Solution Manual Power Electronics 1st Edition Hart

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eu/solution-manual-power-electronics-1st-edition-hart
CHAPTER 2 SOLUTIONS
2/21/10
2-1) Square waves and triangular waves for voltage and current are two examples.
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v 2  t  [170sin  377t  ]2
2-2) a) p  t   v  t  i  t     2890sin 2 377t W .
R 10
b) peak power = 2890 W.
c) P = 2890/2 = 1445 W.
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2-3)
v(t) = 5sin2πt V.
a) 4sin2πt A.; p(t) = v(t)i(t) = 20 sin22πt W.; P = 10 W.
b) 3sin4πt A.; p(t) = 15sin(2πt)sin(4πt) W.; P = 0
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2-4) a)
0 0  t  50 ms

p  t   v  t  i  t   40 50 ms  t  70 ms
0 70 ms  t  100 ms

b)
T 70 ms
1 1
P   v  t  i  t  dt 
100 ms 50ms
40 dt  8.0 W .
T 0
c)
T 70 ms
W   p  t  dt   40 dt  800 mJ .; or W  PT   8W   100 ms   800 mJ .

0 50 ms
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2-5) a)
70 W . 0  t  6 ms
 50 W . 6 ms  t  10 ms

p t  v t i t  
 40 W . 10 ms  t  14 ms
0 14 ms  t  20 ms
b)
1  
T 6 ms 10 ms 14 ms
1
P
T  p  t  dt 
0

20 ms  
0
70 dt    50  dt  
6 ms 10 ms
40 dt   19 W .

c)
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-power-electronics-1st-edition-hart
T  6 ms 10 ms 14 ms

W   p  t  dt    70 dt    50  dt   40 dt   0.38 J .;
0  0 6 ms 10 ms 
or W  PT   19   20 ms   380 mJ .
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2-6)
P  Vdc I avg
a ) I avg  2 A., P   12   2   24 W .
b) I avg  3.1 A., P   12   3.1  37.2 W .
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2-7)
a)
vR  t   i  t  R  25sin 377t V .
p  t   v  t  i  t    25sin 377t   1.0sin 377t   25sin 2 377t  12.5  1  cos 754t  W .
T
1
PR   p  t  dt  12.5 W .
T 0
b)
di  t 
vL  t   L  10  10   377   1.0  cos 377t  3.77 cos 377t V .
3
dt
pL  t   v  t  i  t    3.77 cos 377t   1.0sin 377t  

 3.77   1.0  sin 754t  1.89sin 754t W .
2
T
1
PL   p  t  dt  0
T 0
c)
p  t   v  t  i  t    12   1.0sin 377t   12sin 377t W .
T
1
p  t  dt  0
T 0
Pdc 
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2-8) Resistor:
v  t   i  t  R  8  24sin 2 60t V .
p  t   v  t  i  t    8  24sin 2 60t   2  6sin 2 60t 
 16  96sin 2 60t  144sin 2 2 60t W .
1  
T 1/60 1/60 1/60
1
P  p  
t dt   16 dt   96 sin 2 60t dt   144sin 2 2 60t 
T 0 1/ 60  0 0 0 
 16  72  88 W .
Inductor: PL  0.
dc source: Pdc  I avgVdc   2   6   12 W .
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2-9) a) With the heater on,
P
Vm I m
 1500 W .  I m 
 1500   2   12.5 2
2 120 2
  
p  t   Vm I m sin 2t  120 2 12.5 2 sin 2t  3000sin 2t
max  p  t    3000 W .
b) P = 1500(5/12) = 625 W.
c) W = PT = (625 W)(12 s) = 7500 J. (or 1500(5) = 7500 W.)
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2-10)
t
1 1
iL  t    vL  t  dt 
0.1 0
90 d   900t 0  t  4 ms.
L
iL  4 ms    900   4   10 
3
 3.6 A.
a)
1 2 1
Li   0.1  3.6   0.648 J .
2
W
2 2
b) All stored energy is absorbed by R: WR = 0.648 J.
c)
WR 0.648
PR    16.2 W .
T 40 ms
PS  PR  16.2 W .
d) No change in power supplied by the source: 16.2 W.

