CL351: Chemical Engineering Lab II

Semester 1, 2014-2015

IIT Gandhinagar

Pradeep Diwakar (Group G)

Roll no. 12110063

HEAT TRANSFER IN CALADRIA EVAPOURATOR

 HEAT TRANSFER IN CALANDRIA EVAPOURATOR
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the overall heat transfer
coefficient of a Calandria Evaporators.

Theory:
Evaporators are used in evaporation of volatile solvents usually water
from a solution and its purpose is to concentrate non-volatile solutes such
as organic compounds, inorganic salts, acids or bases. In some
applications the evaporators are also used to recover solvents such as
potable water from saline water. The relatively pure condensed water
recovered using evaporators can be used for boiler feed makeup, salt
washing, salt dissolving, instrument purges, equipment and line washing
and other uses.

Evaporators can be classified in three main categories:

1. Apparatus heated by direct fire
2. Vapour heated evaporators with tubular heating surfaces.
3. Apparatus with heating medium in jackets and double walls.

The Calandria evaporator falls in the second category. It has a heat

exchanger and vapour body forming an integral part of the equipment.
The circulation pattern is up through the tube and down through a circular
pattern called the downcomer. The circulation is created by the difference
in density between the liquid in the vessel and the vapour-liquid mixture
in the tubes and also the vapour lift effect.

Procedure:
We were provided with a Calandria evaporator with tubes, shell, side inlet,
and vapour outlet made of stainless steel. A vessel continuously feeds the
solution to the Calandria. An insulated tank is provided below with a
heater along with a temperature indicator cum controller to control the
hot fluid temperature.
The power supply was switched on after all the necessary connections
were made. The suction line of the cold fluid circulation was then
connected to the cold water supply line. Flow rate was fixed ensuring
efficient condensation. It was ensured that the drain valve was closed.
Now the circulation of the hot fluid is started and the heater was switched
on. The temperature of hot fluid was set to 130 0C. System was left for a
few minutes until the hot fluid attained the desired temperature mark.
Now we kept a vessel beneath the condensate and the Solution was
allowed to fill the vessel for 3 minutes. Mark up to which the vessel was
filled was then noted.
Observations:
1. Diameter of central downcomer (D) = 2.5 cm
2. Diameter of evaporation tubes (d) = 0.7 cm
3. Number of tubes (n) = 8
4. Height of heated section (h) = 10 cm
5. Temperature of vapour (Tv) = 100 0C
6. Latent heat of vaporization of water() = 540kCal/kg

Hot Fluid Inlet Temperature (T1) = 134.5 0C

Hot Fluid Outlet Temperature (T2) = 128.6 0C

Table1.Table for observed readings:

Volume of condensate Time of collection

Sr. No.
collected (mins.)

1 28 3

2 27 3

3 26 3
Table 1. Observations

Sample Calculations:
Calculations for reading. 2:

1. Heat transfer area (A) = (dh)n +Dh

= (3.14*0.007*0.1)*8 + (3.14*0.025*10)
= 0.025 m2.
2. Amount of heat transferred (Q) = m
2860
= 10003 540

= 302.40 kCal/hr
( 134.5100 )(128.6100)
134.5100
3. Tlmtd =
(
ln
128.6100 ) = 31.46 0C

4. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) = / ( * )

 = 302.40 / (0.02531.46)
= 384.51 kCal/hr- m2-0C

Results:

Table 2. Table for overall heat transfer coefficient:

Overall Heat transfer

Sr. No. Heat Transferred
coefficient

1 302.40 384.51

2 291.60 370.78

3 280.80 357.05

Table 2. Calculated Results

Conclusions:
The calculated average value of overall heat transfer coefficient of the
Calandria Evaporator is 370.87 kCal/hr- m2-0C.

Discussion:
Calandria evaporator consists of a liquid evaporation process unit with a
vertical bundle of tubes, the heating fluid is inside the tubes, and the
liquid to be evaporated is in the shell area outside the tubes. It is so
common in process industry that this evaporator is sometimes known as
standard evaporator. These evaporators possess good heat transfer
characteristics and are used in various chemical processes.

The average value of overall heat transfer coefficient was 370.87 kCal/hr-
m2-oC. This value of overall heat transfer coefficient has some errors and
these errors can be accounted for instrumental and human errors. Though
the bulk temperature was set to 130 0C but the inlet temperature indicator
was showing it as 135 0C and it was also assumed to be noted at steady
state. So the apparatus is needed to be well calibrated and we should take
the readings with least human error possible.