -10kN/m
uniform linear force applied along the beam gravitational along the Z local axis, and a 10kN/m uniform linear force
applied along the beam on the Y axis. Both forces are considered live loads. The dead load will be neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q1 = -10kN/m, Q2 = 10kN/m,
307
Units
Metric System
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation and rotation along Y, Z axis and rotation
blocked along X axis.
Inner: None.

In this case, the beam is subjected to linear uniform equal loads, one vertical and one horizontal, therefore the
stresses distribution on the most stressed point (the column base) is like in the picture below:
Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2 determines the web class.
308
309
Therefore:
This means that the beam web is Class 1.

According to Table 5.2 and the beam section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
310
Therefore:
This means that the beam left top flanges are Class 1.
Overall the beam top flange cross-section class is Class 1.
In the same way will be determined that the beam bottom flange cross-section class is also Class 1
12.41.2.3 Reference results for calculating the combined biaxial bending

M Y , Ed M z , Ed
+ 1
M Ny , Rd M Nz , Ed
In which and are constants, which may conservatively be taken as unity, otherwise as follows:
For I and H sections:
=2
= max(n;1)
N Ed 0
n= = = 0 therefore = 1
N pl , Rd N pl , Rd
Bending around Y:
For cross-sections without bolts holes, the following approximations may be used for standard rolled I or H sections
and for welded I or H sections with equal flanges:
M pl , y , Rd * (1 n)
M Ny , Rd = but M Ny , Rd M ply , Rd
1 0.5 * a
N Ed 0
n= = =0
N pl , Rd N pl , Rd
(A 2*b *tf ) (53.81 * 104 2 * 0.15 * 0.0107)

a= = = 0.403 0.5
A 53.81 * 10 4
M pl , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
M N , y , Rd = =
(1 0.5 * 0.403) 0.8
0.8 * M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd M N , y , Rd > M pl , y , Rd but M Ny , Rd M ply , Rd
311
Therefore, it will be considered:
Bending around Y:
For cross-sections without bolts holes, the following approximations may be used for standard rolled I or H sections
and for welded I or H sections with equal flanges:
M pl , z , Rd * (1 n)
M Nz , Rd = but M Nz , Rd M plz , Rd
1 0.5 * a
0.8 * M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd M N , z , Rd > M pl , z , Rd but M Nz , Rd M plz , Rd therefore it will be considered:
wpl , z * f y 125.20 * 106 * 235

M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd = = = 0.030MNm
M0 1
In conclusion:
2 1
M Y , Ed M z , Ed 0.03125 0.03125
+ = 0.148 + 0.029375 = 1.1086 > 1
M Ny , Rd M Nz , Ed
The coresponding work ratio is:
WR = 1.1086 x 100 = 110.86 %

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio oblique bending
Beam subjected to combined bending
Work ratio Oblique [%]
312

Combined oblique Combined oblique bending [%] 110.86 %
bending

Work ratio - Work ratio-Oblique 110.691 % -0.2784 %
Oblique
313
12.42 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the bending resistance of a rectangular hollow
section column made of S235 steel (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 14)
Test ID: 5728

Test status: Passed
12.42.1Description
Verifies the design resistance for bending of a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel.
The verification is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French annex.
12.42.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel to resist bending efforts. Verification
of the design resistance for bending at ultimate limit state is realised. The name of the cross-section is RC3020100
and can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library. The column is fixed at its base and it is subjected to a
punctual horizontal load applied to the middle height (50 000 N). The dead load will be neglected.

Fx = 50 000 N,
314
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,
Width: b = 200 mm,
3
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Point load at z = 2.5: V= Fx = 50 000 N,
Internal: None.
315
Before calculating the design resistance for bending, the cross section class has to be determined.
Cross section class

In this case, the column is subjected to bending efforts, therefore the stresses distribution is like in the picture below:
316
c b 2 r 2 t 200mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

= = = 15
t t 10mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 15 33 = 33
t
properties and the conditions described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (the above highlighted extract part subject to
bending):
c h 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

= = = 25
t t 10mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 25 72 = 72
t
317

The design resistance for bending, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (6.13) from EN 1993-1-
1:2001.
W pl , y f y 956000mm 3 235MPa
M c , Rd = = = 224660000 Nmm
M0 1.0
Work ratio
L 5000mm
V 50000 N
M Ed 2 100 = 2
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 55.64%
M c , Rd M c , Rd 224660000 Nmm

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
318

Work ratio Oblique

Work ratio - Oblique Work ratio of the design resistance for bending [%] 55.64 %

Oblique
319
12.43 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Comparing the shear resistance of a welded built-up beam
made from different steel materials (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 45)
Test ID: 5745

Test status: Passed
12.43.1Description
The shear resistance of a welded built-up beam made of S275 steel is compared with the shear resistance of the
same built-up beam made of a user-defined steel material.
12.43.2Background
Verifies the shear resistance of a welded built-up beam made of 500 MPa yield strength user-defined steel. The
beam is simply supported and it is subjected to a uniformly distributed load (20 000 N/ml) applied over its length. The
dead load will be neglected.
Also verifies the shear resistance of the same welded built-up beam made of S275 steel. The loading and support
conditions are the same.

Fz = - 20 000 N/ml,
Units
Metric System
320
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,
Flange thickness: tf = 10.7 mm,
2
500 MPa yield strength user-defined material and S275 steel are used. The following characteristics are used:
Yield strength (for S275 steel) fy = 275 MPa.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,
Support at end point (z = 5.00) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fz = -20 000 N/ml
Internal: None.
12.43.2.2 Reference results for calculating the design plastic shear resistance of the cross section
In order to verify the steel beam subjected to shear, the criterion (6.18) from chapter 6.2.6 (EN 1993-1-1) has to be
used:
VEd
1.0
V pl , Rd
VEd represents the design value of the shear force:
q L 20000 N / ml 5000mm
VEd = = = 50000 N
2 2
Vpl,Rd represents the design plastic shear resistance. The design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section
is determined with formula (6.18) from EN 1993-1-1:2001. Before using it, the shear area (Av) has to be
determined.
321
Shear area of the cross section made of 500 MPa yield strength user-defined material
According to chapter 5.1 from EN 1993-1-5, because the steel grade used for beam is higher than S460, the factor
for shear area () may be conservatively taken equal 1.0.
For a welded I sections, the shear area is determined according to chapter 6.2.6 (3) from EN 1993-1-1. As the load is
parallel to web, the shear area is:
Av = (hw t w ) = 1.0 (278.6mm 7.1mm) = 1978.06mm 2
Shear area of the cross section made of S275 steel

According to chapter 5.1 from EN 1993-1-5, because the steel grade used for beam is up to S460, the factor for
shear area () is 1.2.
As the load is parallel to web, the shear area becomes:
Av = (hw t w ) = 1.2 (278.6mm 7.1mm) = 2373.67mm 2
Design plastic shear resistance of the cross section made of 500 MPa yield strength user-defined material
EN 1993-1-1 provides the following formula to calculate the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section:
f y 500 MPa
Av 1978.06mm 2
V pl , Rd = 3 = 3 = 571016.7 N
M0 1.0
The verification of the design plastic shear resistance of the cross section is done with criterion (6.18) from EN 1993-
1-1:
VEd 50000 N
= = 0.0876 1.0
V pl , Rd 571016.7 N
VEd 50000 N
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 8.76%
V pl , Rd 571016.7 N
Design plastic shear resistance of the cross section made of S275 steel
EN 1993-1-1 provides the following formula to calculate the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section:
f y 275MPa
Av 2373.67mm 2
V pl , Rd = 3 = 3 = 376870.7 N
M0 1.0
The verification of the design plastic shear resistance of the cross section is done with criterion (6.18) from EN 1993-
1-1:
VEd 50000 N
= = 0.133 1.0
V pl , Rd 376870.7 N
VEd 50000 N
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 13.27%
V pl , Rd 376870.7 N

7 nodes,
1 linear element.
322
Work ratio of the design shear resistance (beam made of 500 MPa yield strength user-defined material)
Beam subjected to uniformly distributed load applied over its length

Work ratio Fz
Work ratio of the design shear resistance (beam made of S275 steel)
Beam subjected to uniformly distributed load applied over its length

Work ratio Fz

Work ratio - Fz Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance (fy = 275 MPa) 13.27 %
Work ratio - Fz Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance (fy = 500 MPa) 8.76 %

Work ratio - Fz Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance (fy = 275 13.2671 % -0.0219 %
MPa)
Work ratio - Fz Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance (fy = 500 8.75631 % -0.0421 %
MPa)
323
12.44 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Class section classification and bending moment
verification of an IPE300 column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 4)
Test ID: 5412

Test status: Passed
12.44.1Description
In the middle, the column is subjected to a 50 kN force applied on the web direction, defined as a live load.
12.44.2Background
the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part. In the middle, the column is subjected to a 50kN force
applied on the web direction, defined as a live load. The dead load will be neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = 50kN,
324
Units
Metric System
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.

In this case, the column is subjected to a lateral load, therefore the stresses distribution on the most stressed point
(the column base) is like in the picture below.
The Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2 determines the web class.
325
326
Therefore:

327
Therefore:

12.44.2.3 Reference results in calculating the bending moment resistance

M Ed
1
M c , Rd
wpl * f y
M c , Rd = for Class1 cross sections
M0
Where:
w pl = 628.40cm 3

Therefore:
wpl * f y 628.40 * 106 * 235

M y ,V , Rd = = = 0.147674MNm
M0 1
M Ed = 2.5m * 50kN = 125kNm = 0.125MNm
M Ed 0.125
= = 84%
M y ,V , Rd 0.148

7 nodes,
1 linear element.
328


Combined oblique Work ratio - Oblique 85 %
bending

Work ratio - Work ratio - Oblique 84.6459 % -0.4166 %
Oblique
329
12.45 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the classification and the resistance of a column
subjected to bending and axial load (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 8)
Test ID: 5632

Test status: Passed
12.45.1Description
Verifies the classification and the resistance for an IPE 600 column made of S235 steel subjected to bending and
axial force. The verification is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
12.45.2Background
Classification and verification of an IPE 600 column, made of S235 steel, subjected to bending and axial force. The
column is fixed at its base and free on the top. The column is loaded by a compression force (1 000 000 N), applied
at its top, and a uniformly distributed load (50 000 N/ml). The dead load will be neglected.

The following load case (Q1) and load combination are used:
Exploitation loadings (category A), Q1:
Fz = -1 000 000 N,
Fx = 50 000 N/ml,
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1 x Q1
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 600 mm,
Flange thickness: tf = 19 mm,
2
Plastic section modulus about the strong y-y axis: W pl , y = 3512000mm 3 ,
330
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Point load at Z = 5.0: N = FZ = -1 000 000 N,
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fx = 50 000 N/ml
Internal: None.
331
compression (Nc,Rd) and also the design plastic moment resistance reduced due to the axial force (MN,Rd) have to be
compared with the design values of the corresponding efforts.
The design resistance for uniform compression is verified considering the relationship (6.9) from chapter 6.2.4 (EN
1993-1-1), while for bi-axial bending, the criterion (6.41) from chapter 6.2.9.1 (EN 1993-1-1) has to be satisfied.
Cross section class

Considering that the column is subjected to combined bending and axial compression, and also that its axial effort is
bigger than 835 kN, the following classification is made according to the CTICM journal no. 4 2005 (extracted of
journal):
So, according to this table, the column cross-section is Class 2.

Expression (6.10) from EN 1993-1-1 is used to determine the design compression resistance, Nc,Rd:
A fy 15600mm 2 235MPa
N c , Rd = = = 3666000 N
M0 1.0
In order to verify the design resistance for uniform compression, the criterion (6.9) from chapter 6.2.4 (EN 1993-1-1)
has to be satisfied:
N Ed N 1000000 N
= = = 0.273 1.0 27.3% 100%
N c , Rd N c , Rd 3666000 N
Verifying the column subjected to bending and axial force

According to paragraph 6.2.9.1 (4) from EN 1993-1-1, allowance will not be made for the effect of the axial force on
the plastic resistance moment about the y-y axis if relationship (6.33) is fulfilled.
N Ed 0.25 N pl , Rd 1000000 N > 0.25 3666000 N = 916500 N

In this case, because the above verification is not fulfilled, the axial force has an impact on the plastic resistance
moment about the y-y axis.
In order to verify the column subjected to bending and axial force, the criterion (6.41) from EN 1993-1-1 has to be
used. Supplementary terms need to be determined: design resistance for bending (Mpl,Rd), ratio of design normal
force to design plastic resistance to normal force of the gross cross-section (n), ratio of web area to gross area (a),
design plastic moment resistance reduced due to the axial force (MN,Rd).
Design plastic moment resistance:
332
W pl , y f y 3512000mm 3 235MPa
M pl , y , Rd = = = 825320000 Nmm
M0 1.0
Ratio of design normal force to design plastic resistance to normal force of the gross cross-section:
N 1000000 N
n= = = 0.273
N pl , Rd 3666000 N
Ratio of web area to gross area:
A 2bt f 15600mm 2 2 220mm 19mm
a= = = 0.464
A 15600mm 2
Design plastic moment resistance reduced due to the axial force is determined according to expression (6.36)
from EN 1993-1-1:
1 n
M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd but M N , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
1 0 .5 a
1 0.273
M N , y , Rd = 825320000 Nmm = 781259948 Nmm 825320000 Nmm
1 0.5 0.464
The column subjected to bending and axial force is verified with criterion (6.41) from EN 1993-1-1:

M y , Ed M z , Ed
+ 1.0
M M
N , y , Rd N , z , Rd
Because the column doesnt have bending moment about z axis, the second term from criterion (6.41)
M y , Ed 2
is neglected. The verification becomes: = q L / 2 1.0
M M
N , y , Rd N , y , Rd
q L2 / 2 50 N / mm (5000mm )2 / 2
= = 0.799 1.0 79.9% < 100%
M 781259948 Nmm
N , y , Rd
6 nodes,
1 linear element.
333

Work ratio - Fx
Work ratio of the design resistance for oblique bending

334

Work ratio - Fx Work ratio of the design resistance for uniform compression [%] 27.3 %
Work ratio - Oblique Work ratio of the design resistance for oblique bending [%] 79.9 %

Work ratio - Fx Work ratio of the design resistance for uniform 27.2777 % -0.0084 %
compression
Work ratio - Work ratio of the design resistance for oblique bending 79.9691 % -0.0386 %
Oblique
335
12.46 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the classification and the compression resistance
of a welded built-up column (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 9)
Test ID: 5674

Test status: Passed
12.46.1Description
Verifies the cross-section classification and the compression resistance of a welded built-up column made of S355
steel. The verification is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
12.46.2Background
Classification and verification of a welded built-up column made of S355 steel. The column is fixed at its base and
free on the top. It is loaded by a compression force (100 000 N), applied at its top. The dead load will be neglected.

Fz = -100 000 N,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 630 mm,
336
Web thickness: tw = 8 mm,

2
5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Point load at Z = 5.0: N = FZ = -100 000 N,
Internal: None.
337
12.46.2.2 Cross-section classification

Before calculating the compression resistance, the cross-section class has to be determined.
picture below:
Table 5.2 - sheet 2, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the flanges class. The
picture below shows an extract from this table.
The top flange class can be determined by considering the cross-section geometrical properties and the conditions
described in Table 5.2 - sheet 2:
c (500mm 8mm) / 2
= = 13.67
t 18mm
235
= = 0.81
fy
Therefore:
c
= 13.67 > 14 = 11.34
t
338
This means that the top column flange is Class 4. Having the same dimensions, the bottom column flange is also
Class 4.
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the web class. The
The web class can be determined by considering the cross-section geometrical properties and the conditions
described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1:
c 630mm 18mm 2
= = 74.25
t 8mm
235
= = 0.81
fy
Therefore:
c
= 74.25 > 42 = 34.02
t
5.5.2(6) from EN 1993-1-1: 2001).
According to the calculation above, the column section have Class 4 web and Class 4 flanges; therefore the class
12.46.2.3 Reference results for calculating the compression resistance of the cross-section
The compression resistance for Class 4 cross-section is determined with the formula (6.11) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.
In order to verify the compression resistance for Class 4 cross-section, it is necessary to determine the effective area
of the cross-section.
The effective area of the cross section takes into account the reduction factor, , which is applying to both parts in
compression (flanges and web).
The following parameters have to be determined, for each part in compression, in order to calculate the reduction
factor: the buckling factor, the stress ratio and the plate modified slenderness.
The buckling factor (k) and the stress ratio() - for flanges
Table 4.2 from EN 1993-1-5 offers detailed information about determining the buckling factor and the stress ratio for
flanges. The below picture presents an extract from this table.
339
Taking into account that the stress distribution on flanges is linear, the stress ratio becomes:
2
= = 1.0 k = 0.43
1
The buckling factor (k) and the stress ratio() - for web
web. The below picture presents an extract from this table.
Taking into account that the stress distribution on web is linear, the stress ratio becomes:
2
= = 1.0 k = 4.0
1
The plate modified slenderness (p) for flanges

The formula used to determine the plate modified slenderness for flanges is:
p =
c/t
=
((500mm 8mm ) / 2) / 18mm = 0.906
28.4 k 28.4 0.81 0.43
The plate modified slenderness (p) for web

The formula used to determine the plate modified slenderness for web is:
p =
b/t
=
(630mm 2 18mm ) / 8mm = 1.614
28.4 k 28.4 0.81 4.0
The reduction factor () for flanges

The reduction factor for flanges is determined with relationship (4.3) from EN 1993-1-5. Because p > 0.748, the
reduction factor has the following formula:
p 0.188
= 1.0
2p
The effective width of the flange part can now be calculated:
beff , f = c = 0.875
(500mm 8mm ) = 215.25mm
2
The reduction factor () for web
The reduction factor for web is determined with relationship (4.2) from EN 1993-1-5. Because p > 0.673, the
340
p 0.055 (3 + )
= 1.0
2p
The effective width of the web can now be calculated:
beff ,w = b = 0.535 (630mm 2 18mm ) = 317.8mm
Effective area
The effective area is determined considering the following:
Aeff = 2 t f (beff , f + beff , f + t w ) + t w beff ,w

For Class 4 cross-section, EN 1993-1-1: 2001 provides (6.11) formula in order to calculate the compression
Aeff f y 18328.4mm 2 355MPa

N c , Rd = = = 6506582 N
M0 1.0
Work ratio
N 100000 N
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 1.54%
N c , Rd 6506582 N

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
341
Column subjected to compression axial force

Work ratio - Fx


342
12.47 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the classification and the bending resistance of a
welded built-up beam (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 10)
Test ID: 5692

Test status: Passed
12.47.1Description
Verifies the classification and the bending resistance of a welded built-up beam made of S355 steel. The verification
is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
12.47.2Background
Classification and bending resistance verification of a welded built-up beam made of S355 steel. The beam is simply
supported and it is loaded by a uniformly distributed load (15 000 N/ml). The dead load will be neglected.