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2-11)
a)
1 2 2W 2  1.2 
W Li , or i    15.49 A.
2 L 0.010
t t
1 1
i  t    v    d 
0.010 0
14 d   1400t A.
L0
15.49  1400ton
ton  11.1 ms
b) Energy stored in L must be transferred to the resistor in (20 - 11.1) = 8.9 ms. Allowing five
time constants,
L 8.9 ms L 10 mH
   1.7 ms.; R   5.62 
R 5 1.7 ms 1.7 ms
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2-12)
a) i(t) = 1800t for 0 < t < 4 ms
i(4 ms) = 7.2 A.; WLpeak = 1.296 J.
b)
10A
5A Inductor current
SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
10A
Source current
0A
-10A
-I(Vcc)
1.0KW
Ind. inst. power
0W
-1.0KW
W(L1)
1.0KW
Source inst. power (supplied)
0W
-1.0KW
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms
-W(Vcc)
Time
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2-13)
a) The zener diode breaks down when the transistor turns off to maintain inductor current.
b) Switch closed: 0 < t < 20 ms.
diL  t 
vL  12 V .  L
dt
diL vL 12
   160 A/s
dt L 0.075
at t  20 ms, iL   160   0.02   3.2 A.
Switch open, zener on:

vL  12  20  8 V .
diL vL 8
   106.7 A/s
dt L 0.075
t to return to zero :
i 3.2
t    30 ms
106.7 106.7
Therefore, inductor current returns to zero at 20 + 30 = 50 ms.
iL = 0 for 50 ms < t < 70 ms.
c)
40mW
Inductor inst. power

0W
-40mW
W(L1)
80mW
Zener inst. power

40mW
SEL>>
0W
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms
W(D1)
Time
d)
PL  0.
T
1 1
 0.03  64    13.73 W .
1
PZ   pZ  t  dt  
T 0 0.07  2 
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2-14) a) The zener diode breaks down when the transistor turns off to maintain inductor current.
b) Switch closed: 0 < t < 15 ms.
diL t 
vL  20 V .  L
dt
diL vL 20
   400 A/s
dt L 0.050
at t  15 ms, iL   400   0.015   6.0 A.
Switch open, zener on:

vL  20  30  10 V .
diL vL 10
   200 A/s
dt L 0.050
t to return to zero :
i 6.0
t    30 ms
200 200
Therefore, inductor current returns to zero at 15 + 30 = 45 ms.
iL = 0 for 45 ms < t < 75 ms.
c)
200W
Inductor inst. power
0W
-200W
W(L1)
200W
Zener inst. power
100W
SEL>>
0W
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms
W(D1)
Time
d)
PL  0.
T
1 1
 0.03  180    36 W .
1
PZ   pZ  t  dt  
T 0 0.075  2 
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2-15) Examples are square wave (Vrms = Vm) and a triangular wave (Vrms = Vm/√3).
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Phase conductors: P  I R  12  0.5   72 W .

2 2
2-16)
 
2
Neutral conductor: PN  I 2 R  12 3  0.5   216 W .
Ptotal  3  72   216  432 W .
PN 72
RN    0.167 
 
2 2
IN 12 3
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2-17) Re: Prob. 2-4

Vrms  Vm D  10 0.7  8.37 V .
I rms  I m D  4 0.5  2.83 A.
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2-18) Re: Prob. 2-5
 14 
Vrms  Vm D  10    8.36 V .
 20 
0.006 0.01 0.02
1
   5  4
2
I rms  7 2 dt  dt  2
dt  27.7  5.26 A.
0.02 0 0.006 0.01
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2-19)
2 2
 5   3 
Vrms  22       4.58 V .
 2  2
2 2
 2   1.1 
I rms  1.5  
2
    2.2 A.
 2  2

