I1 2017

MONITORING OF WELDING WORK ENVIRONMENT IN SMALL AND

MEDIUM INDUSTRIES (SMIs)
A.M Leman1,*, A.R Omar2 & M.Z.M Yusof3
1,3
Center of Energy and Industrial Environment Studies (CEIES),Faculty of Mechanical & Manufacturing
Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat Johor, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia,40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

ABSTRACT
Welding process is common in manufacturing industry especially for car component assembly. The demand on
vehicles in development contry has push the SMIs to contribute the economic forward.The purpose of this study is
to monitor the toxic gases level in the welding process in SMIs. The case study was done in two car component
manufacturer which is a supply for national car. The data from monitoirng process was analyze and compare with
the regulation and standards. Futhermore from the monitoring process, the data will used as a baseline for the furthur
action as a need to comply with the regulation set-up by the government. The monitoring as a key of the
occupational safety and health(OSH) approach in welding process to improve the quality of work environment has
significanlty evaluated.

Keywords: Welding, Fumes and gases, Work environment, SMIs, Safety and health.

1. INTRODUCTION
Malaysia is one of the developing country and manufacturing sector formed the largest single component of
Malaysias economy[28].The demand on manufacturing sector has increased consistently due to the effort of Malaysia
to be an industrialized country by 2020. There is a continuous demand in todays competitive business world for
manufacturing processes that increase productivity and improve quality, while also reducing costs. According to
Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMlDEC), majority of the SMIs involved mainly in
several industrial sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, mining and services. The statistics showed that the
manufacturing sector has high potential in developing Malaysias economy [52]. Currently, the SMIs constitute
approximately 84% of the manufacturing establishments in Malaysia.
Although Malaysian industries growths are rapid and their expansion is fast, they still face challenges that influence
their competitiveness. From the scenario on OSH, the industries were facing the challengers on OSH awareness in
workplace. The occurrences of the industrial accidents and the unconducive work environment reported shows the
factor that influence the evidence. [44] Hence, the study was carried out look into Malaysian SMIs welding work
environment. There are many questions about the OSH aspect of the working environment, and workers. People
who spend about a quarter of their lives in the workplace must be aware of this situation.[24]OSH will have to be
integrated as part of the production process with its own quality assurance system. [39]As legislation continues to
develop for the recognition, assessment and control of risks in the workplace, at the planning stage and at the design
stage for products and equipments, the knowledge and skills of those involved will also have to be developed. While
undoubtedly a win-win proposition, it is certainly not easy to ensure a safe and healthy workplace [51]More and more
enterprises have realized that a healthy and safe work environment improves competitiveness, which is reflected as
an improvement in the cost-effectiveness of production[53]
Malaysian automotive related industries in Malaysia are generally a small and medium size business to cater the
need of welding and assembly services. It generally run on low cost operation and employed general ventilation.
Currently, each welding workplace need to be monitor and evaluate to ensure the minimum level of exposure is
maintained according to the standards.[4] was done the monitoring on toxic gases in industries. From the study,
there have significant that welding process is one of the source of air pollution.These hazards need to be identified,
assessed and controlled in the workplace The Malaysian Government has introduce a guidelines on monitoring of
airborne contaminants for chemicals hazardous to health [25]However from the observation and case study done, it is
noticed that monitoring process has not been given priority and due to insufficient of equipments, hence the toxic
gases are not measured in the workplace [3]In providing solutions to the above problems, it is necessary to conduct a
monitoring, in order to create healthy working condition in Malaysian SMIs. Monitoring activities will get the
underlying causes of the problem and ensure to provide a means by which hazards can be systematically evaluated.

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IJRRAS 5 (1) October 2010 Leman & al. Monitoring of Welding Work Environment

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
People worldwide face OSH hazards daily . Over the years, the global occupational hygiene community has worked
diligently to develop ways to protect workers in both develop and developing nations, in workplaces of all types
and sizes. Throughout the world, most adults spend much of their waking hours at work.At the same time, workers
face a variety of hazards owing to chemicals, biological agents, physical factors, adverse ergonomic conditions,
allergens, a complex network of safety risks, and varied psychosocial factors. [43] [16]