Fz = -15 000 N/ml,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 630 mm,
Web thickness: tw = 8 mm,
2
343
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y, Z axis and restrained in rotation along
X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fz = -15 000 N/ml,
Internal: None.
344

Before calculating the design resistance for bending, the cross-section class has to be determined.
In this case, the beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load; therefore the stresses distribution is like in the
picture below:
Table 5.2 - sheet 2, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the class of the
compressed flange (top flange). The picture below shows an extract from this table.
The top flange class can be determined by considering the cross-section geometrical properties and the conditions
described in Table 5.2 - sheet 2 (above extract):
c (500mm 8mm) / 2
= = 13.67
t 18mm
235
= = 0.8136
fy
Therefore:
c
= 13.67 > 14 = 11.39
t
345
This means that the top flange is Class 4. Because the bottom flange is tensioned, it will be classified as Class 1.
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the web class. The
picture below shows an extract from this table. The web part is subjected to bending stresses.
The web class can be determined by considering the cross-section geometrical properties and the conditions
described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (above extract):
c 630mm 18mm 2
= = 74.25
t 8mm
235
= = 0.8136
fy
Therefore:
c
= 74.25 124 = 100.89
t
This means that the beam web is Class 3.
5.5.2(6) from EN 1993-1-1: 2001).
According to the calculation above, the beam section have Class 4 for top flange, Class 3 for web and Class 1 for
bottom flange; therefore the class section for the entire beam section will be considered Class 4.
The design resistance for bending for Class 4 cross-section is determined with the formula (6.15) from EN 1993-1-
1:2001.
Before verifying this formula, it is necessary to determine the effective section modulus of the cross-section.
The effective section modulus of the cross section takes into account the reduction factor, , which is applying only to
parts in compression (top flange in this case).
The following parameters have to be determined in order to calculate the reduction factor: the buckling factor, the
stress ratio and the plate modified slenderness.
The buckling factor (k) and the stress ratio() - for flanges
flange. The below picture presents an extract from this table.
346
Taking into account that the stress distribution on the top flange is linear, the stress ratio becomes:
2
= = 1.0 k = 0.43
1
The plate modified slenderness (p)

The formula used to determine the plate modified slenderness for top flange is:
p =
c/t
=
((500mm 8mm ) / 2) / 18mm = 0.902
28.4 k 28.4 0.8136 0.43
The reduction factor ()

The reduction factor for top flange is determined with relationship (4.3) from EN 1993-1-5. Because p > 0.748, the
p 0.188
= 1.0
2p
The effective width of the flange part can now be calculated:
beff , f = c = 0.8776
(500mm 8mm) = 215.89mm
2
Effective section modulus
The effective section modulus is determined considering the following cross-section:
Top flange width: beff,t = beff,f + tw + beff,f = 439.78 mm;
Top flange thickness: tf = 18 mm;
Web and bottom flange have the same dimensions as the original section.
347
Weff , y ,sup = 5204392.91mm 3
Weff , y ,inf = 5736064.4mm 3
Weff , y ,min = min (Weff , y ,sup ,Weff , y ,inf ) = 5204392.91mm 3

For Class 4 cross-section, EN 1993-1-1: 2001 provides (6.15) formula in order to calculate the design resistance for
bending:
Weff ,min f y 5204392.91mm 3 355MPa

M c , Rd = = = 1847559483 Nmm
M0 1.0
Work ratio
15 N / mm (5000mm ) / 8
2
M q L2 / 8
Work ratio = 100 = 100 = 100 = 2.54%
M c , Rd M c , Rd 1847559483 Nmm

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Beam subjected to uniformly distributed load


Work ratio - Oblique Design resistance for bending work ratio [%] 2.54 %

Work ratio - Design resistance for bending work ratio 2.53713 % -0.1130 %
Oblique
348
12.48 NTC 2008 - Italy: Stability check for steel column hinged base
Test ID: 6270

Test status: Passed
12.48.1Description
Verification of a steel column with a point load applied on the top and a linear load applied along the linear element,
the column is made of S235 material and is hinged on the bottom extremity and restrained in translation on x, y axis
and restrained in rotation on z axis.
12.48.2Background

Units
Metric
Geometry
Length: L = 5.00 m,
Area: A = 31.40 cm
Inertia: I = 1033.00 cm4
349
E = 210000 MPa
S235
Boundary conditions
Hinged at end x = 0,
Restrained in translation X,Y at the top (x = 5.00 m) and restrained in rotation along Z.
Loading
Point load on the top of the column, linear load on the left of the column and self-weight.

Calculation method used to obtain the reference solution
350
The result for My is considered in the middle point of the column, so the work ratio will be 0.551 + 0.350 = 0.90 = 90%
351
12.48.2.3 Theoretical results

SNz Work ratio of the Normal force for the stability check 0.551
SMy Work ratio of the bending moment for the stability check calculated 0.350
in the middle
Work ratio Stability work ratio 0.900

SNz Effect of the normal force 0.549572 -0.2592 %
adim
SMzy Effect of My 0.348335 0.0000 %
adim
Work ratio Work ratio 91.1238 % -1.5091 %
352
12.49 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1 - France: Buckling resistance of a steel column
Test ID: 6271

Test status: Passed
12.49.1Description
Compares the buckling resistance of a compresed column with the value from a CTICM example.
12.49.2Background
Compares the buckling resistance of a compressed column with the value from a CTICM example.

One windwall (dimensions: 10m x 5m)
Punctual support (fixed)
Snow parameters
Section: IPE200
Material: S235
Buckling lengths: section is prevented from buckling in its secondary plane at x = 3.5m from the bottom
353
Column length: L=6m
Cross section area: A = 28.48cm
Plastic modulus after the Y axis, W pl , y = 220.60cm 6
Plastic modulus after the Z axis, W pl , z = 44.61cm 6
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=1943 cm4
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=142.4 cm
4 4
Working inertial moment: Iw=12990x106cm6
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Hinged support at start point (x = 0m) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,
Support at the end point (z = 6m) restrained in translation along X and Y axis and restrained rotation
around Z axis.
Loading
External: Point load on column top : FZ =-176kN
354

235
= =1
fy
Compressed flange:
(b t w 2r ) / 2
= 4.1 < 9 = 9
tf
Flange is Class 1.
Web:
(h 2t f 2r ) / 2
= 28.4 < 33 = 33
tw
Web is Class 1.
Section class is Class 1. Plastic characteristics are to be used.
12.49.2.3 Buckling lengths

Section is prevented from buckling in its secondary plane at x = 3.5m from the bottom
Lfz (strong inertia): 6m
Lfy (weak inertia): 3.5m
12.49.2.4 Slenderness
Strong axis:
i y = 8.26cm
y = 72.6
y
y = = 0.773
93.9
Weak axis:
iz = 2.24cm
z = 156.25

z = z = 1.664
93.9
12.49.2.5 Buckling curves
Strong axis: Curve a ( = 0.21)
Weak axis: Curve b ( = 0.34)
12.49.2.6 Buckling factors

Strong axis: y = 0.810
Weak axis: y = 0.287
We keep the minimal value: min = 0.287
355
12.49.2.7 Buckling resistance
N b , Rd = min A f y / M 1 = (0.287 2848 235 / 1) 103 = 192kN
12.49.2.8 Work ratio

N Ed / N b , Rd = 176 / 192 = 91.66%

Stability Stability work ratio 91.66%

Work ratio Buckling work ratio 91.456 % 0.0000 %
356
12.50 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-2 - France: Verifying the bending resistance of a purlin for a 15min
duration
Test ID: 6259

Test status: Passed
12.50.1Description
Verifies bending resistance of a purlin for 15min duration according to Eurocode 3 - part 2 - French standards (EN
1993-1-2).
12.50.2Background
Simple Bending Design for in fire condition
Verifies the adequacy of an IPE220 purlin made from S235 to resist simple bending for a 15min duration.

Loadings from the structure: G = 0.875 kN/m
Snow loads : S = 1.1kN/m,
Frequent combination of actions: CCQ = 1.0 x G + 0.2 x Q
Fire duration : 15mins
Exposed faces : 4 faces
Units
Metric System
Beam length: L=10000mm


Depth of the web: hw = 201.6mm
Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y = 252 103 mm 3
357

4 4
Boundary conditions
Plane workplane
Support at start point (x = 0) : hinged support
Support at the end point (x = 10) : hinged support
Loading
The beam is subjected to the following load combinations:
Load combinations:
SLS Frequent combination of actions:
N ser , fr = G + 0.2Q = 135 + 150 = 1.095 kN / ml
12.50.2.2 Critical temperature
For a IPE220 with t=15mins and 4 exposed faces, a = 702C
358
12.50.2.3 k y , coefficient
k y , is then read from Table 3.1 :
k y , = 0.2276
12.50.2.4 Bending resistance in fire conditions
M0
M fi , ,Rd = k y , M Rd
M , fi
M 0 w pl f y
M fi , , Rd = k y ,
M , fi M0
1 285.4 10 6 235
M fi , , Rd = 0.2276
1 1
M fi , , Rd = 15.26kN .m
12.50.2.5 Bending moment My (design value)
ql 1.095 10
M y , fi ,Ed = = = 13.69kN .m
8 8
12.50.2.6 Work ratio
M y , fi , Ed 13.69
= = 89.71%
M fi , , Rd 15.26

11 nodes,
1 linear element.
359
Bending moment My in fire conditions
Work ratio for bending My in fire conditions

Work ratio - My Work ratio for bending moment My in fire conditions 0.8970

Work ratio - My My bending Fire 89.6982 % 0.0000 %
360
12.51 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying an user defined I section class 1, column fixed on
base and without any other restraint (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 28)
Test ID: 5720

Test status: Passed
12.51.1Description
The cross section has an I symmetric shape with: 260mm height; 150mm width; 7.1mm center thickness; 10.7mm
flange thickness; 0mm fillet radius and 0mm rounding radius. The column is made of S275 steel.
The column is subjected to 328 kN compression axial force, 10 kNm bending moment over the X axis and 50 kNm
bending moment over the Y axis. All the efforts are applied on the top of the column.
12.51.2Background
has a 260x7.1mm web and 150x10.7mm flanges. The column is fixed at its base. The column is subjected to an axial
compression load -328000 N, a 10000Nm bending moment after the X axis and a 50000Nm bending moment after
the Y axis.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=--328000N N; My=50000Nm; Mx=10000Nm;
361
Units
Metric System


362
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x = 0) restrained in translation along X and Y axis, and restrained inrotation
along Z axis,
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=5.62m: FZ =-328000N; Mx=10000Nm and My=50000Nm
363

-for beam web:

inf 45.30Mpa
= = = 0.253 > 1
sup 179.06Mpa
364
238.6 45.3
x= = 48.175
x y x+ y 238.6 224.36
= = =
45.30 179.06 45.30 + 179.06 224.36 238.6 179.06
y= = 190.73
224.36
x 190.73
= = = 0.80 > 0.5
238.6 238.6
365
235 235
= = = 0.924
fy 275
c 260mm 2 10.7 mm
= = 33.61 c 396 396 0.924
t 13 1 13 0.8 1
= 0.924
-for beam flange:
150 7.1
c c
= 2 = 6.68 = 6.68 9 0.924 = 8.316 therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1
t 10.7 t
= 0.924

366
= 0.34
curve according to:
1
y = 2
1 (6.49)
2
y + y y
A * fy
y =
N cr , y

E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 57943291.64mm 4
N cr , y = = = 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
l fy (5620mm)
A f y 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
y = = = 0.5956
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
[ ]
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.5956 0.2 ) + 0.5956 2 ] = 0.7446
1 1
y = = = 0.839
2 2 2 2
y + y y 0.7446 + 0.7446 0.5956 y = 0.839

y 1
367

= 0.49
according to:
1
z = 2 2
1 (6.49)
z + z z

A* f y
z =
N cr , z

368
E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
N cr , z = = = 395426.63 N = 395.43kN
l fz (5620mm )
A f y 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
z = = = 1.847
N cr , z 395426.63 N
[ ]
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (1.847 0.2 ) + 1.847 2 ] = 2.609
1 1
z = 2 2
=
2
= 0.225
2
z + z z 2.609 + 2.609 1.847 z = 0.225

z 1

E Iz I L G It
M cr = C1 w+
L Iz E Iz
-where:
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
M y ,botom 0
= = = 0 C1 = 1.77
M y ,top 50
369


I z (h t f )2
Iw =
4
6025866.46mm 4 (260mm 10.7mm )

2
Iw = = 93627638290mm 6
4
-according to EN1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 2 (4)
E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1.77
93627638290mm 6 (5620mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97 mm 4
2
+ = 1.77 395426.63N 214.58mm =
6025866.46mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
= 150184702.1Nmm = 15018kNm
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
LT = = = 0.958
M cr 150184702.1Nmm
1
LT = 1 (6.56)
LT + LT LT
[
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT ]
h 260mm
= = 1.733 2
b 150mm
370
= 0.49
[ ( ) ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.958 0.2 ) + 0.958 ] = 1.145
1 1
LT = = = 0.564 1
LT + LT LT 1.145 + 1.145 0.958
y `1
k yy = Cmy CmLT
N Ed C yy
1
N cr , y
371
N Ed
1
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
N Ed = 328kN
E Iy
l fy
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
y = = = 0.985
N Ed 328000 N
1 y 1 0.839
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
W pl , y f y
0 =
M cr 0
372
W y = 501177.18mm3
E Iz I w L G I t 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
M cr = C1 + = 1
L Iz E Iz (5620mm)2
93517065421.88mm 6 (5620mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97 mm 4
2
+ = 1 395426.63N 214.58mm =
6025866.46mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
= 84850646.27 Nmm = 84.85kNm
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0 = = = 1.274
M cr 84850646.27 Nmm
N N
Calculation of the 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed term:
N cr , z N cr ,TF

Where:
1 2 E I w
N cr ,T = G It +
I0 Lcr ,T
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 57943291.64mm 4 + 6025866.46mm 4 = 63969158.1mm 4

Lcr ,T = 5.62m
4904.06mm 2 2 210000 N / mm 2 93517065421.88mm 6

N cr ,T = 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97 mm 4 + =
63969158.1mm 4 (5620mm)
= 1395246.607 N
N Ed = 328000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 1395246.607 N
E Iz 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
N cr , z = = = 395426.63 N = 395.43kN (previously calculated)
l fz (5620mm)
373
N 328000 N 328000 N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 N Ed = 0.20 1 4
1 1 =
N 395426.63 N 1395246.607 N
N cr , z cr ,TF
= 0.120
Therefore:

y aLT
0 = 1.274 Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 N Ed = 0.120 Cmz = Cmz , 0
N
N cr , z cr ,TF aLT
CmLT = Cmy 2
1
N N N N
0 = 1.274 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed = 0.120 1 Ed 1 Ed
N N cr , z cr ,TF N N
cr , z cr ,T
y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT
M y , Ed Aeff
y =
N Ed Weff , y
Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y = Weff , y = 445717.63mm3
M y ,Ed Aeff 50 106 Nmm 4904.06mm 2

y = = = 1.677
N Ed Weff , y 328000 N 445717.63mm3
It 149294.97 mm 4
aLT = 1 =1 = 0.997 1
Iy 57943291.64mm 4
374
The bending moment in null at one end of the column, therefore: =0

N Ed N
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 0.36 0.33 Ed
N cr , y N cr , y
Where:
E Iy
l fy
N Ed = 328000 N
328000 N
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 0.36 0.33 = 0.780
3802327.95 N
y aLT 1.677 1
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.780 + (1 0.780 ) = 0.904
1 + y aLT 1 + 1.677 1
2 aLT
CmLT = Cmy =
N N
1
N 1 N
Ed Ed
cr , z cr ,T

2 0.997
= 0.904 = 2.256 CmLT = 2.256
328000 N 328000 N
1 1
395426.63 N 1395246.607 N

CmLT 1

375
The C yy coefficient is defined according to the Table A.1, Auxiliary terms:
1.6
1.6 2 W

C yy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 Cmy max
2
2
wy wy
W pl , y
2 M y ,Ed M z ,Ed 2 M y ,Ed M z ,Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0 = 0.5 aLT 0
LT M pl , y ,Rd M pl , z ,Rd LT W pl , y f y W pl , z f y
50000000 Nmm 10000000 Nmm
= 0.5 0.997 1.274 2 =
0.564 501177.18mm 275 N / mm 123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
3 2
= 0.1534
W pl , y 501177.18mm 3
wy = = = 1.124 1.5
Wel , y 445717.63mm 3
N Ed 328000 N
n pl = = = 0.243
N Rk 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
M1 1
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;1.847 ) = 1.847

1.6 1.6
C yy = 1 + (1.124 1) 2 0.904 1.847 0.904 1.847 0.243 0.1534 = 0.857
1.124 1.124
376

C yy = 0.857
Wel , y 445717.63mm 3

= 3
= 0. 889 C yy = 0.889
W pl , y 501177.18mm
W
C yy el , y
W pl , y
E Iy
l fy
y `1 0.985 1
k yy = Cmy CmLT = 0.904 2.256 = 2.47
N Ed C yy 328000 N 0.889
1 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
y 1 wz
k yz = Cmz 0.6
N Ed C yz wy
1
N cr , z
N Ed 328000 N
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.691
N cr , z 395426.63 N
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
y = = = 0.985
N Ed 328000 N
1 y 1 0.839
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
E Iz
l fz
2
Cmz max
2

C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14 5 n pl cLT
wz

2
0 M y , Ed
cLT = 10 aLT
5+ z
It 149294.97 mm 4
Iy 57943291.64mm 4
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0 = = = 1.274 (previously calculated)
M cr 84850646.27 Nmm
A f y 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
z = = = 1.847 (previously calculated)
N cr , z 395426.63 N
377
M y , Ed = 50000 Nm
y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 ) = 0.904 (previously calculated)
1 + y aLT
1 1
LT + LT LT 1.145 + 1.145 0.958

2
0 M y , Ed
cLT = 10 aLT =
5+ z
1.274 50000000 Nmm
= 10 0.997 4
= 0.664
5 + 1.847 0.904 0.564 137823724.5 Nmm
2
2
Cmz max
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14 5 n pl cLT
wz

W pl , z 123381.96mm3
wz = = 3
= 1.536 1.5
Wel , z 80344.89mm wz = 1.5
wz 1.5

E Iz
l fz
N Ed 328000 N
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33) = 0.691
N cr , z 395426.63N
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;1.847 ) = 1.847

N Ed
N Rk
M1
2
Cmz max
2

C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14 5 n pl cLT =
wz

0.6912 1.847 2
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2 14 5
0.243 0.691 = 0.532
1.5
y 1 wz 0.985 1 1.5
k yz = Cmz 0.6 = 0.691 0.6 = 5.20
N C yz wy 328000 N 0.532 1.124
1 Ed 1
N cr , z 395426.63 N
378
z 1 wz
k zy = Cmy CmLT 0.6
N C zy wy
1 Ed
N cr , y
N Ed 328000 N
1 1
N cr , z 395426.63 N
z = = = 0.210
N Ed 328000 N
1 z 1 0.225
N cr , z 395426.63 N
2
C 2
my max wy Wel , y
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 5 n pl d LT 0.6
wy wz W pl , y


0 M y , Ed M z , Ed
d LT = 2 aLT =
4 Cmy LT M pl , y , Rd Cmz M pl , z , Rd
0.1 + z
1.274 50000000 Nmm 10000000 Nmm
= 2 0.997 4
=
0.1 + 1.847 0.904 0.564 137823724.5 Nmm 0.691 33930039 Nmm
= 0.771
2
C 2
my max
Czy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 5 n pl d LT =
wy

0.9042 1.847 2
= 1 + (1.124 1) 2 14 0.243 0.771 = 0.310
1.1245
wy Wel , y 1.124 445717.63mm3
0.6 = 0.6 = 0.462
wz W pl , y 1.5 501177.18mm3
wy Wel , y
C zy 0.6
wz W pl , y

C zy = 0.310 C zy = 0.462

wy Wel , y
0 .6 = 0.462
wz W pl , y
CmLT = 2.256 (previously calculated)
z 1 wy 0.210 1 1.124
k zy = Cmy CmLT 0.6 = 0.904 2.256 0.6 = 0.529
N C zy wz 328000 N 0.462 1.5
1 Ed 1
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
379
z 1
k zz = Cmz
N C zz
1 Ed
N cr , z
1.6 1.6 W
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 2
Cmz max 2
wz wz W pl , z

0 M y , Ed
eLT = 1.7 aLT =
0.1 + z
1.274 50000000 Nmm
= 1.7 0.997 = 0.131
0.1 + 1.847 0.904 0.564 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
4
1.6 1.6 2
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 2
Cmz max 2
Cmz max n pl eLT =
wz wz
1.6 1.6
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2 0.6912 1.847 0.6912 1.847 2 0.243 0.131 = 0.926
1.5 1.5
z 1 0.210 1
k zz = Cmz = 0.691 = 0.919
N C zz 328000 N 0. 926
1 Ed 1
N cr , z 395426.63 N
N M M z , Rk
y Rk LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1

N Rk M M z , Rk
z LT y , Rk
M1 M1 M1
N Rk = f y Ai
380
328000 N 50 106 Nmm

+ 2 . 479 +
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.839 0.564
1 1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 5.20 = 0.29 + 1.59 + 1.53 = 3.41
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N 50 106 Nmm
+ 0 .529 +
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.225 0.564
1 1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.919 = 1.08 + 0.34 + 0.27 = 1.69
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
7 nodes,
1 linear element.
381

z
382
k yy
k yz
383
k zy

k zz
384
over the Y axis
SNy
over the Y axis
SMyy
385
over the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
386
over the Z axis
SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzz
387
Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure

C1

Mcr
388

LT
389
y 0.839
z 0.225
k zz Internal factor, k zy 0.919
C1 Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section 1.77
properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure
Work ratio Stability work ratio (bending and axial compression verification) [%] 341 %

Xy Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional 0.839285 adim 0.0340 %
slenderness after Y-Y axis
Xz Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional 0.224656 adim -0.1529 %
slenderness after Z-Z axis
Kyy Internal factor kyy 2.47232 adim 0.0939 %
Kyz Internal factor kyz 5.20929 adim 0.1787 %
Kzy Internal factor kzy 0.525982 adim -0.5705 %
Kzz Internal factor kzz 0.942941 adim 2.6051 %
Work ratio Stability work ratio 341.352 % 0.0000 %
390
12.52 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a simply supported rectangular hollow section
beam subjected to biaxial bending (evaluated by SOCOTEC France - ref. Test 16)
Test ID: 5736

Test status: Passed
12.52.1Description
Verifies a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam made of S235 steel subjected to biaxial bending.
12.52.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section beam made of S235 steel to resist bi-axial bending efforts. The
name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and it can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library. The beam is
simply supported and it is subjected to uniformly distributed loads over its length. The dead load will be neglected.