V I
P  V0 I 0   m m cos   n  n 
n 1 2
 5  2   3  1.1 
  2.0   1.5      cos  20      cos  115   7.0 W .
 2  2   2  2 
Notethat  cos(4 60t  45) is cos  4 60t  135 
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2-20)
dc : V0  3  100   300 V .
1  2 60 : Y1  1/R  jC  0.01  j 0.0189
I1 40
V1    187  62.1
Y1  0.01  j 0.0189 
2  4 60 : Y2  1/R  jC  0.01  j 0.0377
I2 60
V2    153  75.1
Y2  0.01  j 0.0377 

Vm I m
P  V0 I 0   cos   n  n 
n 1 2
 300  5  
 187   4  cos  153  6  cos
 62.1    75.1 
2 2
 1500  175  118  1793 W .
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2-21) dc Source:
 50  12 
Pdc  Vdc I avg  12   114 W .
 4 
Resistor:
P  I rms
2
R
I rms  I 02  I1,2rms  I 2,2 rms
I 0  9.5 A.
30
I1   3.51 A.
4  j  4 60   0.01
10
I2   0.641 A.
4  j  8 60   0.01
2 2
 3.51   0.641 
I rms  9.5  
2
    9.83 A.
 2   2 
PR  I rms
2
R  386 W .
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2-22)
P  I rms
2
R
V0 6
I0   0.375 A.
R 16
5
I1   0.269 A.
16  j  2 60   0.025 
3
I2   0.0923 A.
16  j  6 60   0.025 
2 2
 0.269   0.0923 
I rms  0.375   2
    0.426 A.
 2   2 
R   0.426   16   2.9 W .
2
I rms  0.623 A.; P  I rms
2
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2-23)

Vm I m
P  V0 I 0   cos   n  n 
n 1 2
n Vn In Pn ∑Pn
0 20 5 100 100
1 20 5 50 150
2 10 1.25 6.25 156.25
3 6.67 0.556 1.85 158.1
4 5 0.3125 0.781 158.9
Power including terms through n = 4 is 158.9 watts.
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2-24)

Vm I m
P  V0 I 0   cos   n  n 
n 1 2
n Vn In θn - ϕn° Pn
0 50.0000 10.0 0 500.0
1 50.0000 10.0 26.6 223.6
2 25.0000 2.5 45.0 22.1
3 16.6667 1.11 56.3 5.1
4 12.5000 0.625 63.4 1.7
Through n = 4, ∑Pn = 753 W.
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2-25)

Vm I m
P  V0 I 0   cos   n  n 
n 1 2
V V 50  36
I 0  0 dc   0.7 A
R 20
P0, R  I 02 R   0.7  20  9.8 W ( dc component only )
2
PVdc  I 0Vdc   0.7   36   25.2 W

PL  0
Resistor Average Power
n Vn Zn In angle Pn
0 50.00 20.00 0.7 0.00 9.8
1 127.32 25.43 5.01 0.67 250.66
2 63.66 37.24 1.71 1.00 29.22
3 42.44 51.16 0.83 1.17 6.87
4 31.83 65.94 0.48 1.26 2.33
5 25.46 81.05 0.31 1.32 0.99
PR = ∑ Pn ≈ 300 W.
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2-26) a) THD = 5% → I9 = (0.05)(10) = 0.5 A.

b) THD = 10% → I9 = (0.10)(10) = 1 A.
c) THD = 20% → I9 = (0.20)(10) = 2 A.
d) THD = 40% → I9 = (0.40)(10) = 4 A.
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2-27) a)
 170  10 
P   Pn     cos  30   0  0  736 W .
 2  2 
b)
2 2 2
 10   6   3 
I rms         8.51 A.
 2  2  2
 170 
S  Vrms I rms    8.51  1024 VA.
 2
P 736
pf    0.719
S 1024
c)
I1,rms 10/ 2
DF    0.831
I rms 8.51
d)
2 2
 6   3 
   
 2  2
THDI   0.67  67%
10/ 2
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2-28) a)
 170  12 
P   Pn     cos  40   0  0  781 W .
 2  2 
b)
2 2 2
 12   5   4 
I rms         9.62 A.
 2  2  2
 170 
S  Vrms I rms    9.62  1156 VA.
 2
P 781
pf    0.68
S 1156
c)
I1,rms 12/ 2
DF    0.88
I rms 9.62
d)
2 2
 5   4 
   