2.1 Emergence of New Occupational Hazards

Exposure to occupational hazards can adversely affect the human body. Adverse effects range from asymptomatic
physiological and biochemical changes to symptoms of illness, to diagnosed diseases and, finally, to death. For
some risk factors there is a very clear connection between the exposure and the disease. For example, the primary
route of exposure to airborne particulates, gases and vapours is inhalation,whereby these agents gain access to the
respiratory system and are either deposited (in the case of particulates) or enter the circulatory system (gases and
vapours).[12][43]Many risk factors cause more than one type of outcome of interest.Despite the fact that people are
working and spend most of their waking hours at the workplace, where health is made and broken, little attention
and resources are accorded to health and safety at work [10]In the era of globalizing economic, new safety and health
risks are emerging as key challenges for many businesses, including small and micro enterprise, informal and rural
workplace.[56] High-risk workers exposure in developing countries appear to be as important as exposure to
isocyanates, cereal grain dust, welding fumes, wood dust and etc.[33] From the SOCSO report, there are significant
problem about working environment (i.e environmental factor:-Lighting, ventilation, temperatures and noise. 98
cases was reported in 2006 and 221 in 2007. The number of industrial accidents by causing agent (i.e: dusts, gases,
liquids and chemicals) excluding explosives recorded 569 cases in 2006 and 617 in 2007. The data has increased
from year to year.[53]

2.2 Welding Process and Effect of Toxic Gases

Welding has been around for centuries and is a common industrial process. With these new methods and techniques,
welding has left the confines of industrial settings and can now be done practically anywhere. [21]Hazard that has
both acute and long-term chronic effect is welding fume/ dusts, toxic gases and radiation. [12][10] Fumes are solid
particles that originate from welding consumables, the base metal and any coatings present on the base metal. [11] In
welding, the intense heat of the arc or flame vaporizes the base metal and/or electrode coating. This vaporized metal
condenses into tiny particles called fumes that can be inhaled. [18][50][28]Toxic gases also produce from welding
[21]
processes which include nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone. Factor such as chemical
(toxic gas, fumes), physical (radiation, flammability, reactivity), and biological (carcinogenetic, toxicity), are closely
to characterize the welding exposure.
Workers deal with great percentage of health injuries when they are exposed to the toxic gases and fumes.[12]The
toxic gases and fumes do not affect the workers health in short period of times but exposure to the toxic gases and
fumes in certain time period, and tend to cause serious health damage. Each of the toxic gases and fumes has its own
concentration to affect the workers health and give different health effect. The major toxic gases associated with
welding are classifies as primary pulmonary and non pulmonary. Toxic substance can lead to adverse effects in the
liver, kidneys, lung, and other body systems. These systems have certain thresholds at which they will respond the
chemicals. Most risk assessments are for individual chemicals. However in reality, people are subjected many times
chemical mixture that would alter the risk assessment picture considerably. Exposure to the harmful gases and fumes
in context of welding fall into two main categories, asphyxiating shielding gases and pollutant fumes. Gases
produced in welding can include oxides of nitrogen, and ozone. The former can be produced in large quantities in
preheating with a gas torch. Exposed to excessive amounts of zinc, copper, magnesium and some of the metal fumes
can cause metal fume fever[8] Some hours after inhaling the fume the individual complaint of tiredness, headache,
aching muscles, thirst, a sore throat, a cough, and sometimes of a tight feeling in the chest. Exposure to various toxic
gases generated during welding processes may produce one or more effects. The dverse health effects and exposure
limits relating to gases and vapours are tablated in Table 1 below:

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IJRRAS 5 (1) October 2010 Leman & al. Monitoring of Welding Work Environment

Table 1. Adverse health effects and Exposure limits relating to gases and vapours.[5][24]
Substance Common Source Possible adverse effects Exposure Exposure Exposure Limit
limit (UK) limit (USA) (MALAYSIA)
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
Argon, helium Shielding gases Asphyxiants - - -

Carbon dioxide Shielding gases, Asphyxiants 5000 5000 5000

Combustion of fuel
Carbon Partial Combustion of Block the attachment of 30(long) 50 25 (8 -TWA)
Monoxide fuel, decomposition oxygen to haemoglobin 200(15 min)
products
Nitrogen dioxide Action of welding torch Pulmonary oedema, which 3(long) 5 (C)c 3 (8-TWA)
on the gases in the air may be fatal, shortness of 5(15 min)
breath, coughing,etc
Oxygen Accidental release Assists fire - - -