Fz = - 10 000 N/ml,
Fy = 10 000 N/ml,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,
Width: b = 200 mm,
391

Section area: A = 9490 mm2,
3
Plastic section modulus about z-z axis: Wpl,z = 721000 mm3,
5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,
Support at end point (z = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis, and restrained in rotation
about the X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q1 = Fz = -10 000 N/ml
Uniformly distributed load: q2 = Fy = 10 000 N/ml
Internal: None.
392
12.52.2.2 Reference results for calculating the beam subjected to bi-axial bending
In order to verify the steel beam subjected to bi-axial bending, the criterion (6.41) from chapter 6.2.9.1 (EN 1993-1-1)
has to be used.
Before verifying this criterion, the cross-section class has to be determined.
Cross section class

393
Taking into account that the entire cross-section is subjected to bending stresses, its class can be determined by
extract part subject to bending).
c b 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

= = = 25
t t 10mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 25 72 = 72
t
This means that the left/right web is Class 1. As the dimensions for top/bottom wing are smaller than the left/right
web, they will be also classified as Class 1.
Determining the design plastic moment resistance

Before verifying for bi-axial bending a rectangular structural hollow section of uniform thickness, the design plastic
moment resistance reduced due to the axial force (MN,Rd) needs to be determined. Its determination has to be made
about 2 axes (according to the bending efforts) and it will be done with formulae (6.39) and (6.40) from EN 1993-1-1.
Other terms involved in calculation have to be determined: aw, af, n.
Ratio of design normal force to design plastic resistance to normal forces, n:
N Ed
n= as the beam is not subjected to axial efforts n = 0.
N pl , Rd
Determination of aw for hollow section:
394
A 2bt
aw = 0.5 a w = 0.5
A
Determination of af for hollow section:
A 2 ht
af = 0.5 a f = 0.3678
A
Determination of aw for hollow section:
A 2bt
aw = 0.5 a w = 0.5
A
Determination of design plastic moment resistance (about y-y axis) reduced due to the axial force, MN,y,Rd:
M pl , y , Rd (1 n )
M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd
(1 0.5 aw )
In order to fulfill the above relationship MN,y,Rd must be equal to Mpl,y,Rd.
W pl , y f y 956000mm 3 235MPa
M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd = = = 22466 10 4 Nmm
M0 1.0
Determination of design plastic moment resistance (about z-z axis) reduced due to the axial force, MN,z,Rd:
M pl , z , Rd (1 n )
M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd
(1 0.5 a ) f
In order to fulfill the above relationship MN,z,Rd must be equal to Mpl,z,Rd.
W pl , z f y 721000mm 3 235MPa
M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd = = = 16943.5 10 4 Nmm
M0 1.0
Verifying for bi-axial bending

Criterion (6.41) from EN 1993-1-1 has to be fulfilled:

M y , Ed M z , Ed
+ 1.0
M M
N , y , Rd N , z , Rd
Determination of constants and for rectangular hollow section:
1.66
= = 6 = = 1.66
1 1.13 n 2
Determination of design bending moments (My,Ed and Mz,Ed) at the middle of the beam:
q1 L2 10 N / mm 5000 2 mm 2
M y , Ed = = = 3125 10 4 Nmm
8 8
q 2 L2 10 N / mm 5000 2 mm 2
M z , Ed = = = 3125 10 4 Nmm
8 8
Verifying criterion (6.41) from EN 1993-1-1:
395
1.66 1.66
3125 10 4 Nmm 3125 10 4 Nmm
4
+ 4
= 0.0378 + 0.0604 = 0.098 1.0
22466 10 Nmm 16943.5 10 Nmm
0.098
100 = 9.8%
Work ratio = 1.0
Verifying for simple bending about y-y axis

For class 1 cross-section, design resistance for simple bending about y-y axis is verified using the criterion (6.12)
from EN 1993-1-1:
M y , Ed 3125 10 4 Nmm
= = 0.139 1.0
M pl , y , Rd 22466 10 4 Nmm
0.139
100 = 13.9%
Work ratio = 1.0
Verifying for simple bending about z-z axis

For class 1 cross-section, design resistance for simple bending about z-z axis is verified using the criterion (6.12)
from EN 1993-1-1:
M z , Ed 3125 10 4 Nmm
= = 0.1844 1.0
M pl , z , Rd 16943.5 10 4 Nmm
0.1844
100 = 18.44%
Work ratio = 1.0
As this work ratio is bigger than the others, we can consider it as reference.

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
396
Beam subjected to bending efforts

Work ratio Oblique

Work ratio - Oblique Work ratio of the design resistance for biaxial bending 18.44 %

Work ratio - Work ratio of the design resistance for biaxial bending 18.4437 % 0.2375 %
Oblique
397
12.53 EC3 / CSN EN 1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Compressed IPE300
Test ID: 6275

Test status: Passed
12.53.1Description
Class section classification and compression verification of an IPE300 column
12.53.2Background
the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part. On top, the column is subjected to a 100kN force applied
gravitationally, defined as a live load. The dead load will be neglected.

398
Units
Metric System
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.

In this case, the column is subjected only to compression, therefore the distribution of stresses along the section is
like in the picture below:
To determine the web class, we use Table 5.2 sheet 1, from CSN EN 1993-1-1 Chapter 5.5.2
399
=1
Therefore:

To determine the flanges class, we will use Table 5.2, sheet 2, from CSN EN 1993-1-1 Chapter 5.5.2
400
c 56.45mm
= = 5.276
t 10.7 mm
=1
Therefore:
c 56.45mm
= = 5.276 9 * = 9 this means that the column flanges are Class 1.
t 10.7 mm
According to: CSN EN 1993-1-1 Chapter 5.5.2(6)
401
12.53.2.3 Reference results in calculating the compressive resistance Nc,Rd

The design resistance of the cross-section force Nc,Rd shall be determined as follows:
A* fy
For Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-section N c , Rd =
M0
Where:
A section area A=53.81cm2
Fy nominal yielding strength for S235 fy=235MPa

Therefore:
A* fy 53.81 * 104 * 235

N c , Rd = = = 1.264535MN = 1264.54kN
M0 1
According to: CSN EN 1993-1-1 Chapter 6.2.4(2)

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
402

Compressive resistance work ratio
Column subjected to compressive load

Work ratio [%]

Work ratio Compressive resistance work ratio [%] 8%

Max Work ratio Max work ratio 7.90805 % -1.1494 %
Work ratio - Fx Work ratio Fx 7.90805 % -1.1494 %
403
12.54 NTC 2008 - Italy: Deflection check on simply supported beam
Test ID: 6266

Test status: Passed
12.54.1Description
Deflection check on simply supported beam made of steel S355, the cross section used is HEA140, the span of the
beam is 6.00 meter, the verification is made according to NTC 2008
12.54.2Background

Units
Metric
Geometry
Length: L = 6.00 m,
Area: A = 31.42 cm
Inertia: I = 1033.00 cm4
E = 210000 MPa
S355
Boundary conditions
Hinge at end x = 0,
Hinge at end x = 6.00 m.
Loading
Uniformly distributed force of q = -10.00 kN/m on beam AB.
404

Calculation method used to obtain the reference solution
f = (5/384) X (10 X 60004 ) / (2100000 X 10330000) = 777.9 mm = L / 75
12.54.2.3 Theoretical result

Deflection Maximum deflection calculated in the middle of the steel beam 777.9 mm = L / 75

Max. deflection Max deflection 74.7801 adim 0.0000 %
405
12.55 AISC 360 2010 - United States of America: Deflection and Strength for a W-Shape Continuously
Braced Flexural Member in Strong-Axis Bending (LRFD)
Test ID: 6273

Test status: Passed
12.55.1Description
Verifies the available flexural strength of a W18x50 in ASTM A992 simple supported beam with a span of 35 ft. The
deflection is limited to a ratio of L/360. The nominal loads are a uniform dead load of 0.45 kip/ft and a uniform live
load of 0.75 kip/ft. The beam is continuously braced. (LRFD)
12.55.2Background
Verifies the deflections, the deflection constraints, the bending moment and it related resistance to a simply
supported W18x50. The primary objective of this test is to validate the resistance of member exposed to uniformly
distributed load which would cause bending moments in the beam. With this the deflection will be verified against a
max deflection criterion.
12.55.2.1 Model Description

Reference: AISC Design Example Version 14.1
Example as taken from Example F.1-1A&C W-Shape Flexural Member Design in Strong-Axis Bending, Continuously
Braced
Select an ASTM A992 W-shape beam with a simple span of 35 ft. Limit the member to a maximum nominal depth of
18 in. Limit the live load deflection to L/360. The nominal loads are a uniform dead load of 0.45 kip/ft and a uniform
live load of 0.75 kip/ft. Assume the beam is continuously braced. Try a W18x50.
Analysis Type: Static

Element Type: Linear
The following load cases and load combination are used
Dead load: 0.450 kip/ft uniformly distributed load (Self-weight included in this value Therefore not needed for AD to
calculate)
Live Load: 0.750 kip/ft uniformly distributed load
Combination used for this example is:
ULS Combination #102 - 1.2 + 1.6
1.2 (0.45 /) + 1.6 (0.750 /)
0.54 / + 1.2 /
1.74 /
SLS Combination #103 - 1.0
1.0 (0.750 /)
0.750 /
406
Steel cross-section used is an AISC W18x50

Unit System: IMPERIAL
Conditions: Continuously braced the full length of the beam
Steel Type: ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
12.55.2.2 Calculation
Deflection Calculations:
Required Moment of Inertia for the Live-Load Deflection Criteria of L/360
35(12 )
= = = 1.17
360 360
3
5 4 5(0.750 )(35.0 )4 (12 )
() = = = 746 4
384 384(29,000 )(1.17 )
Or for W18x50 where Ix = 800.04 in4
3
5 4 5(0.750 )(35.0 )4 (12 )
= = = 1.09
384 384(29,000 )(800.04 4 )
35(12 )
= = =
1.0915 384.80
Moment Calculations:
The required flexural strength must surpass:
1.74 (35 )2
= = 266
8
407
From the AISC Manual Table 1-1 for a W18x50 Zx=101 in3
Calculating the Nominal Flexural Strength, Mn
= =
= 50 1013 = 5050 = 421
Finally, the available flexural strength is
= 0.90 421 = 379
Work Ratio is therefore
266
100% = 100% = 70%
379
12.55.2.3 Reference Results

Max Deflection L/? for Deflection Criteria L / 384.80
Actual Deflection 1.09 in
Mu Required Flexural Strength 266 kipsft
bMn Available Flexural Strength 379 kipsft
Work Ratio, My Design Load Ratio due to Strong Axis Bending 70%

Max. deflection Deflection Criteria 378.242 -1.7043 %
adim
408
12.56 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying critical moment Mcr on a beam with intermediate
restraints
Test ID: 6279

Test status: Passed
12.56.1Description
The test verifies the critical bending moment Mcr of a IPE220 beam made of S235 steel.
It ensures Advance Design uses the intermediate restraint definition from the upper flange when the beam is subject
to forces acting downwards.
12.56.2Background
Critical bending moment verification for a restrained IPE220 beam subjected to axis bending efforts, made of S235
steel. The beam is simply supported.

Units
Metric System
Beam length: 5m
2
4 4
5
409
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Hinged support at start point (x = 0)
Hinged support at the end point (z = 5.00)
Elastic support at start point (x = 0) : KRY = 45 kN.m/.
Elastic support at end point (x = 5) : KRY = 45 kN.m/.
Inner: None.
Intermediate restraints
Top flange: intermediate restraints at x = 1.25m, x = 2.5m, x = 3.75m
Bottom flange: intermediate restraint at x = 2. 5m
Loading
External: Linear load From X=0.00m to X=5.00m: FZ = N = -20 000 N,
Internal: None.
410
12.56.2.2 Critical moment Mcr calculation

2 E I z k z I w (k z L )2 G I t + (C z )2 C z
M cr = C1 + (1)
(k z L )2 k w I z E IZ
2 2 g 2 g

Where:
E is the Youngs module: E=210000N/mm2
Iz is the inertia of bending about the minor axis Z: Iz=2049 x104mm4
It is the torsional inertia: It=90700mm4
L is the distance between intermediate restraints on the compressed flange (in this case : top flange) : L =
1.25m
gravity)
C1 = 1.114
E Iz I w L G I t
M cr = C1 +
L Iz E Iz
210000 204.90 10 8 22670 10 12 (1.25) 80800 9.04 108

M cr = 1.4815 +
(1.250) 204.9 10 8 210000 204.9 10 8
M cr = 355.06kNm

21 nodes,
1 linear element.
411

Mcr

Result name Result description Reference
value

Mcr Mcr 355.838 0.0000 %
kN*m
412
12.57 EC3 / CSN EN1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Bended beam without stability failure
Test ID: 6285

Test status: Passed
12.57.1Description
Classification and verification on bending of simply supported IPE240 beam made of S235 steel.
Considered loading consists of dead load and snow load. Self weigth is also considered.
Test verifies finite element results for deflections and design forces and steel design results for work ratios in shear
and bending and allowable deflections.
12.57.2Background
Verification of simple supported steel profile
Verifies the simple supported roof beam designed of IPE240 profile without stability failure. During this test is verified
bearing capacity for ultimate limit state and deflections for serviceability limit state.

Reference: "Martina Elikov, Zdenk Sokol: Ocelov konstrukce - Prklady"; Chapter "1.1 Ohyb nosnku bez
ztrty stability"
Load cases and load combinations:
Dead load: g = 2.20 kN/m, G = 1.2
Snow load: s = 4.80 kN/m, S = 1.4
ULS combination: CULS = 1.2*G + 1.4*S
SLS combination: CSLS = 1.0*G + 1.0*S
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 240 mm,
Width: b = 120 mm,
Length: L = 7200 mm,
2
Bending moment of inertia around y-axis: Iy = 38.97*106 mm4,
2
Reduced cross-section: Avz = 1914,0 mm ,
IPE 2
Weight: g = 30.7 kg/m ,
413
Compressed part of web: d = 194 mm

Web thickness: tw = 6.2 mm
Compressed part of flange: c = 60.0 mm
Glange thickness: tf = 9.8 mm
Steel: S235
Material coefficient: M0 = 1.15
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x=0) , hinged connection,
Support at end point (x = 7.20) restrained in translation along Y and Z, in rotation around X.
Inner: None.
Loading
The beam is subjected to the following load combinations:
Load combinations:
Ultimate Limit State:
NULS = 1.2*(g + gIPE) + 1.4*s = 1.2*(2.2 + 0.307) + 1.4*4.80 = 9.73 kN/m
Serviceability Limit State:
IPE
NSLS = 1.0*(G + G ) + 1.0*S = 1.0*(2.2 + 0.307) + 1.0*4.80 = 7.31 kN/m
Web
d 194.0 235
= = 31.29 < 72 = 72 = 72.0
tw 6.2 fy
According to: CSN EN1993-1-1 Chapter 5.6, Table 5.2 (Sheet 1)
Flange
cf 60.0
= = 6.1 < 10 = 10.0 Table 5.2 (sheet 2)
tf 9.8
235
= = 1.0


Cross-section belongs to class 1
414
12.57.2.3 Verification of bearing capacity for Ultimate Limit State
Bending resistance verification

Design value of bending moment from loading:
1 1
= 2 = 9.73 7.22 = 63.0
8 8
Bending resistance of IPE240:
366.6 103 235
, = = = 74.9
0 1.15
According to: CSN EN1993-1-1 Chapter 5.2.5(2), formula (6.13)
Verification:

1.0
,
63.,
74.9
= 0.84 < 1.0
=> Work ratio for bending is 84%

Shear resistance verification

Design value of shear force from loading:
1 1
= = 9.73 7.2 = 35.0
2 2
Shear resistance of IPE240:
1914 235
, = = = 225.8
0 3 1.15 3
Verification:

1.0
,
35.0
= 0.16 < 1.0
225.8
=> Work ratio for shear is 16 %

8 nodes,
1 linear element.
415
Finite element results (Ultimate Limit State)

Design value of bending moment My (reference value 63.0 kNm)
Design value of shear force Fz (reference value 35.0 kN)
Steel design results

Work ratio in bending (reference value 84%)
Work ratio in shear (reference value 16%)
12.57.2.4 Verification of deflections for Serviceability Limit State

Deflection from live load (snow):
5 4 5 4.80 7.24
2 = = = 20.6
384 384 210 38.92
Total deflection:
5 4 5 7.37 7.24
= = = 31.3
384 384 210 38.92
Deflections of roof beams must fulfill following conditions:
Deflection from live loads: 2 L/250
20.6 mm < 28.8 mm => Work ratio for live load deflections is 72%
Total deflection: max L/200
31.3 mm < 36.0 mm => Work ratio for total deflections is 87%
According to: CSN EN1993-1-1 National Annex NA.2.22, Table NA.1

416
Finite element results (Serviceability Limit State)

Live load deflection (reference value 20.6 mm)
Total deflection (reference value 31.3 mm)

Live load deflection work ratio (reference value 72%)
Total deflection work ratio (reference value 87%)

My Design value of bending moment for ULS load combination [kNm] 63.0 kNm
Fz Design value of shear force for ULS load combination [kN] 35.0 kNm
Work ratio - Oblique Maximal work ratio for bending resistance [%] 84 %
Work ratio - Fx Maximal work ratio for shear resistance [%] 16 %
D Live load deflection for ULS load combination [mm] 20.6 mm
D Total deflection for ULS load combination [mm] 31.3 mm
Deviat.all.defl. Deviation of allowed live load deflections [%] 72 %
Deviat.all.defl. Deviation of allowed total deflections [%] 87 %

D Deflection total 31.5644 mm 0.8447 %
D Deflection snow 20.7514 mm 0.7350 %
My Design moment -62.9946 kN*m 0.0086 %
Fz Design shear force 34.997 kN -0.0086 %
Deviat. all. defl. WR Deflection total 87.679 % 0.7805 %
Deviat. all. defl. WR Deflection snow 72.0535 % 0.0743 %
Work ratio - WR Oblique 84.0893 % 0.1063 %
Oblique
Work ratio - Fz WR Fz 15.492 % -0.0516 %
417
12.58 AISC 360 2010 - United States of America: Example G.1 W-shape in strong axis shear (LRFD)
Test ID: 6287

Test status: Passed
12.58.1Description
Determines the available shear strength and adequacy of a W24x62 ASTM A992 beam using the AISC Manual with
end shears of 48 kips from dead load and 145 kips from live load. Obtains the available shear strength, which is
determined by the tabulated values of the AISC Manual.
12.58.2Background
Determines the shear applied to the cross-section, its resistance to shear and finally the work ratio due to shear alone.
The objective of this test is to check the calculation of steel resistance due to shearing forces.
12.58.2.1 Model Description

Reference: AISC Design Example Version 14.1
Example as taken from Example E.1A W-Shape Column Design with Pinned Ends -
Example G.1A -
Determine the available shear strength and adequacy of a W24x62 ASTM A992 beam using the AISC Manual with
end shears of 48 kips from dead load and 145 kips from live load
Example G.1B -
The available shear strength, which can be easily determined by the tabulated values of the AISC Manual, can be
verified by directly applying the provisions of the AISC Specification. Determine the available shear strength for the
W-shape in Example G.1A by applying the provisions of the AISC Specification.
Analysis Type: static
Element Type: linear
Steel cross-section used is and AISC W24x62

Dead load: 48 kips (Self-weight included in this value Therefore not needed for AD to calculate)
Live Load: 145 kips axial force
Unit System: IMPERIAL
Steel Type: ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
418
12.58.2.2 Results
Combination used for this example is (ULS), Vu: 1.2 + 1.6
1.2 (48 ) + 1.6 (145 )
57.6 + 232
289.6
G2.1 Members with Unstiffened or Stiffened webs is applicable to webs for the shear strength for singly or doubly
symmetric members and channels subject to shear in the plane of the web
The nominal shear strength, Vn, of unstiffened or stiffened webs according to the, limit states of shear yield and shear
buckling, is
= 0.6
Part (a) for webs of rolled I-shaped member with

2.24

21.06
2.24 29,000 50
0.43
48.98 53.95
Where v = 1 and Cv = 1 and
= = 23.7 0.430 = 10.2 2
Therefore,
= 0.6 50 10.2 2 1.0 = 306
And finally
= 1.0 306
Work Ratio
289.6
100% = 100% = 94.65%
306
419
12.58.2.3 Theoretical result

Result Name Result Description Reference
Vu Required Shear Strength 289.6 kips
vVn Available Shear Strength 306 kips
Work Ratio Design Load Rate 94.65 %

Fz Shear Verify (not forces) -289.993 kip 0.0024 %
420
12.59 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Simply supported laterally restrained (from P374 Hollow
Sections Example 3)
Test ID: 6345

Test status: Passed
12.59.1Description
The 250x150x16 RHS in S355 beam is fully restrained, loading including a UDL and mid-span point load. These are
the steel design results for example 3 from P374 from the SCI.
12.59.2Background
The 250x150x16 RHS beam in S355 steel is fully restrained laterally along its length.
The design aspects covered in this example are:
Calculation of design values of actions for ULS and SLS
Cross section classification
Cross-sectional resistance:
Shear buckling
Shear
Bending moment
Resistance of web to transverse forces
Vertical deflection of beam at SLS.