 2  2
THDI   0.53  53%
12/ 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-29)
8 4
I1,rms   5.66 A.; I 2, rms   2.82 A.;
2 2
I rms  5.662  2.822  6.32 A.; I peak  10.38 ( graphically )
a) P  V1,rms I1,rms cos  1  1    240   5.66  cos  0   1358 W .
P P 1358
b) pf     0.895  89.5%
S Vrms I rms  240   6.32 
I 2, rms 2.82
c) THDI    0.446  44.6%
I rms 6.32
I1,rms 5.66
d) DF    89.6%
I rms 6.32
I peak 10.38
e) crest factor    1.64
I rms 6.32
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-30)
12 9
I1,rms   8.49 A.; I 2, rms   6.36 A.;
2 2
I rms  8.492  6.362  10.6 A.; I peak  18.3 A. ( graphically )
a) P  V1, rms I1,rms cos  1  n    240   10.6  cos  0   2036 W .
P P 2036
b) pf     0.80  80%
S Vrms I rms  240   10.6 
I 2,rms 6.36
c) THDI    0.60  60%
I rms 10.6
I1,rms 8.49
d) DF    80%
I rms 10.6
I peak 18.3
e) crest factor    1.72
I rms 10.6
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2-31)
5V: I = 0 (capacitor is an open circuit)
1 1
25cos(1000t ): Z  R  j L  j  2  j1000(.001)  j  2  j0
C 1000  1000  106
25
I cos(1000t )  12.5cos(1000t ) A
2
10cos(2000t ): Z  2  j1.5 
10
I10   4  37 A.
2  j1.5
2 2
 12.5   4 
I rms       9.28 A
 2   2
2
PR  I rms R  9.282  2   172.3 W
PL  0
PC  0
Psource  172.3 W
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2-32) PSpice shows that average power is 60 W and energy is 1.2 J. Use VPULSE and IPULSE
for the sources.
Energy
2.0 (20.000m,1.2000)
0
S(W(I1))
400W
Avg Power (20.000m,60.000)
0W
Inst Power
-400W
W(I1) AVG(W(I1))
20
0
SEL>>
-20
0s 4ms 8ms 12ms 16ms 20ms
I(I1) V(V1:+)
Time
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-33) Average power for the resistor is approximately 1000 W. For the inductor and dc source,
the average power is zero (slightly different because of numerical solution).
2.0KW
Average Power
(16.670m,0.9998K)
Resistor
1.0KW
Inductor
(16.670m,-30.131u)
0W
(16.670m,189.361u)
Vdc
-1.0KW
AVG(W(R1)) AVG(W(L1)) AVG(W(V1))
Time
2.0KW
Instantaneous Power
Resistor
1.0KW
Inductor
0W
Vdc
-1.0KW
W(R1) W(L1) W(V1)
Time
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-34)
Rms voltage is 8.3666 V. Rms current is 5.2631 A.
10V
Voltage
(20.000m,8.3666)
5V
0V
V(V1:+) RMS(V(V1:+))
10A
(20.000m,5.2631)
Current
0A
SEL>>
-10A
I(I1:+) RMS(I(I1))
Time
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-35) See Problem 2-10.