Ozone Action of UV on air near Irritant. In excess causes 0.2(15min) 0.1 Heavy work 0.05
the weld Pulmonary oedema. Thought Moderate work 0.08
to have longterm effects on Light work 0.10
the lungs Heavy moderate, or light
workloads 0.2 ( 2 hours)
Phosgene Action of arc on Highly toxic, produces 0.02(8 hour) 0.1 0.1
chlorinated degreasing hydrogen chloride in the 0.06(15 min)
compounds lungs
Trichloroethylene Degreasing Mildly toxic. Produces 100a 100b 50
headache, drowsiness. 200(c)c
Overexposed can be fatal.
a
maximum exposure limits exposure must be reduced so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case exceed these limits.
b
Substances that have ceiling values(refer regulations)
c
(C) is a ceiling value

2.3 Occupational Safety and Health Standard

Organization worldwide strives to develop their management system for business functions, ranging from quality
and environment to safety, information security and social responsibility. [33][29] The need for Integrated Management
System (IMS) often arises as a result of decisions to implement Environmental Management System (EMS) and
occupational safety and health management system in addition to a Quality Management System (QMS). Thus the
development of standard from various source come into public. For example the OSHAS 18001 is compatible with
ISO 9001:2000 (Quality) and the ISO 14001:1996 (Environmental) management system standards, in order to
facilitate the integration of quality, environment OSH management system.[23]Hence Malaysia also has introduced
the Malaysian Standard(MS) and the latest is MS ISO 9001: 2008 and MS 1722: 2003. MS 1722: Part 1: 2005,
Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems-Part 1: Requirements was establish to guide the company on
safety and health aspect. MS 1722: Part 2: 2003, OSH Managements Systems-Part 2: Guidelines was developing to
give the understanding to the company and guidance to employer to build up the Occupational Management
System.[47][48]

2.4 Monitoring the Work Environment

Currently, the typical practice of health surveillance regarding welding operation is by conducting a comprehensive
industrial hygiene evaluation in welding workplace. Repetitive industrial hygiene evaluation needs to be done on
each welding workplace for health surveillance evaluation. To simplify the task of repetitively characterizing work
environment where welding processes are performed, it is essential to identify the similar job process/ type exists in
Malaysia small welding industries. Information should be gathered in the form of a list of processes, the type of
material use, the nature of the workplace and the type of welding.[15]
The greatest challenge has been to develop occupational health programs that are feasible in developing nations, as
well as in small and medium industries (SMIs) where resources and technical expertise may be scare The health
status of workers in small companies has been noted to be relatively poor.[30]The rapidly growing regional economy
of East Asia cause the atmospheric concentrations of sulfur oxides (SOx), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), suspended
particulate matter (SPM) and Ozone (O3) are on the rise, causing serious air pollution and necessitating immediate
measures. [35] [36] This activity can be done by monitoring air pollution sources. In a situation where environmental
measures are in place, there is a need to monitor pollution sources to ensure that emission standard are observed.
Such pollution source monitoring is also needed to measure emissions in real time, as means as controlling the level

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IJRRAS 5 (1) October 2010 Leman & al. Monitoring of Welding Work Environment

of the toxic gases The Focus on affordable-cost options for practical workplace improvements is the common
feature especially is SMI. The program that apply basic principles of occupational hygiene for the monitoring
process certainly be useful for learning practical improvements that have real impacts.[41]
Protecting workers and equipment from gas hazards is major concern for companies[45]One method of doing this is
by installing and maintaining a fixed point gas detection system. The gas readings from the sensors are transmitted
from all over the facility.One application in which they are used is to monitor for gas release as part of an industrial
process. Monitoring these areas protect workers may inadvertently enter without other methods of personal
protection. Toxic substances, which are released constantly into the environment (air) by many types of industrial
activities, include a long list of products and pollutants that until now have never been quantified. Evidence as to the
health risk posed by residing in the vicinity of such polluting industries is limited [40]. On the other hand, it should be
noted that reported emission data can be obtained by monitoring.