Reference: SCI Publication P374;
Analysis type: static linear (3D problem);
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Depth: h = 250.0 mm
Width: b = 150.0 mm
Wall thickness: t = 16.0 mm
Second moment of area about the y-axis: Iy = 8880 cm4
Radius of gyration about the y-axis iy = 8.79 cm
Radius of gyration about the z-axis iz = 5.80 cm
Plastic modulus about the y-axis Wpl,y = 906 cm3
Cross sectional area: A = 115 cm2
421
For buildings that will be built in the UK the nominal values of the yield strength (fy) and the ultimate strength (fu) for
structural steel should be those obtained from the product standard. Where a range is given the lowest nominal value
should be used.
For S355 steel and t 16 mm:
2
Yield strength: fy = ReH = 355 N/mm
Loading
Permanent actions
Uniformly distributed load: 1 = 3
Concentrated load: 2 = 40
Variable actions
Uniformly distributed load: 1 = 3
Concentrated load: 2 = 50
The variable actions given above are not due to storage and are not independent of each other.
There are no other variable actions to be considered.
Partial factors for actions

For the design of structural members not involving geotechnical actions, the partial factors for actions to be used for
ultimate limit state strength verifications should be obtained from Table A1.2(B). Note 2 to Table A1.2(B) allows the
National Annex to specify different values for the partial factors.
Partial factor for permanent actions = 1.35
Partial factor for variable actions = 1.50
Reduction factor = 0.925
For this example the factor for the combination value of a variable action is: 0 = 0.7
Design values of combined actions for ultimate limit state

BS EN 1990 presents two methods for determining the effects due to combination of actions for the ultimate limit
state verification for the resistance of a structural member. The methods are to use expression (6.10) on its own or to
determine the less favourable of the values from expressions (6.10a) and (6.10b).
Note 1 to Table NA.A1.2(B) in the UK National Annex to BS EN 1990 allows either method to be used.
The second method using expressions (6.10a) and (6.10b) is used here. Therefore the design values are taken as
the most onerous values obtained from the following expressions:
, , + ,1 0,1 1 + , 0, (6.10a)
, , + ,1 1 + , 0, (6.10b)
Here Qi is not required as the variable actions are not independent of each other and expression 6.10b gives the
more onerous value. The design values are:
Combination of uniformly distributed loads:
,1 = 1 + 1 = (0.925 1.35 3) + (1.35 3) = 8.2 kN/m
Combination of concentrated loads:

,2 = 2 + 2 = (0.925 1.35 40) + (1.5 50) = 125 kN/m
12.59.2.2 Design bending moments and shear forces at ultimate limit state
Span of beam L = 5000 mm
Maximum value of the design bending moment occurs at the mid-span:
,1 2 ,2 8.2 52 125 5
= + = + = 182.0
8 4 8 4
Maximum design value of shear occurs at the supports:
422
,1 ,2 8.2 5 125
= + = + = 83.0
2 2 2 2
Design value of shear force at the mid-span:
,1 8.2 5
, = VEd = 83 = 62.5
2 2
The design shear force and bending moment diagrams are shown in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2
12.59.2.3 Cross section classification
235 235
= = = 0.81
355
Internal part subject to bending (web)

c = h - 3t = 250 - 3 x 16 = 202 mm
202
= = 12.63
16

The limiting value for Class 1 is 72 = 72 0.81 = 58.32

12.63 < 58.32 therefore the internal part in bending is Class 1.

Internal part subject to compression (flange)
c = b - 3t = 150 - 3 x 16 = 102 mm
102
= = 6.38
16

The limiting value for Class 1 is 33 = 33 0.81 = 26.73

6.38 < 26.73 therefore the internal part in compression is Class 1.

Therefore the section is Class 1 for bending about the y-y axis.
12.59.2.4 Partial factors for resistance

0 = 1.0
1 = 1.0
423
12.59.2.5 Cross-sectional resistance
Shear buckling
The shear buckling resistance for webs should be verified according to Section 5 of BS EN 1993-1-5 if:
72
=

= 1.0 (conservative)
= 2 = 250 2 16 = 218 mm
218
= = 13.6
16
72 72 0.81
= = 58.3
1.0
13.6 < 58.3
Therefore the shear buckling resistance of the web does not need to be verified.
Shear resistance
Verify that:

1.0
,
For plastic design, , is the design plastic shear resistance (, ).

/3
, = , =
0
is the shear area and is determined as follows for rolled RHS sections with the load applied parallel to the depth.
11500 250
= = = 7187.5 2
+ 150 + 250
/3 7187.5 355/3
, = = 103 = 1473 kN
0 1.0
Maximum design shear = 83.0
83
= = 0.06 < 1.0
, 1473
Therefore the shear resistance of the RHS is adequate.
Resistance to bending
Verify that:

1.0
,
At the point of maximum bending moment (mid-span) check whether the shear force will reduce the bending
resistance of the section.
, 1473
= = 736.5
2 2
, = 62.5 < 736.5
Therefore no reduction in bending resistance due to shear is required.
The design resistance for bending for Class 1 and 2 cross sections is:
, 906 103 355
, = , = = 106 = 322 kNm
0 1.0
424
182
= = 0.57 < 1.0
, 322
Therefore the bending resistance is adequate.

Steel Strength Work ratio - Fz Shear resistance 5.6%
Steel Strength Work ratio - Oblique Resistance to bending 56.5%

Work ratio - Fz Fz 5.63971 % 0.7091 %
Work ratio - Oblique Oblique 56.5734 % 0.1299 %
Work ratio Work Ratio 56.5734 % 0.1299 %
425
12.60 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Pin-ended column (from P374 Hollow Sections Example 2)
Test ID: 6344

Test status: Passed
12.60.1Description
The pin-ended 200x200x6.3 SHS in S355 column is subject to compression. These are the steel design results for
example 2 from P374 from the SCI.
12.60.2Background
A pin-ended, hot finished 200x200x6.3 SHS column in S355 steel is subjected to compression.
Cross-sectional resistance to axial compression
Flexural buckling resistance.

Units
Metric System
Geometry
Depth: h = 200 mm
Width: b = 200 mm
Radius of gyration: i = 7.89 cm
2
Cross sectional area: A = 48.40 cm
426
S355 steel is used. The following characteristics are used in relation to this material:
2
Yield strength fy = ReH = 355 N/mm
should be used.
12.60.2.2 Cross section classification
235 235
= = = 0.81
2 355
Internal compression parts

= 3 = 200 36.3 = 181.1
181.1
= = 28.75
6.3

The limiting value for Class 1 is
33 = 330.81 = 26.73

The limiting value for Class 2 is
38 = 380.81 = 30.78
26.73 < 28.75 < 30.78, therefore the internal compression parts are Class 2.
As b = h only one check is required; therefore the cross section is Class 2.
12.60.2.3 Partial factors for resistance

0 = 1.0
1 = 1.0
12.60.2.4 Cross-sectional resistance
Compression resistance

Verify that = 1.0 ,
,
the design resistance of the cross section to compression, is:

, = (For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross sections)
0
4840 355
, = 103 = 1718
1.0
920
= = 0.54 < 1.0
, 1718
Therefore the compressive resistance of the SHS cross section is adequate.
427
12.60.2.5 Flexural buckling resistance

Verify that = 1.0 ,
,
the design buckling resistance, is determined from:

, = (For Class 1 and 2 cross sections)
1
is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode and is determined from:
1
=
+ 2
but 1.0
Where: = 0.51 + 0.2 + 2
For hot finished SHS in S355 steel, use buckling curve a
For buckling curve a the imperfection factor = 0.21
For flexural buckling the slenderness is determined from:
1
= = (For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross sections)
1
1 = 93.9 = 93.9 0.81 = 76.1

The buckling length about both axes is = = 6000
As the cross section is square y = z
Lcr 1 6000 1
= = = 1.00
i 1 78.9 76.1
= 0.51 + 0.2 + 2 = 0.5(1 + 0.21 (1.0 0.2) + 1. 02 ) = 1.08
1 1
= = = 0.67
+ 2 2 1.08 + (1.082 1.02 )
Therefore, = 0.67
0.67 4840 355
= = 103 = 1151
1 1.0
920
= = 0.80 < 1.0
, 1151
Therefore, the flexural buckling resistance of SHS is adequate.
428

Steel Strength Work ratio - Fx Compression resistance 53%
Steel Stability Work ratio Flexural buckling 80%

Work ratio - Fx Fx 53.5593 % -0.8161 %
Work ratio Work Ratio 80.0974 % 0.1217 %
429
12.61 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Laterally unrestrained beam (from P374 Hollow Sections
Example 4)
Test ID: 6346

Test status: Passed
12.61.1Description
12.61.2Background
The design aspect covered in this example is:
Lateral torsional buckling

Units
Metric System
Geometry
Depth: h = 250.0 mm
Width: b = 150.0 mm
Second moment of area about the y-axis: Iy = 8880 cm4
Second moment of area about the z-axis: Iz = 3870 cm4
Plastic modulus about the y-axis Wpl,y = 906 cm3
St Venant torsional constant: IT = 8870 cm2
should be used.
For S355 steel and t 16 mm:
Yield strength: fy = ReH = 355 N/mm2
430
Design shear force and moments at ultimate limit state

The design shear force and bending moment diagrams at ULS are shown in the figure below:
12.61.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling

If the slenderness for lateral torsional buckling ( ) is less than or equal to ,0 the effects of lateral torsional
buckling may be neglected, and only cross-sectional verifications apply.
In the UK National Annex the value of ,0 for rolled sections is given as
,0 = 0.4
= , For class 1 or 2 cross sections.

BS EN 1993-1-1 does not give an expression for the determination of the elastic critical buckling moment for lateral
torsional buckling ( ).
Access Steel document SN003 presents expressions that may be used to determine .
The general expression for doubly symmetrical sections is:
2 2 ()2 2
= 1 2
+ + 2 2
() 2
where:
is the member length between points of lateral restraint
is the distance between the shear centre and the point of application of the transverse loading
and are effective length factors
1 & 2 are coefficients which depend on the shape of the bending moment and the end restraint conditions
= 1.0 (unless advised otherwise)
= 1.0 (for simply supported members).
()2
For RHS the effects of warping are negligible compared with the effects of torsion , so may be neglected
2
when determining .
Also, the effect of applying of the actions above or below the shear centre of the section may be neglected for RHS
sections (i.e. take = 0).

Therefore, the terms and 2 may be removed from the expression and the following simplified expression

used for RHS sections:
2 ()2
= 1 2
()2
431
For the design bending moment shown in Figure 4.2, 1 is:

1 = 1.127
2 210000 3870 104 (1 5000)2 81000 8870 104

= 1.127 = 5500 106
(1 5000)2 2 210000 3870 104
906 103 355

= = = 0.24
5500 106
Since < ,0 (0.24 < 0.4) the lateral torsional buckling effects are neglected and only cross-sectional verifications
apply.
Since the cross-sectional verifications are satisfied in Example 3, the 250 X 150 X 16 RHS in S355 steel is adequate
to be unrestrained between the supports shown in Figure 4.1.

Mcr Steel Stability Mcr 5500 kNm
Steel Stability 0.24

Mcr Mcr 5400.35 kN*m -1.8118 %
432
12.62 NTC 2008 - Italy: Verifying the lateral torsional buckling of a IPE300 beam
Test ID: 6348

Test status: Passed
12.62.1Description
The test verifies the lateral-torsional buckling of a simply supported IPE300 beam made of S235 steel.
The calculations are made according Italian standard NTC 2008.
12.62.2Background
Lateral-torsional buckling verification for an unrestrained IPE300 beam subjected to axis bending efforts, made of
S235 steel. The beam is simply supported. The beam is subjected to a uniform vertical load (10 000 N) applied
constantly on the entire length. The dead load will be neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q1 = -10kN/m;
Units
Metric System
Column length: L = 5000 mm
Cross section area: A = 5310 mm2
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy = 8356.00x104 mm
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz = 603.80x104 mm
4
Torsional moment of inertia: It = 20.12x104 mm
6
Warping inertial moment: Iw = 12.59x1010 mm
433
Yield strength fyk = 235 MPa,
Shear modulus of rigidity: G = 80800MPa
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x = 5m) restrained in translation along X and Y axis, and restrained in rotation along X
axis
Loadings
The linear load applied along the beam is equal to 10 kN/m
12.62.2.2 Reference calculation
Cross section Class

Cross-class classification is made according to table 4.2.I from NTC 2008
for beam web:
for beam flange:
434
435
Lateral torsional buckling verification

The calculations are made in order to obtain the work ratio of the analyzed element.
The work ratio of the elements calculated using the percentage of the design buckling moment resistance of the
bended element (Mb,Rd) from the designed value moment (MEd) produced by the linear force applied to the element.
The design buckling resistance of the compressed member, Mb,Rd, is calculated according to NTC 2008 Chapter
4.2.4.1.3.2.
Where:
MEd is the designed value moment
Mb,Rd is the design buckling moment resistance
The design buckling moment resistance against lateral-torsional buckling is calculated with the formula 4.2.50 from
NTC 2008:
Where:
Wy is the resistance module, which is equal to plastic module Wpl,y for section in class 1 and 2, or equal to Wel,y for
section in class 3 and it could be taken as Weff,y for section in class 4.
LT is the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling defined below
fyk is the steel yield strength
M1 is the safety coefficient taken from table 4.2.V below for elements stability
Where:
436
The coefficient LT represents the imperfection factor according the indications in the Table 4.2.VII from Chapter
4.2.4.1.3 from NTC 2008.
The coefficient can be taken as 1 (not less than 0.75 value).

The coefficient LT,0 can be taken as 0.2 or its value doesnt exceed 0.4.
The factor f consider the real distribution of the bending moment between 2 torsional restraint and it is calculated:
Where the coefficient kc depends on the load distribution according Table 4.2.VII from NTC 2008
The dimensional slenderness coefficient LT is given by the formula 4.2.52 from NTC 2008.
The elastic moment for lateral-torsional buckling calculation, Mcr is calculated as follows:
The transversal load is applied to the shear center, therefore C2zg=0 and the moment formula will be:
E Iz I w L G It
M cr = C1 +
L Iz E Iz
According to EN 1993-1-1; Chapter 2
437
Where:
allure
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
According to EN 1993-1-1 ; Chapter 3

2 210000 603.80 104
= 1.77 2
(5000 )2

12.59 1010 6 (5000)2 80800 4
2 20.12 10
4
+
603.80 104 4
2 210000 603.80 104 4
2
= 1.77 500578.44 230.92 = 204607478 = 204.60
Note:
The formula 4.2.52 defines the slenderness LT
628.4 103 3 235 /2

= = = 0.849
204607478 /
The distribution coefficient f is calculated as follows, where the coefficients kc = 0.94 from the table 4.2.VIII and LT =
0.849
2
f = 1 0.5 x (1 0.94) x [1 2.0 x (0.849 - 0.8) ] = 0.971
So the factor is defined as follows:
LT = 0.5 x [1 + 0.34 x (0.849 0.2) + 1 x 0.8492] = 0.970
1 1
LT = = 0.715 < 1
0.971 0.970+0.9702 0.8492
The design buckling moment resistance is calculated according the formula 4.2.50 in NTC 2008:
235
, = 0.71 628400 1.05 = 99.85 > = 46.88
The work ratio is calculated with formula 4.2.29:

46.88
= = 0.469 < 1 (47%)
, 99.85
438

Work Ratio Stability work ratio 0.469

XLT Reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling 0.71492 -0.0112 %
adim
Work ratio Stability work ratio 46.6197 % -0.5977 %
439
12.63 EC3 / CSN EN 1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Compressed U_profile
Test ID: 6265

Test status: Passed
12.63.1Description
Verifies the classification and the compression resistance for an UPE240 vertical beam made of steel S235.
12.63.2Background
Verification of compressed steel profile
Verifies the steel centrically compressed vertical beam made of UPE240, steel S235. The beam is supported by
hinges at both extremities and blocked to swerve perpendicularly to local z-axis of the profile at all quarters of its
length.

Reference: Manually calculated example
Dead load: g = 500 kN
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 240 mm,
Width: b = 90 mm,
440
Section area: A = 3850 mm2,

Bending moment of inertia around y-axis: Iy = 35.99*106 mm4,
6 4
Bending moment of inertia around z-axis: Iz = 3.109*10 mm ,

Radius of inertia around y-axis: = = 96.7 ,

Radius of inertia around z-axis: = = 28.4 ,
Compressed part of web: d = 185.0 mm,

Compressed part of flange: c = 68.0 mm,
Flange thickness: tf = 12.5 mm
Steel: S235, fy = 235 N/mm2
Material coefficient: M0 = M1 = 1.15
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (Z=0), hinged connection restrained to rotate around Z,
Support at end point (Z = 7.20) hinged connection,
Inner:
Support at each quarter of beam length (Z = 1.80, 3.60, 5.40), restrained to translate along Y
Loading
The beam is subjected only to axial force:
Load combinations:
NEd = 1*g = 500.0 kN
Web
d 185.0
= = 26.43 < 72 = 72.0
tw 7
Flange
cf 68.0
= = 5.44 < 10 = 10.0
tf 12.5
235
= = 1.0


Cross-section belongs to class 1
441
12.63.2.3 Verification of resistance in compression for Ultimate Limit State
Buckling lengths
Ly = L = 7200 mm,
Lz = L/4 = 1800 mm
Slenderness
1800
= = = 63.4
28.4
7200
= = = 74.5
96.7
y >z => to consider y, corresponding to buckling curve "C"
According to: CSN EN1993-1-1 Chapter 6.3.1.2(2), Table 6.2
Buckling coefficient
1 7200 1
= = = = 0.7934
1 96.7 93.9
1 = 93.9* = 93.9
235
= =1

According to: CSN EN1993-1-1 Chapter 6.3.1.3(1), Formula (6.50)
For buckling curve "C" and = 0.7934 the corresponding value is = 0.67
According to: CSN EN1993-1-1 Chapter 6.3.1.2(3), Picture 6.4
Verification of resistance in compression

0.673850235
, = = = 527.1
1 1.15
According to: CSN EN1993-1-1 Chapter 6.3.1.1(3), Formula (6.47)

1.0
,
500.0
= 0.95 < 1.0
527.1
=> Work ratio in compression is 95%

5 nodes,
1 linear element.
442

Buckling coefficient (reference value 0.67) Work ratio in compression (reference value 95%)

y Buckling coefficient corresponding to local y-axis [-] 0.67
Work ratio Work ratio in compression [%] 95 %

Xy Buckling coefficient 0.666583 -0.5100 %
adim
Work ratio Work ratio 95.7491 % 0.7885 %
443
12.64 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying critical bending moment on a IPE200 beam with
complex loading
Test ID: 6276

Test status: Passed
12.64.1Description
Verifies critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling on a IPE200 beam subject to linear loading and end moments
according to EN 1993-1-1 (French standards).
12.64.2Background
Verifies critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling on a IPE200 beam subject to linear loading and end moments
according to EN 1993-1-1 (French standards).