0W
(40.022m,-16.200)
Source Power
-100W
SEL>>
-200W
AVG(W(V1))
4.0
Inductor
2.0
(4.0000m,648.007m)
Resistor
(40.021m,647.946
0
I(L1) S(W(L1)) S(W(R1))
Time
The inductor peak energy is 649 mJ, matching the resistor absorbed energy. The source power is
-16.2 W absorbed, meaning 16.2 W supplied.
b) If the diode and switch parameters are changed, the inductor peak energy is 635 mJ, and the
resistor absorbed energy is 620 mJ. The difference is absorbed by the switch and diode.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-36)
The inductor current reaches a maximum value of 3.4 A with the resistances in the circuit: I =
75/(20+1+1) = 3.4 A.
4.0A
2.0A Inductor Current
SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
4.0A
Source Current
0A
-4.0A
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms
-I(V1)
Time
Quantity Probe Expression Result
Inductor resistor average AVG(W(R1)) 77.1 W
power
Switch average power AVG(W(S1)) 3.86 W each
Diode average power AVG(W(D1)) 81 mW each
Source average power AVG(W(Vcc)) -85.0 W
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-37)
a) Power absorbed by the inductor is zero. Power absorbed by the Zener diode is 13.8 W.
4.0A
2.0A
Inductor Current
0A
I(L1)
4.0A
2.0A Zener Diode Current
SEL>>
0A
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms
-I(D1)
Time
b) Power in the inductor is zero, but power in the 1.5Ω resistor is 1.76 W. Power absorbed by the
Zener diode is 6.35 W. Power absorbed by the switch is 333 mW.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3-38)
See Problem 3-37 for the circuit diagram.
a) Power absorbed by the Zener diode is 36.1 W. Power absorbed by the inductor is zero.
10A
5A Inductor Current
SEL>>
0A
I(L1)
10A
5A Zener Diode Current
0A
-I(D1)
Time
b) Power in the inductor is zero, but power in the 1.5Ω resistor is 4.4 W. Power absorbed by the
Zener diode is 14.2 W. Power absorbed by the switch is 784 mW.
2-39)
40A
Total Current
20A
0A
-20A
I(I1) I(I2) I(I3) I(I4) -I(V1)
Time
Quantity Probe Expression Result

Power AVG(W(V1)) 650 W
rms current RMS(I(V1)) 14 A
Apparent power S RMS(V(I1:+))* RMS(I(V1)) 990 VA
Power factor AVG(W(V1)) / (RMS(V(I1:+))* RMS(I(V1))) 0.66
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-40)
DESIRED QUANTITY ORIGINAL RESULT NEW VALUES

Inductor Current max = 4.5 A. 4.39 A
Energy Stored in Inductor max = 2.025 J 1.93 L
Average Switch Power 0.010 W. 0.66 W
Average Source Power (absorbed) -20.3 W. -19.9 W
Average Diode Power 0.464 W. .449 W
AVG(W(D1)) 0.464
W.
Average Inductor Power 0 0
Average Inductor Voltage 0 0
Average Resistor Power 19.9 W. 18.8 W
Energy Absorbed by Resistor 1.99 J. 1.88 J
Energy Absorbed by Diode .046 J. .045 J
Energy Absorbed by Inductor 0 0
rms Resistor Current 0.998 A. 0.970 A
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-41) Use the part VPULSE or IPULSE (shown). Here, the period is 100 ms, and the rise times
chosen are 20 ms, 50 ms, and 80 ms. The fall times are the period minus the rise times. Each rms
value is 0.57735, which is identical to 1/√3.
1.0A
(100.000m,577.350m)
0A
-1.0A
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms
-I(R1) RMS(I(R1))
Time
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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W   p  t  dt   40 dt  800 mJ .; or W  PT   8W   100 ms   800 mJ .

pL  t   v  t  i  t    3.77 cos 377t   1.0sin 377t  

2-9) a) With the heater on,

b) All stored energy is absorbed by R: WR = 0.648 J.

d) No change in power supplied by the source: 16.2 W.

Switch open, zener on:

Inductor inst. power

Zener inst. power

Switch open, zener on:

Inductor inst. power

Zener inst. power

Phase conductors: P  I R  12  0.5   72 W .

2-17) Re: Prob. 2-4

2-18) Re: Prob. 2-5

PVdc  I 0Vdc   0.7   36   25.2 W

2-26) a) THD = 5% → I9 = (0.05)(10) = 0.5 A.

a) P  V1,rms I1,rms cos  1  1    240   5.66  cos  0   1358 W .

a) P  V1, rms I1,rms cos  1  n    240   10.6  cos  0   2036 W .

Rms voltage is 8.3666 V. Rms current is 5.2631 A.

2-35) See Problem 2-10.

2.0A Inductor Current

2.0A Zener Diode Current

5A Zener Diode Current

Quantity Probe Expression Result

DESIRED QUANTITY ORIGINAL RESULT NEW VALUES

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