CL351: Chemical Engineering Lab-II

Semester 1, 2014-2015
IIT Gandhinagar

Pradeep Diwakar (Group G)

Roll no. 12110063
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Abstract:

The aim of this experiment is to determine the heat transfer coefficient, U,

for a shell-and-tube heat exchanger of a given area in the counter-current
flow. The heat exchanger had the facility to measure inlet and outlet
temperatures of both hot and cold fluids. The flow rate was measured for
hot fluid using glass section. Six set of readings were taken after keeping
the cold fluid flow rate constant and decreasing the hot fluid rate in each
set.
The heat transfer coefficient was found to be 11111.11 kCal/hr-m2-0C.

Introduction:

Heat Exchanger:

A heat exchanger is an equipment in which heat exchange takes place

between two fluids that enter and exit at different temperatures.
The direction of fluid motion inside the heat exchanger can normally
categorized as parallel flow, counter flow and cross flow. In this
experiment we are having counter flow fluid motion that is also called as
counter-current flow.

The shell-and-tube exchanger:

The shell-and-tube exchanger consists of a bundle of tubes with their axes

parallel but supported at various points by baffles at right angles to the
tube axes, which serve to keep the tubes fixed in space in a particular
configuration that helps in increasing the turbulence on the shell side and
promoting more heat transfer. Flow flows through groups of the tubes in
parallel.
Heat exchange takes place between the hot fluid and cold fluid through
convection.
For tube diameters of one inch and above the standard correlations for the
heat transfer coefficient like Seider-Tate and Dittus-Bolter for circular pipes
are widely used for determining the tube side heat transfer coefficient. But
since we are using the tubes with diameter of 0.3 cm the following
formulae will be used:
1. Q = Cp (T1-T2)
Where,
Q = Amount of heat transferred
 2. log()=log()+ ()
Where,
= mass flow rate
Cp= Specific heat
h=heat rate coefficient

Procedure:

We were provided with a stainless steel 1-1 shell heat exchanger, an

insulated steel tank with a heater at the bottom, and temperature
indicator cum controller for controlling the hot fluid temperature in the
heater. The power supply was switched on after all the necessary
connections were made. The suction line of the cold fluid circulation was
then connected to the cold water supply line. The cooling water flow rate
was then adjusted to the maximum in order to make the cooling water
side resistance to heat transfer negligible. This flow rate was kept
constant throughout the experiment. We then started the hot fluid
circulation pump and slowly increased its speed. Now, we set the flow rate
initially to high value and then waited for the flow to reach steady state.
The inlet and outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluid was noted down.
We measured the flow rate by noting the time taken by the hot fluid to fill
up a certain volume in glass section. We then decreased the flow rate of
hot fluid and took the next set of readings when it was steady. Total 6
readings were taken down in the experiment.

Observations and Calculations:

1. Volume of liquid collected each time = 861.64 cm3/s

2. Density = 0.865 g/cc
3. Specific heat (CP)= 0.638 kCal/kg-0C
4. Thermal conductivity(K)= 0.109 kCal/hr-m-0C
5. Viscosity () = 2.94 cp
6. Total inner heat transfer area of heat exchange = 0.0393 m2

Volumet Mass
Ob Time
ric Flow Flow
s. Requir Hot Fluid Cold Fluid
rate rate
No. ed (s)
(cm3/s) (kg/hr)
Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet
Temp. Temp. Temp. Temp.
T1, 0C T2, 0C T1, 0C T2, 0C
1 9.87 87.30 76.3 73.7 31.2 32.2 271.85
2 11.38 75.72 75.9 73.4 32 34 235.78
3 11.19 77.00 75.2 73.2 32.6 34.6 239.78
4 14.38 59.92 75 72.8 33.3 35.1 186.59
 5 10.75 80.15 74.9 72.7 33.9 35.8 249.60
6 12.08 71.33 75.1 72.8 34.5 36.3 222.11
Table. 1 Observations

Log(U)
2.45

2.4
f(x) = 1.1x - 0.26
2.35

2.3

2.25

2.2

2.15

2.1
2.26 2.28 2.3 2.32 2.34 2.36 2.38 2.4 2.42 2.44 2.46

Figure 1-Plot of log(U) vs log().

Since this is an approximate graph so we used best line fitting to get the
equation of best fit line.

The Equation of line in Figure 1 comes out as y = 1.0965x-0.2609

The Slop of plot Log (Ui) vs Log (m) gives, a=1.0965

Using this a=1.0965, we get figure 2

1/U
0.01

0.01
f(x) = 1.79x + 0
0.01 R = 0.78

0
0.00200 0.00220 0.00240 0.00260 0.00280 0.00300 0.00320 0.00340

Figure 2. Plot of 1/U vs 1/ma

Now, the Equation of line in Figure 2 comes out as y = 1.7908x-0.00009

Which gives the intercept as 0.00009

Now, ho = 1/intercept =1/0.00009 = 11111.11 kCal/hr-m2-oC

Using ho value we calculate the average of hi values.

Amount of Overall heat

Obs. heat transfer
No. transferred
0
C, LMTD
coefficient (Ui), hi, (Kcal/hr-m2-0C)
(Q), Kcal/hr Kcal/hr-m2-0C
1 450.94 43.28 267.19 273.77
2 376.06 41.61 231.74 236.68
3 305.96 40.57 193.39 196.81
4 261.90 39.67 169.29 171.91
5 350.33 38.91 230.84 235.74
6 325.93 38.51 216.99 221.32

Table.2 hi Calculation

Now, hi = 222.7049 kCal/hr-m2-0C

Sample Calculations for Set 3:

1. Volumetric flow rate of hot fluid = 861.64/11.19 = 77.00 cc/s

2. Mass flow rate () = 77*(3600/1000)*0.865 = 239.78 kg/hr
3. Amount of heat transferred (Q) = Cp (T1-T2)

= 239.78*0.638*(75.2-73.2)

= 328.02 kCal/hr

4. Logarithmic mean temperature difference

(ThiTci)( ThoTco)
() = ThiTci = 40.57
ln
Th 0Tco
5. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) = Q/(Ai ())

= 328.02/(0.039* 40.57 )

U = 207.32 kCal/hr-m2-0C

6. 1/hi = 1/Ui - 1/ho

 1/hi = 0.005081

hi = 196.8119 kCal/hr-m2-0C

Results:
The heat transfer coefficient on the cooling water side is found to be
11111.11 kCal/hr-m2-0C while the heat transfer coefficient on the hot
water side is found to be 222.705 kCal/hr- m2-0C.

Conclusions and Discussion:

Amount of heat transfer increases as flow rate of cold fluid increases
because the heat transfer coefficient is directly proportional to the velocity
of fluid. LMTD and Overall heat transfer coefficient increases with mass
flow rate.

We can say that the Plot of log(U) vs log() must be linear from the
definition but we came to know that from experimental data it was not
completely linear. There were some errors that make this difference like
the instrumental and human errors as we know the temperature of the
fluids is indicated by using temperature indicators and the flow was
assumed to be at steady state. So the apparatus is needed to be
calibrated and we should take each reading only after the steady state is
achieved. The Rate of hot fluid measure was also not accurate as the flow
of the fluid was not steady.