Section : IPE200
Material : S235
Beam length: L=4m
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=142.4 cm4
4
Torsional moment of inertia: It=7.02mm
6
Working inertial moment: Iw=13052cm
444
Boundary conditions
Beam is simply supported.
Loading
Linear loads Fz = -9 kN/ml applied on the upper flange.
End moments : My = -30kN.m at x = 0m and My = 6kN.m at x = 4m
12.64.2.2 Bending moment diagram (kN.m)
According to M.3.4 from EN 1993-1-1 (French appendix) :
M = 30kN .m
6
= = 0.2
30
q = 9kN / m
ql 9 4
= = = 0.6
8M 8 30
445
12.64.2.3 C1 calculation
C1 can be read from the curves given in Figure M.4
12.64.2.4 C2 calculation
C2 can be read from the curves given in Figure M.6
446
12.64.2.5 Mcr calculation
EI z I w L GI t
+ (C 2 z g ) C 2 z g
2
M cr = C1 +
L I z EI z
C1 = 3.75
C2 = 0.7
z g = +0.1m
Note: the linear applied on the top flange tends to increase the lateral torsional buckling effect on the critical position
(x=0m) => Zg is taken with a positive sign.
E = 210000 MPa
I z = 142.4cm4
I w = 13052cm 6
I t = 7.02cm 4
L = 4m
G = 80800 MPa
Soit :
M cr = 98.kN .m

Mcr Critical bending moment 98kN.m

Mcr Mcr 94.7469 kN*m 0.0000 %
447
12.65 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying critical moment Mcr of a beam with intermediate
restraints subject to upwards loading
Test ID: 6281

Test status: Passed
12.65.1Description
The test verifies the critical bending moment Mcr of a IPE220 beam made of S235 steel.
It ensures Advance Design uses the intermediate restraint definition from the bottom flange when the beam is subject
to forces acting upwards.
12.65.2Background
Critical bending moment verification for a restrained IPE220 beam subjected to axis bending efforts, made of S235
steel. The beam is simply supported.

Units
Metric System
Beam length: 5m
2
4 4
448
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Hinged support at start point (x = 0)
Hinged support at the end point (z = 5.00)
Elastic support at start point (x = 0) : KRY = 45 kN.m/.
Elastic support at end point (x = 5) : KRY = 45 kN.m/.
Inner: None.
Intermediate restraints
Top flange: intermediate restraints at x = 1.25m, x = 2.5m, x = 3.75m
Bottom flange: intermediate restraint at x = 2. 5m
Loading
External: Linear load From X=0.00m to X=5.00m: FZ = N = +20 000 N,
Internal: None.
449
12.65.2.2 Critical moment Mcr calculation

2 E I z k z I w (k z L )2 G I t + (C z )2 C z
M cr = C1 +
(k z L )2 k w I z E IZ
2 2 g 2 g

Where:
E is the Youngs module: E=210000N/mm2
Iz is the inertia of bending about the minor axis Z: Iz=2049 x104mm4
It is the torsional inertia: It=90700mm4
L is the distance between intermediate restraints on the compressed flange (in this case : top flange) : L =
1.25m
gravity)
C1 = 1.4815
E Iz I w L G I t
M cr = C1 +
L Iz E Iz
210000 204.90 10 8 22670 10 12 (2.50) 80800 9.04 108

M cr = 1.4815 +
(2.50) 204.9 10 8 210000 204.9 10 8
M cr = 148.68kNm

21 nodes,
1 linear element.
450

Mcr


Mcr Mcr 148.937 0.0000 %
kN*m
451
12.66 EC3 / CSN EN1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Tensioned diagonal
Test ID: 6289

Test status: Passed
12.66.1Description
Example according to "Elikov, Sokol: Ocelov konstrukce - prklady" (example 1.2).
Verifies WR in compression
12.66.2Background
Verification of tensioned steel profile
Verifies the centrically tensioned horizontal steel beam made of L90*8, steel S235. Beam is simply supported.

Reference: Martina Eliov, Zdenk Sokol: Ocelov konstrukce - Pklady (2005); Chapter 1.2
Dead load: g = 251.6 kN
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 90 mm,
Width: b = 90 mm,
2
Steel: S235, fy = 235 N/mm2
Material coefficient: M0 = 1.15
452
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (Z=0), hinged connection,
Support at end point (Z = 2.00) restrained to translate along Y and Z, restrained to rotate around X,
Inner: none
Loading
The beam is subjected only to normal force:
Load combinations:
NEd = 1*g = 251.6 kN
12.66.2.2 Verification of resistance in tension

1390 235
, = = = 284.0
0 1.15
Profile is not weakened by holes.
According to: CSN EN1993-1-1 Chapter 6.2.3(2), Formula (6.6)
251.6
= = 0.89 1.0
, 284.0
=> Work ratio in compression is 89 %
According to: CSN EN1993-1-1 Chapter 6.2.3(1)P, Formula (6.5)

Linear element: beam,
3 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio in tension (reference value 89%)

Work ratio - Fx Work ratio in tension [%] 89 %

Work ratio - Fx WR Tension 88.6418 % -0.4025 %
453
12.67 EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - United Kingdom: Simply supported laterally restrained (from P364 Open
Sections Example 2)
Test ID: 6328

Test status: Passed
12.67.1Description
The 533x210x92 UKB in S275 beam is fully laterally restrained along its length and pinned supports, includes a UDL
and point load at the centre. These are just the steel design results for example 2 from P364 from the SCI.
12.67.2Background
The 533x210x92 UKB in S275 beam is fully laterally restrained along its length and pinned supports, includes a UDL
and point load at the centre. These are just the steel design results for example 2 from P364 from the SCI.

Reference: SCI PUBLICATION P364, Steel Building Design: Worked Examples - Open Sections. In accordance with
Eurocodes and the UK National Annexes, Example 2 - Simply supported laterally restrained beam
Analysis type: static linear (plane problem)
Element type: linear
The beam shown in the figure below is fully laterally restrained along its length and has bearing lengths of 50
mm at the unstiffened supports and 75 mm under the point load. Design the beam in S275 steel for the
loading shown below.

Calculation of design values of actions for ULS and SLS
Cross sectional resistance:
Shear buckling
Shear
Bending moment
Resistance of web to transverse forces
Vertical deflection of beam at SLS.
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Depth: h = 533.1 mm
Width: b = 209.3 mm
Flange thickness: = 15.6 mm
Root radius: r = 12.7 mm
Depth between flange fillets: d = 476.5 mm
Second moment of area, y-y axis: = 55200 cm4
Plastic modulus, y-y ax: , = 2360 cm4
454
Section area: A = 117 cm2

Modulus of elasticity: = 210000 N/mm2
For buildings that will be built in the UK, the nominal values of the yield strength (fy) and the ultimate strength (fu) for
structural steel should be those obtained from the product standard. Where a range is given, the lowest nominal
value should be used.
For S275 steel and t 16 mm
Yield strength: = = 275 /2
12.67.2.2 Resistance to bending

Verify that:

1.0
,
At the point of maximum bending moment (mid-span) check whether the shear force will reduce the bending
resistance of the section.
, 909
= = 454.5
2 2
Shear force at maximum bending moment , = 62.5
, = 62.5 < 454.4

Therefore no reduction in bending resistance due to shear is required.
The design resistance for bending for Class 1 and 2 cross sections is:
, 2360 103 275
, = , = = 106 = 649 kNm
0 1.0
539.5
= = 0.83 < 1.0
, 649
Therefore the bending resistance is adequate.

Steel Strength - Work ratio - Oblique Flexural buckling resistance 83%

Work ratio - Fz Fz work ratio 29.6673 % -1.1090 %
Work ratio - Oblique work ratio 83.1471 % 0.1772 %
Oblique
455
12.68 NTC 2008 - Italy: Strenght verification of a steel linear hollow section
Test ID: 6282

Test status: Passed
12.68.1Description
Verifies the strengh of a steel linear hollow section with a point load applied on the top and a linear load applied along
the linear element, the element is fixed on the base
12.68.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel to resist bending and axial efforts.
The name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and it can be found in the Advance Design European library. The
column is fixed at its base and it is subjected to a uniformly distributed load over its height and a punctual axial load
applied on the top.

Fz = - 500 000 kN,
Fx = 5 kN/ml,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,
Width: b = 200 mm,
456
2
3
Partial factor for resistance of cross sections: .
5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Point load at z = 5.0: Fz = - 500 kN,
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fx = 5 kN/ml
Internal: None.
457
compression (Nc,Rd) and also the design plastic moment resistance (Mpl,Rd) have to be compared with the design
values of the corresponding efforts.
The design resistance for uniform compression is verified considering the relationship (4.2.4) from chapter 4.2.4.1.1
(NTC 2008), while the design plastic moment resistance is verified considering the criterion (4.2.12) from chapter
4.2.4.1.2 (NTC 2008).
Cross section class

The following results are determined according to NTC 2008: Costruzioni civili ed industriali Chapter 4.2.4.
Table 4.2.I - from Chapter 4.2.3.1 (NTC 2008), establish the rules to determine the class for compressed parts. The
considering the geometrical properties and the conditions described in Table 4.2.I
458
c b 2 r 2 t 200mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

= = = 15
t t 10mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 15 33 = 33
t
properties and the conditions described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (the above highlighted extract part subject to bending
and compression). It is also necessary to determine which portion of the web is compressed (). is determined
considering the stresses distribution on the web.
132 MPa
= = 0.832 > 0.5
1 26.63MPa
c h 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm
= = = 25
t t 10mm
235
= = 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c 396
= 25 = 40.34
t 13 1

The design resistance for uniform compression, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (4.2.11) from
NTC 2008.
Nc, Rd = A x fyk / gamma m0 = 9260 mm2 x 235 kN/mm2 / 1.05 = 2072.47 kN

The verification of the design resistance for uniform compression is done with relationship (4.2.10) from NTC 2008.
Work ratio =
Ned / Nc,Rd = 500 kN / 2072.47 kN = 0.24 < 1
459
Verifying the design plastic moment resistance

The design plastic moment resistance, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (4.2.13) from NTC 2008.
921000 mm3 x 235 kN / mm2 / 1.05 = 206125.57 kNm

62500 KNm / 206125.57 kNm = 0.3032 < 1

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio Fx
460

Work ratio Oblique

Work ratio Fx Compression resistance work ratio [%] 24.13 %
Work ratio Oblique Work ratio of the design resistance for bending 30.32 %

Work ratio - Fx Strenght work ratio Fx 24.1257 % 0.5237 %
Work ratio - Strenght work ratio - oblique 30.3209 % 1.0697 %
Oblique
461
12.69 NTC 2008 - Italy: Lateral torsional buckling verification of a steel column
Test ID: 6293

Test status: Passed
12.69.1Description
Verifies the lateral torsional buckling of a steel column with a point load applied on the top and a bending moment on
y direction and another bending moment on the x direction both applied on the top.
The column is hinged on the base and restrained in traslation on x,y direction and restrained in rotation on x axis.
12.69.2Background
has a 260x7.1mm web and 150x10.7mm flanges. The column is fixed at its base. The column is subjected to an axial
compression load -328000 N, a 10000Nm bending moment after the X axis and a 50000Nm bending moment after
the Y axis.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=--328000N N; My=50000Nm; Mx=10000Nm;
Units
Metric System
462

Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x = 5.62) restrained in translation along X and Y axis, and restrained in rotation
along Z axis,
463
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=5.62m: FZ =-328 kN; Mx=10 kNm and My=50 kNm

Cross-class classification is made according to Table 4.2 from NTC 2008 standard
464
- for beam web:

inf 45.30Mpa
= = = 0.253 > 1
sup 179.06Mpa
465
238.6 45.3
x= = 48.175
x y x+ y 238.6 224.36
= = =
45.30 179.06 45.30 + 179.06 224.36 238.6 179.06
y= = 190.73
224.36
x 190.73
= = = 0.80 > 0.5
238.6 238.6
235 235
= = = 0.924
fy 275
c 260mm 2 10.7 mm
= = 33.61 c 396 396 0.924
t 13 1 13 0 .8 1
= 0.924
-for beam flange:
150 7.1
c 2 c
= = 6.68 = 6.68 9 0.924 = 8.316 therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1
t 10.7 t
= 0.924
466

-the imperfection factor will be selected according to the Table 4.2.VI from NTC 2008 standard:
= 0.34
curve according to the formula taken from NTC 2008 standard:
1
y = 2
1 (4.2.45)
2
y + y y
467

A * fy
y =
N cr , y

E Iy 210000 N / mm 2 57943291.64mm 4
N cr , y = = = 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
l fy (5620mm)
A f y 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
y = = = 0.5956
N cr , y 3802327.95 N
[ ]
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.5956 0.2 ) + 0.5956 2 ] = 0.7446
1 1
y = = = 0.839
2 2
y + y y 0.7446 + 0.7446 2 0.5956 2 y = 0.839

y 1
468

-the imperfection factor will be selected according to the Table 4.2.VI from NTC 2008 standard:
= 0.49
according to the formula from NTC 2008 standard:
469
1
z = 2 2
1 (4.2.45)
z + z z

A* f y
z =
N cr , z

E I z 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
N cr , z = = = 395426.63 N = 395.43kN
l fz (5620mm )
A f y 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
z = = = 1.847
N cr , z 395426.63 N
[ ]
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (1.847 0.2) + 1.847 2 ] = 2.609
1 1
z = 2 2
=
2
= 0.225
2
z + z z 2.609 + 2.609 1.847 z = 0.225

z 1

E Iz I w L G It
M cr = C1 +
L Iz E Iz
According to EN 1993-1-1; Chapter 2
-where:
allure
1
C1 =
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
According to EN 1993-1-1 ; Chapter 3
470
M y ,botom 0
= = = 0 C1 = 1.77
M y ,top 50

I z (h t f )2
Iw =
4
tf flange thickness; t f = 10.7mm
6025866.46mm 4 (260mm 10.7mm )

2
Iw = = 93627638290mm 6
4
471
The calculation of the Mcr
NOTE: For the calculation of the elastic moment, I used the formula from the Eurocode 3 and not the formula from the
Circolare Ministeriale n. 917/2009, because of the distribution of the moment along the column.
Knowing the Mcr we can calculate the non-dimensional slenderness for lateral torsional buckling:
W pl , y f y 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
LT = = = 0.958
M cr 150184702.1Nmm
Calculation of the LT for appropriate non-dimensional slenderness LT according NTC 2008 standard will be determined
with this formula:
Where
The cross section buckling curve will be chose according to Table 4.2.VII from NTC 2008 standard:
h 260mm
= = 1.733 2
b 150mm
The imperfection factor will be chose according to Table 4.2.VI:
= 0.49
472
f = 1 -0.5 x (1 0.75) x [1 2.0 x (0.958 0.8)2] = 0.879
[ ( ) ]
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.958 0.2) + 0.958 ] = 1.145
1 1
LT = = = 0.564 1
LT + LT LT 1.145 + 1.145 0.958
The result is get without consider the effect of the reduction factor (with reduction factor = 0,639
The stability check for section class 1, 2 or 3 is performed checking:

7 nodes,
1 linear element.
473

474

z
475
k yy
476
k yz
477
k zy
478

k zz
479
over the Y axis
SNy
480
over the Y axis
SMyy
481
over the Y axis
SMyz
482
over the Z axis
SNz
483
over the Z axis
SMzy
484
over the Z axis
SMzz
485
Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram
allure

C1
486

Mcr
487

LT
488

y 0.839
z 0.225
k zz Internal factor, k zy 0.919
Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section 1.75
properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure
Work Ratio Stability work ratio 0.357
489

Xy Xy coefficent 0.839285 adim 0.0000 %
Xz Xz coefficent 0.224656 adim -0.1529 %
Kyy Kyy coefficent 2.47232 adim 0.0939 %
Kyz Kyz coefficent 5.26997 adim 1.3456 %
Kzy Kzy coefficent 0.525982 adim 0.0000 %
Kzz Kzz coefficent 0.948136 adim 4.1908 %
SNy SNy coefficent 0.304274 adim 4.9221 %
SMyy SMyy coefficent 1.66785 adim -0.0090 %
SMyz SMyz coefficent 1.63085 adim 1.3580 %
SNz SNy coefficent 1.13673 adim 0.5956 %
SMzy SMzy coefficent 0.354833 adim 1.3809 %
SMzz SMzz coefficent 0.29341 adim 4.7893 %
C1 C1 coefficent 1.77 adim 0.0000 %
Mcr Critical bending moment 150.166 kN*m 0.0000 %
XLT X LT coefficent 0.564654 adim 0.0000 %
490
12.70 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA France: Verifying the stability of an asymmetric I-shape subjected to
Test ID: 6303

Test status: Passed
12.70.1Description
Verifies the stability of a welded column subjected to compression and bending, made from S355 steel.
Section is an asymmetric I-shape.
The results will be compared with the ones obtained by the CTIM in their training guide EC3/1 Rsistance ultime des
sections from April 2006.
12.70.2Background
Unrestrained welded column subjected to compression and bending, made from S355 steel.
Section is an asymmetric I-shape.
The results will be compared with the ones obtained by the CTIM in their training guide EC3/1 Rsistance ultime des
sections from April 2006.

Units
Metric System
Column length: L=5m
Cross section area: A = 118cm
Elastic modulus around the y axis, Wel , y ,sup = 3701cm 4 and Wel , y ,inf = 3129cm 4
491
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Hinged support at column bottom (x = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,
Support at the end point (z = 5.00) restrained in translation along X and Y axis and restrained rotation
around Z axis.
Loading
External: Point load at column top: FZ =-390kN and My=630kN.m
Internal: None.
492
CTICM model
The model is presented in the CTICM training guide Stage EC3/1 : Rsistance ultime des sections.

-for beam web:
N Ed 0.39
=2 1 = 2 1 = 0.814
A fy 0.0118 355
c (820 2 10 2 6)
= = 131 c
t 6 42
> therefore the beam web is
42 42 0.81 t 0.67 + 0.33
= = 84.5
0.67 + 0.33 0.67 + 0.33 (0.81)
considered to be Class 4
493

494
12.70.2.3 Aeff calculation (in pure compression)

Top flange:
2
= = 1 k = 0.43
1
beff = c
c/t 19.1
p = = = 1.266 > 0.748
28.4 k 28.4 0.81 0.43
p 0.188 1.266 0.188
For p > 0.748 , = = = 0.673 (4.3)
p 1.266
beff = c = 0.673 (400 2 6 6) / 2 = 129mm
becomes
495
Web:
2
= = 1 k = 4
1
beff = bw
c/t 131
p = = = 2.847 > 0.748
28.4 k 28.4 0.81 4
p 0.188 2.847 0.188
For p > 0.748 , = = = 0.328 (4.3)
p 2.847
beff = bw = 0.328 (800 2 6) = 258mm which means 129mm for top and bottom parts
becomes
496
Bottom flange:
2
= = 1 k = 0.43
1
beff = c
c/t 14.1
p = = = 0.935 > 0.748
28.4 k 28.4 0.81 0.43
p 0.188 0.935 0.188
For p > 0.748 , = = = 0.854 (4.3)
p 0.935
beff = c = 0.854 (300 2 6 6) / 2 = 120mm
becomes
497
Total:
Aeff = A (62 10) 2 (21 10) 2 530 6 = 118 (6.2 1.0) 2 (2.1 1.0) 2 53.0 0.6 = 69.60cm
Eccentricity calculation:
becomes
Which means eccentricity: eN = 25mm.
498
12.70.2.4 Weff calculation (in pure bending)

Top flange:
2
= = 1 k = 0.43
1
beff = c
c/t 19.1
p = = = 1.266 > 0.748
28.4 k 28.4 0.81 0.43
p 0.188 1.266 0.188
For p > 0.748 , = = = 0.673 (4.3)
p 1.266
beff = c = 0.673 191 = 129mm
becomes
499
Web:
2 1
= = = 1.19 k = 5.98 (1 + 1.19) = 28.680
1 0.84
beff = bw
c/t 131
p = = = 1.066 > 0.748
28.4 k 28.4 0.81 22.68
p 0.055 (3 + ) 1.066 0.055 (3 1.19)
For p > 0.748 , = = = 0.735 (4.3)
p 1.066
beff = bw = 0.735 365 = 268mm
500
becomes
501
Bottom flange:
Bottom flange is not compressed.
Using Cross Section Tool, we get Weff:
502
12.70.2.5 Section verification

Applying formula (6.44)
N Ed M y , Ed + N Ed e Ny M z , Ed + N Ed e Nz
+ + 1
Aeff f y / M 0 Weff , y , min f y / M 0 Wef , z , min f y / M 0
With:
Aeff = 69.60cm
Weff ,min = 2700cm 3
e N = 25mm
N Ed = 390kN
M y , Ed = 630kN .m
N Ed M y , Ed + N Ed e Ny 0.390 0.630 + 0.39 0.025

+ = + = 0.825
Aeff f y / M 0 Weff , y , min f y / M 0 69.60 10 355 / 1 2700 10 6 355 / 1
4
503
12.70.2.6 Result in Advance Design

It is to be noted that Advance Design takes into account the interaction between the axial force and the bending
moment through the kyy interaction coefficient.
Therefore, the work ratio we can expect from Advance Design is:
0.390 0.630 + 0.39 0.025

4
+ 0.79 = 0.684
69.60 10 355 / 1 2700 10 6 355 / 1
Indeed:

Work ratio - Oblique Ratio of the design moment resistance to design bending resistance 68.4%
one the principal axis

504
12.71 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying IPE450 column fixed on base subjected to axial
compression and bending moment, both applied on top (ref. Test 31)
Test ID: 5731

Test status: Passed
12.71.1Description
The test verifies an IPE450 column made of S275 steel.
The column is subjected to a -1000kN compression effort and a 200kNm bending moment by the Y axis.
12.72 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying IPE600 simple supported beam, loaded with
centric compression and uniform linear efforts by Y and Z axis (ref. Test 32)
Test ID: 5732

Test status: Passed
12.72.1Description
The test verifies an IPE600 beam made of S275 steel.
The beam is subjected to a -3700kN compression force, a -10kN/m linear uniform vertical load and a -5kN/m linear
uniform horizontal load.
12.73 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying RHS300x150x9H class 1 simply supported beam,
loaded with centric compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts and a vertical punctual load
in the middle (ref. Test 36)
Test ID: 5738

Test status: Passed
12.73.1Description
The test verifies an RHS300x150x9H beam made of S275 steel.
The beam is subjected to 12 kN axial compression force, 7 kN punctual vertical load applied to the middle of the
beam and 3 kN/m linear uniform horizontal load.
12.74 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying C310x30.8 class 4 cantilever, loaded with centric
compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load applied on the
free end (ref. Test 35)
Test ID: 5737

Test status: Passed
12.74.1Description
The test verifies a C310x30.8 beam made of S355 steel.
The beam is subjected to 3.00 kN compression force, 1.80 kN punctual vertical load applied on the free end of the
beam and 1.2.kN/m linear uniform horizontal load.
505
12.75 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying IPE300 beam, simply supported, loaded with
centric compression and uniform linear efforts by Y and Z axis (ref. Test 30)
Test ID: 5730

Test status: Passed
12.75.1Description
The test verifies an IPE 300 beam made of
The beam is subjected to a 20kN compression effort, a -10kN/m uniform linear effort applied vertically and a -5kN/m
linear uniform load applied horizontal.
12.76 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a simply supported rectangular hollow section
beam subjected to torsional efforts (ref. Test 17)
Test ID: 5742

Test status: Passed
12.76.1Description
Verifies a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam made of S235 steel subjected to torsional efforts.
12.77 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying CHS323.9x6.3H class 2 beam, loaded with centric
compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle
(ref. Test 39)
Test ID: 5741

Test status: Passed
12.77.1Description
The test verifies a CHS323.9x6.3H beam made of S275 steel.
12.78 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying C310x30.8 class 3beam, loaded with centric
compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle
(ref. Test 34)
Test ID: 5734

Test status: Passed
12.78.1Description
The test verifies an C310x30.8 beam made of S235 steel.
The beam is subjected to a 12 kN compression force, 8 kN PUNCTUAL vertical load applied to the middle of the
beam and 1.5 kN/m linear uniform horizontal load.
506
shaped welded built-up beam considering the load applied on the upper flange (ref. Test 42)
Test ID: 5752

Test status: Passed
12.79.1Description
Determines the lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped welded built-up beam made of S235 steel,
considering the load applied on the upper flange. The loadings applied on the beam are: a uniformly distributed load
and 2 punctual negative bending moments applied at beam extremities.
shaped laminated beam considering the load applied on the lower flange (ref. Test 43)
Test ID: 5750

Test status: Passed
12.80.1Description
Determines the lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped laminated beam made of S235 steel, considering
the load applied on the lower flange.
12.81 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying RHS350x150x5H class 4 column, loaded with
centric compression, punctual horizontal force by Y and a bending moment, all applied to the
top (ref. Test 38)
Test ID: 5740

Test status: Passed
12.81.1Description
The test verifies a RHS350x150x5H column made of S355 steel.
The column is subjected to 680 kN compression force, 5 kN punctual horizontal load and 200 kNm bending moment,
all applied to the top.
12.82 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying CHS508x8H class 3, simply supported beam,
loaded with centric compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual
load in the middle (ref. Test 40)
Test ID: 5744

Test status: Passed
12.82.1Description
The test verifies a CHS508x8H beam made of S235 steel.
507
12.83 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying UPN300 simple supported beam, loaded with
centric compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and punctual vertical force by Z
axis (ref. Test 33)
Test ID: 5733

Test status: Passed
12.83.1Description
The test verifies an upn300 beam made of S235 steel.
The beam is subjected to 20 kN compression force, 50 kN PUNCTUAL vertical load applied to the middle of the
beam and 5kN/m linear uniform horizontal load.
12.84 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying RHS350x150x8.5H class 3 column, loaded with
centric compression, punctual lateral load and bending moment, all applied to the top of the
column (ref. Test 37)
Test ID: 5739

Test status: Passed
12.84.1Description
The test verifies a RHS350x150x8.5H column made of S275 steel.
The column is subjected to 680 kN compression force, 5 kN horizontal load applied on Y axis direction and 200 kNm
bending moment after the Y axis. All loads are applied on the top of the column.
12.85 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying a simply supported circular hollow section
element subjected to torsional efforts (ref. Test 18)
Test ID: 5743

Test status: Passed
12.85.1Description
Verifies a simply supported circular hollow section element made of S235 steel subjected to torsional efforts.
The verification is made according to Eurocode3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
shaped laminated beam considering the load applied on the lower flange (ref. Test 41)
Test ID: 5753

Test status: Passed
12.86.1Description
Determines the lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped laminated beam made of S235 steel, considering
the load applied on the lower flange. The loadings applied on the beam are: a uniformly distributed load and 2
punctual bending moments, acting opposite to each other, applied at beam extremities.
508
12.87 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Changing the steel design template for a linear element
(TTAD #12491)
Test ID: 4540

Test status: Passed
12.87.1Description
Selects a different design template for steel linear elements.
12.88 Verifying the shape sheet for a steel beam with circular cross-section (TTAD #12533)
Test ID: 4549

Test status: Passed
12.88.1Description
Verifies the shape sheet for a steel beam with circular cross-section when the lateral torsional buckling is computed
and when it is not.
12.89 Verifying the "Shape sheet" command for elements which were excluded from the specialized
calculation (TTAD #12389)
Test ID: 4529

Test status: Passed
12.89.1Description
Verifies the program behavior when the "Shape sheet" command is used for elements which were excluded from the
specialized calculation (chords).
12.90 Generating the shape sheet by system (TTAD #11471)
Test ID: 3575

Test status: Passed
12.90.1Description
Generates shape sheets by system, on a model with 2 systems.
12.91 Verifying the shape sheet results for the elements of a simple vault (TTAD #11522)
Test ID: 3612

Test status: Passed
12.91.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation. Generates the shape sheet results report.
The structure is a simple vault consisting of three steel elements (S235 material, IPEA240 cross section) with two
rigid fixed supports. The loads applied on the structure: self weight and a linear live load of -10.00kN on FZ.
509
12.92 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the cross section optimization of a steel element
(TTAD #11516)
Test ID: 3620

Test status: Passed
12.92.1Description
Verifies the cross section optimization of a steel element, according to Eurocodes 3.
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation. Generates the "Envelopes and shapes
optimization" report.
The steel bar has a IPE360 cross section, a rigid hinge support at one end and a rigid support with translation
restraints on X, Y and Z and rotation restraint on X. Two loads are applied: a punctual dead load of -1.00 kN on FZ
and a punctual live load of -40.00 kN on FZ.
12.93 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the shape sheet results for a fixed horizontal
beam (TTAD #11545)
Test ID: 3641

Test status: Passed
12.93.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation. Generates the shape sheet report for a horizontal
steel element, verifies the cross section class.
The steel element (S235 material, IPE300 cross section) has a rigid fixed support at one end and a rigid support with
translation restraints on Y and Z and rotation restraint on X at the other end. A linear live load of -10.00 kN on FX and
a punctual live load of 1000 kN on FX are applied.
12.94 Verifying the shape sheet results for a column (TTAD #11550)
Test ID: 3640

Test status: Passed
12.94.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation. Generates the shape sheet report for a vertical
steel element.
The steel element (S235 material, IPE300 cross section) has a rigid fixed support. A vertical live load of -200.00 kN is
applied.
12.95 Verifying shape sheet on S275 beam (TTAD #11731)
Test ID: 3434

Test status: Passed
12.95.1Description
Performs the steel calculation for two horizontal bars and generates the shape sheets report.
The bars have cross sections from different catalogues (1016x305x487 UKB and UKB1016x305x487). They are
made of the same material (S275); each is subjected to a -500.00 kN linear horizontal dead load and has two rigid
supports at both ends.
510
12.96 Verifying results on square hollowed beam 275H according to thickness (TTAD #11770)
Test ID: 3406

Test status: Passed
12.96.1Description
Performs the steel calculation for two vertical bars with different thicknesses and generates the shape sheets report.
The bars are made of the same material (S275 H - EN 10210-1), have rectangular hollow cross sections, but with
different thicknesses (R80*40/4.1 and R80*40/3.9). Each is subjected to a -150.00 kN vertical live load and has a
rigid support.
12.97 Verifying the calculation results for steel cables (TTAD #11623)
Test ID: 3560

Test status: Passed
12.97.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation for a steel model with cables (D4) and a static
nonlinear case. Generates the steel analysis report: data and results.
12.98 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA: Verifying the steel shape optimization when using sections from
Advance Steel Profiles database (TTAD #11873)
Test ID: 4289

Test status: Passed
12.98.1Description
Verifies the steel shape optimization when using sections from Advance Steel Profiles database. Performs the finite
elements calculation and the steel elements calculation and generates the steel shapes report.
The structure consists of columns with UKC152x152x37 cross section, beams with UKB254x146x37 cross section
and roof beams with UKB203x133x25 cross section. Dead loads and live loads are applied on the structure.
12.99 CM66 (steel design) - France: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the
roA roB method
Test ID: 3814

Test status: Passed
12.99.1Description
Verifies the buckling length for a steel portal frame with one level, using the roA roB method, according to CM66.
Generates the "Buckling and lateral-torsional buckling lengths" report.
511
12.100EC3 / EN 1993-1-1 - General: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the
kA kB method
Test ID: 3819

Test status: Passed
12.100.1Description
Verifies the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the kA kB method, according to Eurocodes 3.
12.101CM66 (steel design) - France: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the
kA kB method
Test ID: 3813

Test status: Passed
12.101.1Description
Verifies the buckling length for a steel portal frame with one level, using the kA kB method, according to CM66.
12.102EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling coefficient Xy on a class 2 section
Test ID: 4443

Test status: Passed
12.102.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel elements calculation. Verifies the buckling coefficient Xy on a
class 2 section and generates the shape sheets report.
The model consists of a vertical linear element (I26*0.71+15*1.07 cross section and S275 material) with a rigid hinge
support at the base and a rigid support with translation restraints on X and Y and rotation restraint on Z, at the top. A
punctual live load is applied.
12.103EC3 / SR EN 1993-1-1-2006 - Romania: Fire verification: verifying the work ratios after
performing an optimization for steel profiles (TTAD #11975)
Test ID: 4484

Test status: Passed
12.103.1Description
Runs the Steel elements verification and generates the "Envelopes and optimizing profiles" report in order to verify
the work ratios. The verification is performed using the EC3 norm with Romanian annex.
512
12.104EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1/NA - France: Verifying the buckling length results (TTAD #11550)
Test ID: 4481

Test status: Passed
12.104.1Description
Performs the steel calculation and verifies the buckling length results according to Eurocodes 3 - French standards.
The shape sheet report is generated.
The model consists of a vertical linear element (IPE300 cross section, S275 material) with a rigid fixed support at the
base. A punctual live load of 200.00 kN is applied.
513
13 Timber design
13.1 Modifying the "Design experts" properties for timber linear elements (TTAD #12259)
Test ID: 4509

Test status: Passed
13.1.1Description
Defines the "Design experts" properties for a timber linear element, in a model created with a previous version of the
program.
13.2 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying the units display in the timber shape sheet (TTAD
#12445)
Test ID: 4539

Test status: Passed
13.2.1Description
Verifies the Afi units display in the timber shape sheet.
13.3 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying the timber elements shape sheet (TTAD #12337)
Test ID: 4538

Test status: Passed
13.3.1Description
Verifies the timber elements shape sheet.
13.4 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Shear verification for a simply supported timber beam
Test ID: 4822

Test status: Passed
13.4.1Description
Verifies a rectangular cross section beam made from solid timber C24 to shear efforts. The verification of the shear
stresses at ultimate limit state is performed.
516
13.5 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber purlin subjected to biaxial bending and axial
compression
Test ID: 4879

Test status: Passed
13.5.1Description
Verifies the stability of a rectangular timber purlin made from solid timber C24 subjected to biaxial bending and axial
compression. The verification is made following the rules from Eurocode 5 French annex.
13.5.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 subjected to biaxial bending and
axial compression. The verification is made according to formulae (6.23) and (6.24) from EN 1995-1-1 norm.

Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test E.4;
Element type: linear;
Distance between adjacent purlins (span): d = 1.8 m.
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: CULS = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S + 0.9 x W;
Loadings from the structure: G = 550 N/m2;
2
Snow load (structure is located at an altitude < 1000m above sea level): S = 900 N/m ;
Axial compression force due to wind effect on the supporting elements: W = 15000 N;
Uniformly distributed load corresponding to the ultimate limit state combination:
2
Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S = 2092.5 N/m .
All loads will be projected on the purlin direction since its slope is 30% (17).
Simply supported purlin subjected to loadings
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.10 m,
Length: L = 3.50 m,
2
Section area: A = 0.02 m ,
b h 2 0.1 0.20 2
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, y: Wy = = = 0.000666m 3 ,
6 6
517
b 2 h 0.12 0.20
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, z: Wz = = = 0.000333m3 .
6 6
Rectangular solid timber C24 is used. The followings characteristics are used in relation to this material:
Characteristic compressive strength along the grain: fc,0,k = 21 x 106 Pa,
6
Characteristic bending strength: fm,k = 24 x 10 Pa,
10
Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 1.1 x 10 Pa,
10
Fifth percentile value of the modulus of elasticity parallel to the grain: E0,05 = 0.74 x 10 Pa,
Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z;
Support at end point (z = 3.50) restrained in translation along Y, Z and restrained in rotation along X.
Inner: None.
Loading
The purlin is subjected to the following projected loadings (corresponding to the ultimate limit state combination):
External:
Axial compressive load: N =0.9 x W = 13500 N;
Uniformly distributed load (component about y axis): qy = Cmax x d x sin17 = 2092.5 N/m2 x 1.8 m x
sin17 = 1101.22 N/m,
Uniformly distributed load (component about z axis): qz = Cmax x d x cos17 = 2092.5 N/m2 x 1.8 m x
cos17 = 3601.92 N/m,
Internal: None.
13.5.2.2 Reference results in calculating the timber purlin subjected to combined stresses
In order to verify the stability of a timber purlin subjected to biaxial bending and axial compression at ultimate limit
state, the formulae (6.23) and (6.24) from EN 1995-1-1 norm are used. Before applying these formulae we need to
determine some parameters involved in calculations like: slenderness ratios, relative slenderness ratios, instability
factors. After this, well calculate the maximum work ratio for stability verification, which represents in fact the
reference solution.
Slenderness ratios
The slenderness ratios corresponding to bending about y and z axes are determined as follows:
Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the z axis:
lc m lg 1 3.5m
z = 12 = 12 = 12 = 121.24
b b 0.1m
Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis:
lc m lg 1 3.5m
y = 12 = 12 = 12 = 60.62
h h 0.2m
Relative slenderness ratios
The relative slenderness ratios are:
Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the z axis:
518
z f c , 0,k 121.24 21 10 6 Pa
rel , z = = = 2.056
E0, 05 0.74 1010 Pa
Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis:
y f c , 0,k 60.62 21 10 6 Pa
rel , y = = = 1.028
E0,05 0.74 1010 Pa
Maximum relative slenderness ratio:
rel ,max = max(rel , z , rel , y ) = 2.056
So there is a risk of buckling because rel,max 0.3.
Instability factors
In order to determine the instability factors we need to determine the c factor. It is a factor for solid timber members
within the straightness limits defined in Section 10 from EN 1995-1-1:
c = 0.2 (according to relation 6.29 from EN 1995-1-1)
The instability factors are:
kz = 0.5 [1 + c (rel,z 0.3) + rel,z2] (according to relation 6.28 from EN 1995-1-1)
ky = 0.5 [1 + c (rel,y 0.3) + rel,y2] (according to relation 6.27 from EN 1995-1-1)
1
k c,z = (according to relation 6.26 from EN 1995-1-1)
k z + k z2 2rel , z
1
kc, y = (according to relation 6.25 from EN 1995-1-1)
k y + k y2 2rel , y
Reference solution for ultimate limit state verification

Before calculating the reference solution (the maximum work ratio for stability verification based on formulae (6.23)
and (6.24) from EN 1995-1-1) it is necessary to determine the design compressive stress, the design compressive
strength, the design bending stress, the design bending strength and some parameters involved in calculations (kmod,
M, kh, ksys, km).
Design compressive stress (induced by the axial compressive load from the corresponding ULS combination,
N):
N 13500 N
c,0,d = = = 675000 Pa
A 0.02m 2
Design bending stress about the y axis (induced by uniformly distributed load, qz):
N
My 3601.92 3.50 2 m 2
q L2 m
m,y,d = = z = = 8.2814 10 6 Pa
Wy 8 Wy 8 0.000666m 3
Design bending stress about the z axis (induced by uniformly distributed load, qy):
N
2 1101.22 3.50 2 m 2
M z qy L m
m,z,d = = = = 5.0638 10 6 Pa
Wz 8 Wz 8 0.000333m 3
Modification factor for duration of load (instantaneous action) and moisture content (service class 2):
kmod = 1.1 (according to table 3.1 from EN 1995-1-1)
Partial factor for material properties:
519
M = 1.3
Depth factor (the height of the cross section in bending is bigger than 150 mm):
kh = 1.0
System strength factor:
ksys = 1.0 (because several equally spaced similar members are subjected by an uniformly distributed load)
Design compressive strength:
k mod 1.1
fc,0,d = f c , 0,k = 21 10 6 = 17.769 10 6 Pa
M 1.3
Design bending strength:
k mod 1.1
fm,y,d = fm,z,d = f m ,k k sys k h = 24 10 6 1.0 1.0 = 20.308 10 6 Pa
M 1.3
Maximum work ratio for stability verification based on formulae (6.23) and (6.24) from EN 1995-1-1:
c , 0,d m , y ,d
+ + k m m , z ,d
k c , y f c , 0,d f m , y ,d f m , z ,d
max 1
c , 0,d + k m , y ,d + m , z ,d
k c , z f c , 0,d m
f m , y ,d f m , z ,d


6 nodes,
1 linear element.
520
Instability factor, kcy
Simply supported purlin subjected to biaxial bending and axial compression

Kc,y
Instability factor, kcz

Kc,z
Maximum work ratio for stability verification

Work ratio [%]

Kc,y Instability factor, kc,y 0.67
Kc,z Instability factor, kc,z 0.21
Work ratio Maximum work ratio for stability verification [%] 71.1 %

Kc,y Instability factor, kc,y 0.665025 adim 0.0000 %
Kc,z Instability factor, kc,z 0.212166 adim 0.0000 %
Work ratio Maximum work ratio for stability verification 70.6586 % -0.6208 %
521
13.6 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber purlin subjected to oblique bending
Test ID: 4878

Test status: Passed
13.6.1Description
Verifies a rectangular timber purlin made from solid timber C24 to resist oblique bending. The verification is made
following the rules from Eurocode 5 French annex.
13.6.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 subjected to oblique bending. The
verification of the bending stresses at ultimate limit state is performed.

Distance between adjacent purlins (span): d = 1.8 m.
Snow load (structure is located at an altitude < 1000m above sea level): S = 900 N/m2;
2
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S = 2092.5 N/m ;
All loads will be projected on the purlin direction since the roof slope is 17.
Simply supported purlin subjected to loadings
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Purlin cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.10 m,
Length: L = 3.5 m,
2
Section area: A = 0.02 m ,
b h 2 0.1 0.20 2
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, y: Wy = = = 0.000666m 3 ,
6 6
b 2 h 0.12 0.20
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, z: Wz = = = 0.000333m3 .
6 6
522
Rectangular solid timber C24 is used. The following characteristics are used in relation to this material:
Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z=0) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z;
Support at end point (z = 3.5) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z and restrained in rotation along X.
Inner: None.
Loading
The purlin is subjected to the following projected loadings (at ultimate limit state):
External:
Uniformly distributed load (component about y axis): qy = Cmax x d x sin17 = 2092.5 N/m2 x 1.8 m x
sin17 = 1101.22 N/m,
Uniformly distributed load (component about z axis): qz = Cmax x d x cos17 = 2092.5 N/m2 x 1.8 m x
cos17 = 3601.92 N/m,
Internal: None.
13.6.2.2 Reference results in calculating the timber purlin subjected to oblique bending
In order to verify the timber purlin subjected to oblique bending at ultimate limit state, the formulae (6.17) and (6.18)
from EN 1995-1-1 norm are used. Before using them, some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod, M, kh, ksys,
km, have to be determined. After this, the reference solution (which includes the design bending stress about y axis,
the design bending stress about z axis and the maximum work ratio for strength verification) is calculated.

Before calculating the reference solution (design bending stress about y axis, design bending stress about z axis and
maximum work ratio for strength verification) it is necessary to determine some parameters involved in calculations
(kmod, M, kh, ksys, km).
Modification factor for duration of load (short term) and moisture content:
M = 1.3
kh = 1.0
Factor considering re-distribution of bending stresses in a cross-section (for rectangular sections):
km = 0.7
Design bending stress about y axis (induced by uniformly distributed load, qz):
N
My 3601.92 3.5 2 m 2
q L2 m
m,y,d = = z = 3
= 8.2814 10 6 Pa
Wy 8 Wy 8 0.000666m
Design bending stress about z axis (induced by uniformly distributed load, qy):
N
2 1101.22 3.5 2 m 2
M z qy L m
m,z,d = = = 3
= 5.0638 10 6 Pa
Wz 8 Wz 8 0.000333m
523

k mod 0 .9
fm,y,d = fm,z,d = f m ,k k sys k h = 24 10 6 1.0 1.0 = 16.615 10 6 Pa
M 1.3
Maximum work ratio for strength verification; it represents the maximum value between the work ratios
obtained with formulae 6.17 and 6.18 from EN 1995-1-1 norm:
m , y , d
+ k m m , z ,d
f m , y ,d f m , z ,d
max 1
k m , y , d + m , z , d
m f m , y ,d f m , z ,d


5 nodes,
1 linear element.
Stress SMy diagram
Simply supported purlin subjected to uniformly distributed load, qz

Stress SMy [Pa]
Stress SMz diagram
Simply supported purlin subjected to uniformly distributed load, qz

Stress SMz [Pa]
524
Maximum work ratio for strength verification
Strength of a simply supported purlin subjected to oblique bending

Work ratio [%]

Smy Design bending stress about y axis [Pa] 8281441 Pa
SMz Design bending stress about z axis [Pa] 5063793 Pa
Work ratio Maximum work ratio for strength verification [%] 71.2 %

Stress SMy Design bending stress about y axis 8.47672e+00 0.0000 %
6 Pa
Stress SMz Design bending stress about z axis 5.18319e+00 0.0000 %
6 Pa
Work ratio Maximum work ratio for strength verification 71.153 % 0.0000 %
525
13.7 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber column subjected to tensile forces
Test ID: 4693

Test status: Passed
13.7.1Description
Verifies the tensile resistance of a rectangular cross section column (fixed at base) made from solid timber C24.
13.7.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of the tension resistance for a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24. The
verification is made according to formula (6.1) from EN 1995-1-1 norm.

Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test A;
Column with fixed base
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 0.122 m,
Width: b = 0.036m,
Section area: A = 43.92 x 10-4 m2
-6 4
I = 5.4475 x 10 m .
526
6
Characteristic tensile strength along the grain: ft,0,k = 14 x 10 Pa,
Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions:
Outer:
Fixed at base (z = 0),
Free at top (z = 5),
Inner: None.
Loading
External: Point load at z = 5: Fz = N = 10000 N,
Internal: None.
13.7.2.2 Reference results in calculating the timber column subjected to tension force
Reference solution
The reference solution is determined by formula (6.1) from EN 1995-1-1. Before applying this formula we need to
determine some parameters involved in calculations (kmod, M, kh). After this, the design tensile stress, the design
tensile strength and the corresponding work ratio are calculated.
Modification factor for duration of load and moisture content: kmod = 0.9
Partial factor for material properties: M = 1.3
Depth factor (h represents the width, because the element is tensioned):
150 0.2

kh = min h
1.3

Design tensile stress (induced by the ultimate limit state force, N):
N
t,0,d =
A
Design tensile strength:
k mod
ft,0,d = f t , 0,k kh
M
Work ratio:
t , 0,d
SFx = 1.0 (according to relation 6.1 from EN 1995-1-1)
f t , 0,d

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
527
Work ratio SFx diagram
Column with fixed base, subjected to tension force

Work ratio SFx

t,0,d Design tensile stress [Pa] 2276867.03 Pa
SFx Work ratio [%] 18 %

Stress SFx Design tensile stress 2.27687e+006 Pa 0.0000 %
528
13.8 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-2 - France: Verifying the residual section of a timber column exposed to
fire for 60 minutes
Test ID: 4896

Test status: Passed
13.8.1Description
Verifies the residual cross section of a column exposed to fire for 60 minutes. The column is made from glued
laminated timber GL24 and it has only 3 faces exposed to fire. The verification is made according to chapter 4.2.2
(Reduced cross section method) from EN 1995-1-2 norm.
13.8.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of the cross sectional resistance for a rectangular cross section, which is made from glued
laminated timber GL24, exposed to fire for 60 minutes on 3 faces. The verification is made according to chapter 4.2.2
from EN 1995-1-2 norm.

Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test F.1;
Timber column with fixed base
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Depth: h = 0.60 m,
Width: b = 0.20 m,
Section area: A = 0.12 m2
Height: H = 5.00 m
529
Glued laminated timber GL24 is used. The following characteristics are used in relation to this material:
Density: = 380 kg/m3,
Design charring rate: n = 0.7 x 10-3 m/min,
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Fixed at base (Z = 0),
Support at top (Z = 5.00) restrained in translation along X and Y,
Inner: None.
Loading
External: Point load at Z = 5.00: Fz = N = - 100000 N,
Internal: None.
13.8.2.2 Reference results in calculating the cross sectional resistance of a timber column exposed to
fire
Reference solution
The reference solution (residual cross section) is determined by reducing the initial cross section dimensions by the
effective charring depth according to chapter 4.2.2 from EN 1995-1-2. Before calculating the effective charring depth
we need to determine some parameters involved in calculations (dchar,n, k0, d0).
Depth of layer with assumed zero strength and stiffness: d0 = 7 x 10-3 m;
Coefficient depending of fire resistance time and also depending if the members are protected or not:
k0 = 1.0 (according to table 4.1 from EN 1995-1-2)
Notional design charring depth:
3 m
dchar,n = n t = 0.7 10 60 min = 0.042m (according to relation 3.2 from EN 1995-1-2)
min
Effective charring depth:
def = dchar,n + k 0 d 0
Residual cross section:

Afi = (h def ) (b 2 def )

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
530
Residual cross section
Column with fixed base exposed to fire for 60 minutes

Afi

Afi Residual cross section [m2] 0.056202 m2

Afi Residual cross section 0.056202 m 0.0000 %
531
13.9 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-2 - France: Verifying the fire resistance of a timber purlin subjected to
simple bending
Test ID: 4901

Test status: Passed
13.9.1Description
Verifies the fire resistance of a rectangular cross section purlin made from solid timber C24 to resist simple bending.
The purlin is exposed to fire on 3 faces for 30 minutes. The verification is made according to chapter 4.2.2 (Reduced
cross section method) from EN 1995-1-2 norm.
13.9.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of the fire resistance for a rectangular cross section purlin made from solid timber C24 to resist
simple bending. The purlin is exposed to fire on 3 faces for 30 minutes (the top of the purlin is not exposed to fire).
Verification of the bending stresses corresponding to frequent combination of actions is realised.
Chapter 1.1.1.3 presents the results obtained with the theoretical background explained at chapter 1.1.1.2.

Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test F.2;
Loadings from the structure: G = 500 N/m2,
Snow load: S = 700 N/m2,
Frequent combination of actions: CFQ = 1.0 x G + 0.5 x S = 850 N/m2
Purlin with 3 supports
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.075 m,
Length: L = 3.30 m,
Distance between adjacent purlins (span): d = 1.5 m,
-3 2
Section area: A = 15.0 x 10 m ,
532
Rectangular solid timber C24 is used.The following characteristics are used in relation to this material:
6
Density: = 350 kg/m3,
Design charring rate (softwood): n = 0.8 x 10-3 m/min,
Service class 1.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (X = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,
Support at middle point (X = 3.30) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,
Support at end point (X = 6.60) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z and restrained in rotation along
X.
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = CFQ x d = 850 N/m2 x 1.5 m = 1275 N/m,
Internal: None.
13.9.2.2 Reference results in calculating the fire resistance of a timber purlin subjected to simple
bending
In order to verify the fire resistance for a timber purlin subjected to simple bending it is necessary to determine the
residual cross section. After this, the formulae (6.17) and (6.18) from EN 1995-1-1 norm are used. Before using them,
some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod,fi, M,fi, kfi, km, have to be determined.
Residual cross section

The residual cross section is determined by reducing the initial cross section dimensions by the effective charring
depth according to chapter 4.2.2 from EN 1995-1-2. Before calculating the effective charring depth we need to
determine some parameters involved in calculations (dchar,n, k0, d0).
Depth of layer with assumed zero strength and stiffness: d0 = 7 x 10-3 m;
Coefficient depending of fire resistance time and also depending if the members are protected or not:
k0 = 1.0 (according to table 4.1 from EN 1995-1-2)
Notional design charring depth:
m
dchar,n = n t = 0.8 10 3 30 min = 0.024m (according to relation 3.2 from EN 1995-1-2)
min
Effective charring depth:
def = d char ,n + k 0 d 0
Residual cross section:
Afi = hef bef = (h d ef ) (b 2 d ef )
Reference solution for frequent combination of actions

Before calculating the reference solution (maximum work ratio for fire verification based on formulae (6.17) and (6.18)
from EN 1995-1-1 norm) it is necessary to determine the design bending stress (taking into account the residual
cross section), the design bending strength and some parameters involved in calculations (kmod,fi, M,fi, kfi).
533
Modification factor in case of a verification done with residual section:

kmod,fi = 1.0 (according to paragraph 5 from chapter 4.2.2 from EN 1995-1-2)
Partial safety factor for timber in fire situations:
M,fi = 1.0
Factor kfi, taken from table 2.1 (EN 1995-1-2):
kfi = 1.25 (for solid timber)
Factor considering re-distribution of bending stresses in a cross-section (for rectangular sections) according
to paragraph 2 from chapter 6.1.6 (EN 1995-1-1):
km = 0.7
Design bending stress (taking into account the residual cross section):
My 6 M y
m,d = = 2
Wy bef hef
The picture below shows the bending moment diagram (kNm). My from the above formula represents the
maximum bending moment achieved from frequent combination of actions.
Design bending strength (for fire situation):

k mod, fi 1.0
fm,d,fi = k fi f m ,k = 1.25 24 10 6 = 30 10 6 Pa
M , fi 1.0
Work ratio according to formulae 6.17 from EN 1995-1-1 norm (considering that the axial effort, as well as the
bending moment about z axis, are null):
m ,d
1.0
f m ,d
Work ratio according to formulae 6.18 from EN 1995-1-1 norm (considering that the axial effort, as well as the
bending moment about z axis, are null):
m ,d
km 1.0
f m ,d
Maximum work ratio for bending verification for fire situation:
m ,d
WR = max m ,d ; k m m ,d
100 = f 100
f m ,d f m ,d m ,d

8 nodes,
1 linear element.
534
Residual cross-section area
Simply supported beam subjected to bending (fire situation)

Residual area [m2]
Design bending stress taking into account the residual cross-section

Design bending stress for residual cross-section [Pa]
Maximum work ratio for bending verification (fire situation)

Work ratio [%]
535

2
Afi Residual area [m ] 0.002197 m2
Stress Design bending stress for residual cross-section [Pa] 27568524 Pa
Work ratio Maximum work ratio for fire verification [%] 91.9 %

Afi Residual area 0.002197 m 0.0000 %
Stress Design bending stress for residual cross-section 2.75626e+00 0.0000 %
7 Pa
Work ratio Maximum work ratio for fire verification 91.8752 % 0.0000 %
536
13.10 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber column subjected to compression forces
Test ID: 4823

Test status: Passed
13.10.1Description
Verifies the compressive resistance of a rectangular cross section column (hinged at base) made from solid timber
C18.
13.10.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of the compressive resistance for a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C18. The

Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test B;
Simply supported column
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Column cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 0.15 m,
Width: b = 0.10 m,
Section area: A = 15.0 x 10-3 m2
537
Service class 1.
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions:
Outer:
Support at base (z=0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,
Support at top (z = 3.2) restrained in translation along X, Y and restrained in rotation along Z.
Inner: None.
Loading
External: Point load at z = 3.2: Fz = N = -20000 N,
Internal: None.
13.10.2.2 Reference results in calculating the timber column subjected to compression force
The formula (6.35) from EN 1995-1-1 is used in order to verify a timber column subjected to compression force.
Before applying this formula we need to determine some parameters involved in calculations, such as: slenderness
ratios, relative slenderness ratios, instability factors. After this, the reference solution is calculated. This includes: the
design compressive stress, the design compressive strength and the corresponding work ratio.
Slenderness ratios
The most important slenderness is calculated relative to the z axis, as it will be the axis of rotation if the column
buckles.
lc m lg 1 3.2m
z = 12 = 12 = 12 = 110.85
b b 0.1m
Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis (informative):
lc m lg 1 3.2m
y = 12 = 12 = 12 = 73.9
h h 0.15m
z f c , 0,k m l g 12 f c , 0,k 1 3.2m 12 18 10 6 Pa

rel , z = = = = 1.933
E0,05 b E0,05 0.1m 0.6 1010 Pa
Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis (informative):
y f c , 0,k m l g 12 f c , 0,k 1 3.2m 12 18 10 6 Pa

rel , y = = = = 1.288
E0,05 h E0,05 0.15m 0.6 1010 Pa
So there is a risk of buckling, because rel,max 0.3.
Instability factors
538
ky = 0.5 [1 + c (rel,y 0.3) + rel,y2] (informative)

1
kc,z = (according to relation 6.26 from EN 1995-1-1)
k z + k z2 2rel , z
1
kc, y = (informative)
k y + k y2 2rel , y
Reference solution
Before calculating the reference solution (design compressive stress, design compressive strength and work ratio) we
need to determine some parameters involved in calculations (kmod, M).
Modification factor for duration of load (medium term) and moisture content:
Partial factor for material properties: M = 1.3
Design compressive stress (induced by the applied forces):
N
c,0,d =
A
k mod
fc,0,d = f c , 0,k
M
Work ratio:
c , 0,d
Work ratio = 1.0 (according to relation 6.35 from EN 1995-1-1)
k c , z f c , 0,d

4 nodes,
1 linear element.
539
Work ratio diagram
Simply supported column subjected to compression force

Work ratio

kc,z Instability factor 0.2400246
kc,y Instability factor (informative) 0.488869
c,0,d Design compressive stress [Pa] 1333333 Pa
Work ratio Work ratio [%] 50 %

Kc,z Instability factor 0.240107 adim 0.0000 %
Kc,y Instability factor 0.488612 adim 0.0000 %
Stress SFx Design compressive stress 1.33333e+006 Pa 0.0000 %
540
13.11 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber beam subjected to combined bending and
axial tension
Test ID: 4872

Test status: Passed
13.11.1Description
Verifies a rectangular cross section rafter made from solid timber C24 to resist combined bending and axial tension.
The verification of the cross-section subjected to combined stresses at ultimate limit state, as well as the verification
of the deflections at serviceability limit state are performed.
13.11.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 to resist simple bending and axial
tension. The verification of the deflections at serviceability limit state is also performed.

Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test E;
Distance between adjacent rafters (span): d = 0.5 m.
2
Loadings from the structure: G = 450 N/m ;
2
Snow load (structure is located at an altitude > 1000m above sea level): S = 900 N/m ;
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S = 1957.5 N/m2;
Characteristic combination of actions: CCQ = 1.0 x G + 1.0 x S;
Quasi-permanent combination of actions: CQP = 1.0 x G + 0.2 x S.
All loads will be projected on the rafter direction since its slope is 50% (26.6).
Simply supported rafter subjected to projected loadings
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.05 m,
Length: L = 5.00 m,
-3 2
Section area: A = 10 x 10 m ,
b h 2 0.05 0.20 2
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis y: Wy = = = 0.000333m 3 .
6 6
541
Characteristic tensile strength along the grain: ft,0,k = 14 x 106 Pa,
6
Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z=0) restrained in translation along Y, Z and restrained in rotation along X.
Support at end point (z = 5.00) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z.
Inner: None.
Loading
The rafter is subjected to the following projected loadings (at ultimate limit state):
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Cmax x d x cos26.6 = 1957.5 N/m2 x 0.5 m x cos26.6 = 875.15 N/m,
Tensile load component: N = Cmax x d x sin26.6 x L = 1957.5 N/m2 x 0.5m x sin26.6 x 5.00m =
= 2191.22 N
Internal: None.
13.11.2.2 Reference results in calculating the timber beam subjected to combined stresses
In order to verify the timber beam subjected to combined stresses at ultimate limit state, the formulae (6.17) and
(6.18) from EN 1995-1-1 norm are used. Before using them, some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod, M,
kh, ksys, km, must be determined. After this the reference solution, which consists of the design tensile stress, the
design tensile strength and the corresponding work ratio and also the work ratios of the combined stresses, is
calculated.
A verification of the deflections at serviceability limit state is done. The verification is performed by comparing the
effective values with the limiting values for deflections specified in EN 1995-1-1 norm.

Before calculating the reference solution (the design tensile stress, the design tensile strength and the corresponding
work ratio, and also the work ratios of the combined stresses) it is necessary to determine some parameters involved
in calculations (kmod, M, kh, ksys, km).
M = 1.3
Depth factor (h represents the width in millimeters because the element is tensioned):
150 0.2 150 0.2

1.25
kh = min h = min 50 = min = 1.25
1.3 1.3 1.3

km = 0.7
Design tensile stress (induced by the ultimate limit state force, N):
542
N 2191.22 N
t,0,d = = = 219122 Pa
A 10 10 3 m 2
Design tensile strength:
k mod 0.9
ft,0,d = f t , 0,k k h = 14 10 6 1.25 = 12.115 10 6 Pa
M 1.3
Work ratio:
t , 0,d
SFx = 1.0 (according to relation 6.1 from EN 1995-1-1)
f t , 0,d
Design bending stress (induced by the applied forces):
N
My 6 875.15 5.00 2 m 2
6 q L2 m
m,y,d = = = = 8.2045 10 6 Pa
Wy 8 b h 2 2
8 0.05m 0.2 m 2

k mod 0.9
fm,y,d = f m ,k k sys k h = 24 10 6 1.0 1.0 = 16.615 10 6 Pa
M 1.3
Work ratio according to formulae 6.17 from EN 1995-1-1 norm:
t , 0 ,d m , y ,d m , z ,d
+ + km 1
f t , 0 ,d f m , y ,d f m , z ,d
t , 0 ,d m , y ,d m , z ,d
+ km + 1
f t , 0 ,d f m , y ,d f m , z ,d
Reference solution for serviceability limit state verification

The following limiting values for instantaneous deflection (for a base variable action), final deflection and net
deflection are considered:
L
winst (Q)
300
L
w fin
125
L
wnet , fin
200
For the analyzed beam, no pre-camber is considered (wc = 0). The effective values of deflections are:
Instantaneous deflection (for a base variable action):
L
winst (Q) = 0.00914m winst (Q) =
547.05
Instantaneous deflection (calculated for a characteristic combination of actions - CCQ):
L
winst = d CQ = 0.01371m winst =
364.7
In order to determine the creep deflection (calculated for a quasi-permanent combination of actions - CQP), the
deformation factor (kdef) has to be chosen:
543
k def = 0.8 (value determined for service class 2, according to table 3.2 from EN 1995-1-1)
L
wcreep = 0.8 d QP = 0.8 0.0064m = 0.00512m wcreep =
976.6
Final deflection:
L
w fin = winst + wcreep = 0.01371m + 0.00512m = 0.01883m w fin =
265.5
Net deflection:
L
wnet , fin = w fin + wc = 0.01883m + 0m = 0.01883m wnet , fin =
265.5
6 nodes,
1 linear element.
SFx work ratio diagram
Simply supported beam subjected to tensile forces

Work ratio SFx
Strength work ratio diagram
Simply supported beam subjected to combined stresses

Strength work ratio
Instantaneous deflection winst(Q)
Simply supported beam subjected to snow loads

Instantaneous deflection winst(Q) [m]
544
Instantaneous deflection winst(CQ)
Simply supported beam subjected to a characteristic load combination of actions

Instantaneous deflection winst(CQ) [m]
Final deflection wfin
Simply supported beam subjected to characteristic load combination of actions

Net deflection wnet,fin
Simply supported beam subjected to characteristic load combination of actions


SFx SFx work ratio [%] 1.808 %
Strength work ratio Work ratio (6.17) [%] 51.19 %
winst (Q) Deflection for a base variable action [m] 0.00914 m
dCQ Deflection for a characteristic combination of actions [m] 0.01371 m
winst Instantaneous deflection [m] 0.01371 m
kdef Deformation coefficient 0.8
dQP Deflection for a quasi-permanent combination of actions [m] 0.0064 m
wfin Final deflection [m] 0.01883 m
wnet,fin Net deflection [m] 0.01883 m
545

Work ratio SFx SFx work ratio 1.81483 % 0.3778 %
Work ratio Strength work ratio 51.1941 % 0.0000 %
D w_inst(Q) 0.00914038 m 0.0000 %
D deflection for a characteristic combination 0.0137106 m 0.0000 %
Winst instantaneous deflection 0.0137105 m 0.0000 %
Kdef deformation coefficient 0.8 adim 0.0000 %
D deformation for a quasi-permanent combination 0.00639828 m 0.0000 %
Wfin final deflection 0.0188291 m 0.0000 %
Wnet,fin net final deflection 0.0188291 m 0.0000 %
546
13.12 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying lateral torsional stability of a timber beam subjected
to combined bending and axial compression
Test ID: 4877

Test status: Passed
13.12.1Description
Verifies the lateral torsional stability for a rectangular timber beam subjected to combined bending and axial
compression. The verification is made following the rules from Eurocode 5 French annex.
13.12.2Background
Verifies the lateral torsional stability of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 subjected to simple
bending (about the strong axis) and axial compression.

Distance between adjacent rafters (span): d = 0.5 m.
Snow load (structure is located at an altitude < 1000m above sea level): S = 900 N/m2;
2
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S = 1957.5 N/m ;
All loads will be projected on the rafter direction, since its slope is 50% (26.6).
Simply supported rafter subjected to projected loadings
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.05 m,
Length: L = 5.00 m,
-3 2
Section area: A = 10 x 10 m ,
b h 2 0.05 0.20 2
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, y: Wy = = = 0.000333m 3 .
6 6
547
6
10
10
Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation along Y, Z and restrained in rotation along X.
Support at end point (z = 5.00) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z.
Inner: None.
Loading
The rafter is subjected to the following projected loadings (at ultimate limit state):
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Cmax x d x cos26.6 = 1957.5 N/m2 x 0.5 m x cos26.6 = 875.15 N/m,
Compressive load component: N = Cmax x d x sin26.6 x L = 1957.5 N/m2 x 0.5m x sin26.6 x 5.00m =
= 2191.22 N
Internal: None.
13.12.2.2 Reference results in calculating the timber beam subjected to combined stresses
In order to verify the lateral torsional stability of a timber beam subjected to combined stresses at ultimate limit state,
the formula (6.35) from EN 1995-1-1 norm is used. Before applying this formula we need to determine some
parameters involved in calculations like: slenderness ratios, relative slenderness ratios, instability factors. After this,
we calculate the reference solution which includes: the design compressive stress, the design bending stress and the
work ratio based on formula (6.35) from EN 1995-1-1.
Slenderness ratios
In professional practice the slenderness ratio is limited to 120. The slenderness ratios corresponding to bending
about y and z axes are determined as follows:
lc m lg 1 5m
z = 12 = 12 = 12 = 346.4
b b 0.05m
It is necessary to reduce the buckling length about the z axis, because z exceeded the value 120. A restraint
is placed in each tierce of the rafter, so that the slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the z axis
become:
lc m lg 11.667 m
z = 12 = 12 = 12 = 115.5 < 120
b b 0.05m
Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis:
lc m lg 1 5m
y = 12 = 12 = 12 = 86.6
h h 0.2m
548
z f c , 0,k 115.5 2110 6 Pa

rel , z = = = 1.958
E0,05 0.74 1010 Pa
Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis:
y f c , 0 ,k 86.6 21 10 6 Pa
rel , y = = = 1.468
E0,05 0.74 1010 Pa
Maximum relative slenderness ratio:
rel ,max = max(rel , z , rel , y ) = 1.958
So there is a risk of buckling because rel,max 0.3.
Relative slenderness for bending

The effective length of the beam and the critical bending stress must be determined before calculating the relative
slenderness for bending.
Effective length of the beam; its calculation is made according to table 6.1 from EN 1995-1-1 and it is based
on the loading type and support conditions. The effective length is increased by 2h because the load is
applied at the compressed fiber of the beam:
leff = 0.9 l + 2 h = 0.9 5.0m + 2 0.2m = 4.9m
Critical bending stress (determined according to formula 6.32 from EN 1995-1-1):
0.78 b 2 E0.05 0.78 0.052 m 2 0.74 1010 Pa

m,y,crit = = = 14.724 106 Pa
h lef 0.2m 4.9m
Relative slenderness for bending (determined according to formula 6.30 from EN 1995-1-1):
f m ,k 24 106 Pa
rel,m = = = 1.277
m,crit 14.724 106 Pa
Instability factors
ky = 0.5 [1 + c (rel,y 0.3) + rel,y2] (according to relation 6.27 from EN 1995-1-1)
1
kc,z = (according to relation 6.26 from EN 1995-1-1)
k z + k z2 2rel , z
1
kc, y = (according to relation 6.25 from EN 1995-1-1)
k y + k y2 2rel , y

Before calculating the reference solution (the design compressive stress, the design bending stress and the work
ratio based on formula (6.35) from EN 1995-1-1) it is necessary to determine some parameters involved in
calculations (kmod, M, kh, ksys, km, kcrit).
549
M = 1.3
kh = 1.0
Factor which takes into account the reduced bending strength due to lateral buckling:
Kcrit = 1.56 0.75rel,m (because 0.75 < rel,m < 1.4)
Design compressive stress (induced by the compressive component, N):
N 2191.22 N
c,d = = = 219122 Pa
A 10 10 3 m 2
k mod 0.9
fc,0,d = f c , 0,k = 2110 6 = 14.538 10 6 Pa
M 1.3
Design bending stress (induced by uniformly distributed load, q):
N
My 875.15 5.00 2 m 2
q L2 m
m,d = = = 3
= 8.213 10 6 Pa
Wy 8 Wy 8 0.000333m
k mod 0.9
fm,y,d = f m ,k k sys k h = 24 10 6 1.0 1.0 = 16.615 10 6 Pa
M 1.3
Work ratio according to formula 6.35 from EN 1995-1-1 norm:
2
m ,d c ,d
+ 1
k f k c , z f c , 0 ,d
crit m , y ,d
6 nodes,
1 linear element.
550
Stress SFx diagram
Simply supported rafter subjected to compressive component of the applied forces

Stress SFx [Pa]
Stress SMy diagram
Simply supported rafter subjected to uniformly distributed loads

Stress SMy [Pa]
Lateral-torsional stability work ratio
Stability of a simply supported rafter subjected to combined stresses

Work ratio [%]

SFx Design compressive stress [Pa] 219122 Pa
SMy Design bending stress [Pa] 8212744 Pa
kcrit Kcrit factor 0.602
Work ratio Lateral-torsional stability work ratio [%] 76 %

Stress SFx Design compressive stress 219124 Pa 0.0000 %
Stress SMy Design bending stress 8.20519e+00 0.0000 %
6 Pa
Kcrit kcrit factor 0.592598 0.0000 %
adim
Work ratio Work ratio according to formula 6.35 0.759538 0.0000 %
adim
551
13.13 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a C24 timber beam subjected to shear force
Test ID: 5036

Test status: Passed
13.13.1Description
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 to resist shear. The verification of
the shear stresses at ultimate limit state is performed.
13.13.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 to resist shear. The verification of
the shear stresses at ultimate limit state is performed.

Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test D;
Loadings from the structure: G = 0.5 kN/m2,
Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = 1.5 kN/m2,
2
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x Q = 2.925 kN/m
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Beam cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 0.225 m,
Width: b = 0.075 m,
Length: L = 5.00 m,
Distance between adjacent beams (span): d = 0.5 m,
-3 2
Characteristic shear strength: fv,k = 2.5 x 106 Pa,
Service class 1.
552
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z=0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Cmax x d = 2.925 kN/m2 x 0.5 m = 1.4625 kN/m,
Internal: None.
13.13.2.2 Reference results in calculating the timber beam subjected to uniformly distributed loads
In order to verify the timber beam shear stresses at ultimate limit state, the formula (6.13) from EN 1995-1-1 norm is
used. Before using it, some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod, kcr, M, kf, beff, heff, have to be determined.
After this the reference solution, which includes the design shear stress about the principal y axis, the design shear
strength and the corresponding work ratios, is calculated.

Before calculating the reference solution (design shear stress, design shear strength and work ratio) it is necessary to
determine some parameters involved in calculations (kmod, M, kcr, kf, beff, heff).
M = 1.3
Cracking factor, kcr :
kcr = 0.67 (for solid timber)
Factor depending on the shape of the cross section, kf:
kf = 3/2 (for a rectangular cross section)
Effective width, beff:
beff = kcr x b = 0.67 x 0.075m = 0.05025m
Effective height, heff:
heff = h = 0.225m
Design shear stress (induced by the applied forces):
3
k f Fv ,d 3656.25 N
d = = 2 = 0.485075 10 6 Pa
beff heff 0.05025m 0.225m
Design shear strength:
k mod 0.8
fv,d = f v ,k = 2.5 10 6 Pa = 1.538 10 6 Pa
M 1.3
d
1.0
f v ,d
553

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Shear force, Fz, diagram
Simply supported beam subjected to bending

Shear force diagram [N]
Design shear stress diagram

Design shear stress [Pa]
Shear strength work ratio diagram

Work ratio S_d [%]
554
Fz Shear force [kN] 3.65625 kN
Stress S_d Design shear stress [Pa] 485074.63 Pa
Work ratio S_d Shear work ratio (6.13) [%] 32 %

Fz Shear force -3.65625 kN 0.0000 %
Stress S_d Design shear stress 485075 Pa 0.0001 %
Working ratio S_d Shear strength work ratio 31.5299 % -1.4691 %
555
13.14 EC5 / SR EN-1995-1-1-2004 - Romania: Timber column subjected to shear stress and torsion
Test ID: 6304

Test status: Passed
13.14.1Description
Verifies the stability of a timber column subjected to shear stresses and torsion, made from C40 timber. The section
is a rectangular one, with 20x25 cm dimensions. The objective of this test is to validate the resistance to torsional
shear stresses.
13.15 EC5 / SR EN-1995-1-1-2004 - Romania: Timber column subjected to compression
Test ID: 6297

Test status: Passed
13.15.1Description
Verifies the adequacy of the compressive resistance for a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C30. The
13.16 EC5 / SR EN-1995-1-1-2004 - Romania: Timber beam subjected to simple bending
Test ID: 6291

Test status: Passed
13.16.1Description
Verifies a rectangular cross section beam made from solid timber D30 to resist simple bending. Verifies the bending
stress SMy at ultimate limit state, as well as the work ratio for SMy.
13.17 EC5 / SR EN 1995-1-1 - Romania: Verifying compression strength for C14 circular column with
fixed base
Test ID: 6240

Test status: Passed
13.17.1Description
Verifies compression strength for a circular column with fixed base made of C14 timber.
Verification is made according to EN 1995-1-1 Romanian Annex.
556
13.18 EC5 / NF EN 1995-1-1 - France: Verifying a timber beam subjected to simple bending
Test ID: 4682

Test status: Passed
13.18.1Description
Verifies a rectangular cross section beam made from solid timber C24 to resist simple bending. Verifies the bending
stresses at ultimate limit state, as well as the deflections at serviceability limit state.
13.18.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 to resist simple bending. Verification
of the bending stresses at ultimate limit state, as well as the verification of the deflections at serviceability limit state
are performed.

Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test C;
2
Loadings from the structure: G = 0.5 kN/m ,
2
Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = 1.5 kN/m ,
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x Q = 2.925 kN/m2
Characteristic combination of actions: CCQ = 1.0 x G + 1.0 x Q
Quasi-permanent combination of actions: CQP = 1.0 x G + 0.3 x Q
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.075 m,
Length: L = 4.50 m,
Distance between adjacent beams (span): d = 0.5 m,
-3 2
b h 2 0.075 0.20 2
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis y: W y = = = 0.0005m 3
6 6
557
6
Service class 1.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z=0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Cmax x d = 2.925 kN/m2 x 0.5 m = 1.4625 kN/m,
Internal: None.
13.18.2.2 Reference results in calculating the timber beam subjected to uniformly distributed loads
In order to verify the timber beam bending stresses at ultimate limit state, the formulae (6.11) and (6.12) from EN
1995-1-1 norm are used. Before using them, some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod, M, kh, ksys, km, must
be calculated. After this, the reference solution, which includes the design bending stress about the principal y axis,
the design bending strength and the corresponding work ratios, is calculated.
A verification of the deflections at serviceability limit state is done. The verification is performed by comparing the
effective values with the limiting values for deflections specified in EN 1995-1-1 norm.

Before calculating the reference solution (design bending stress, design bending strength and work ratios) it is
necessary to determine some parameters involved in calculations (kmod, M, kh, ksys, km).
M = 1.3
kh = 1.0
km = 0.7
Design bending stress (induced by the applied forces):
My 6 q L2 6 1.4625 4.5 2
m,d = = = = 7.4039 10 6 Pa
Wy 8 b h2 8 0.075 0.2 2
k mod 0. 8
fm,d = f m ,k k sys k h = 24 10 6 1.0 1.0 = 14.769 10 6 Pa
M 1.3
558
m ,d
1.0
f m ,d
m ,d
km 1.0
f m ,d
Reference solution for serviceability limit state verification

The following limiting values for instantaneous deflection (for a base variable action), final deflection and net
deflection are considered:
L
winst (Q)
300
L
w fin
125
L
wnet , fin
200
For the analyzed beam, no pre-camber is considered (wc = 0). The effective values of deflections are the followings:
Instantaneous deflection (for a base variable action):
L
winst (Q) = 0.00749m winst (Q) =
600.8
Instantaneous deflection (calculated for a characteristic combination of actions - CCQ):
L
winst = d CQ = 0.00999m winst =
450.45
In order to determine the creep deflection (calculated for a quasi-permanent combination of actions - CQP), the
deformation factor (kdef) has to be chosen:
k def = 0.6 (calculated value for service class 1, according to table 3.2 from EN 1995-1-1)
L
wcreep = 0.6 d QP = 0.6 0.00475m = 0.00285m wcreep =
1578.95
Final deflection:
L
w fin = winst + wcreep = 0.00999m + 0.00285m = 0.01284m w fin =
350.47
Net deflection:
L
wnet , fin = w fin + wc = 0.01284m + 0m = 0.01284m wnet , fin =
350.47
6 nodes,
1 linear element.
559
Work ratio diagram

Strength work ratio

m,d Design bending stress [Pa] 7403906.25 Pa
Strength work ratio Work ratio (6.11) [%] 50 %
winst (Q) Deflection for a base variable action [m] 0.00749 m
dCQ Deflection for a characteristic combination of actions [m] 0.00999 m
winst Instantaneous deflection [m] 0.00999 m
kdef Deformation coefficient 0.6
dQP Deflection for a quasi-permanent combination of actions [m] 0.00475 m
wfin Final deflection [m] 0.01284 m
wnet,fin Net deflection [m] 0.01284 m

Stress Design bending stress 7.40391e+006 0.0000 %
Pa
Work ratio Work ratio (6.11) 50.1306 % 0.0000 %
D Deflection for a base variable action 0.00749224 m 0.0000 %
D Deflection for a characteristic combination of actions 0.00998966 m 0.0000 %
Winst Instantaneous deflection 0.00998966 m 0.0000 %
Kdef Deformation coefficient 0.6 adim 0.0000 %
D Deflection for a quasi-permanent combination of actions 0.00474509 m 0.0000 %
Wfin Final deflection 0.0128367 m 0.0000 %
Wnet,fin Net deflection 0.0128367 m 0.0000 %
560
031617-0409-0906

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VALIDATION GUIDE

Before being officially released, each version of GRAITEC software, including

9.2 Verifying mesh points (TTAD #11748) ..........................................................................................................16

10 REPORTS GENERATOR ...................................................................................................... 17

10.4 Verifying the modal analysis report (TTAD #12718) ....................................................................................18

10.8 Verifying the shape sheet report (TTAD #12353) ........................................................................................19

10.28 Verifying the model geometry report (TTAD #12201) ............................................................................... 24

10.34 Creating the rules table (TTAD #11802) ................................................................................................... 25

11 SEISMIC ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 27

11.6 EC8 / NF EN 1998-1-1 - France: Verifying torsors on walls ........................................................................ 29

12 STEEL DESIGN ..................................................................................................................... 35

12.49 EC3 / NF EN 1993-1-1 - France: Buckling resistance of a steel column .................................................353

12.53 EC3 / CSN EN 1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Compressed IPE300 ..........................................................398

12.63 EC3 / CSN EN 1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Compressed U_profile ........................................................440

12.66 EC3 / CSN EN1993-1-1 - Czech Republic: Tensioned diagonal .............................................................452

13 TIMBER DESIGN ................................................................................................................. 515

13.15 EC5 / SR EN-1995-1-1-2004 - Romania: Timber column subjected to compression ..............................556

Test ID: 3649

9.2 Verifying mesh points (TTAD #11748)

Test ID: 3458

9.3 Creating triangular mesh for planar elements (TTAD #11727)

Test ID: 3423

9.4 Verifying the mesh of a planar element influenced by peak smoothing.

Test ID: 6190

Test ID: 6215

10.1 Generating a report with modal analysis results (TTAD #10849)

Test ID: 3734

Test ID: 6363

10.3 Verifying the steel shape sheet display (TTAD #12657)

Test ID: 4562

10.4 Verifying the modal analysis report (TTAD #12718)

Test ID: 4576

Test ID: 4544

10.6 Verifying the shape sheet strings display (TTAD #12622)

Test ID: 4559

Test ID: 4558

10.8 Verifying the shape sheet report (TTAD #12353)

Test ID: 4545

Test ID: 4535

Test ID: 4489

Test ID: 4501

Test ID: 4494

Test ID: 4495

Test ID: 4488

Test ID: 4493

Test ID: 4492

Test ID: 4496

Test ID: 4498

Test ID: 4499

Test ID: 4503

Test ID: 4502

Test ID: 4497

Test ID: 4500

Test ID: 4505

Test ID: 3668

10.26 Generating the critical magnification factors report (TTAD #11379)

Test ID: 3647

Test ID: 3717

10.28 Verifying the model geometry report (TTAD #12201)

Test ID: 4467

Test ID: 4491

Test ID: 4490

Test ID: 4487