2.5 Welding Factors and Ventilation

The hazards of welding depends on several factors, 1) type of welding being performed, 2) material the electrode
being made, 3) type of material being welded, 4) presence of coatings on the metal, 5) voltage and current used and
6) type of ventilation.[21] [37] [14] The generation rate of fumes and gases varies with the composition of the base metal,
fluxes, fillers, and with the rate and depth of welding.[7][9][57-62] Exposure to the welder varies with the generation
rate, duration and frequency of operations, work practices, and the effectiveness of ventilation.[17] Ventilation is one
of the principal methods to control health hazards-it causes fresh air to circulate to replace foul air simultaneously
removed.[42] Ventilation in the workplace should keep airborne concentation below permissible exposure limits.
Building must have one or more windows occupying at least 10% of the floor area. Air circulation must be at least
0.5 cubic metre per minute per square metre of floor area and 0.3 cubic meter per minute per person. For factories
with gases, vapours and impurities, special ventilation must be implements to remove contaminants. [49]
Natural ventilation is acceptable for welding and related processes, where the necessary precautions are taken to
keep the welders breathing zone away from the plume and where sampling of the atmosphere shows that
concentrations of contaminants are below unsafe levels; and need necessary precautions are taken to keep the
welders breathing zone away from the plume. and all of the following conditions are met; 1)Space of more than
10,000 ft2 (284m3) per welder is provided, 2) Ceiling height is more than 16 ft(5m), 3)Welding is not done in
confined space; and 4) Welding space does not contain partitions, balconies, or other structural barriers that
significantly obstruct cross-ventilation.
General mechanical ventilation may be necessary to maintain the general background level of airborne contaminants
below the levels referred to or to prevent the accumulation of explosive gas mixture. General mechanical ventilation
is not usually as satisfactory for health hazard control as local mechanical ventilation. [16]It is often helpful, however,
when used in addition to local ventilation. [21]Ventilation system is designed to protect the health of individuals by
removing physical and chemical stresses from the workplace. To ensure that systems are operate effectively,
ventilation flow rates may require periodic checking. Capture velocity may vary depending on contaminant size,
generations rate, and other variables. Each Local Exhust Ventilation (LEV) systems must be independently
evaluated to determine adequate operating parameters. [5][42][49]

3. METHODOLOGY
Main methods used in this research are physical and gases measurements. Physical measurements and testing
methods employed were based on widely used accepted scientific practice, as described in standards and standards
monograph.[5] Sampling probe was located between 0.75m to 1.2m from the floor, depends on operators activities.
[19-20]
Figure 1 below show the methodology of the study that adopt the procedures as documented in the basic of
industrial hygiene and indoor air quality: a system approach.[25] The selection of sampling method followed the code
of practice of indoor air quality by Malaysian Department of Occupational Safety and Health.[25][52] The technique of
sampling used a direct reading method to measure the indoor and outdoor air.

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IJRRAS 5 (1) October 2010 Leman & al. Monitoring of Welding Work Environment

Industrial Building Selection

Sample
point

Manufacturing area (spot Outdoor area

welding & robot welding) Measurement method based
on The Code of Practice of
Indoor Air Quality
Comprehensive data collection
(DOSH, 2005), and ACGIH.

Data analysis/ discussion/conclusion

Figure 1. Methodology for the data collection

The calculation of the individual pollutants concentration level is based on the ACGIH Threshold Limit Value-Time
Weighted Average, TLV-TWA. The equations are stated below:

TWA = (c1T1 + c2T2++cnTn) (1)

8 hours
Where c1,c2 and cn are pollutant concentration at time T1,T2 and Tn respectively.

Gaseous pollutants such as Carbon dioxide (CO), carbon monoxide(CO2), sulfur dioxide(SO2), nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) and ozone(O3) were measured using standard indoor air quality meter (recognized by DOSH). A velocity
meter was used to measure the air velocity, temperature and also the relative humidity. Results obtained from the
measurement were analyzed and was compared with USECHH regulation

4. CASE STUDY
To access the practical value of toxic gas parameter, the two companies was selected for the study. The case study
was carried out in two of the manufacturing companies located in Shah Alam. Both industries are vendor for
national car producer where the main business are manufacturing of metal stamping components. The operation in
the said industries including manufacturing and sub assembly of body and panel using various types of spot welding
machines such as robotic spot welding, stationary spot welders, portable, projection and MIG welders. Most of the
finished products are supplied to the automotive manufacturers such as Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional (PROTON)
and Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua (PERODUA). The observation was done on daily basis to ensure the similarities of
activities. The data collection was done in one month duration for each industry for welding work environment This
is for ensure the reliability of data regarding the toxic gases exposure by the workers
Three (3) probes were used in this measurement which are Indoor Air Quality Probe (IQ-410) and two (2) numbers
of Toxic Gas Probe (TG-501). The data collected was transfer to the software and it was tabulated for the separated
gas. [2] The location of probe is near to the worker to ensure the data capture of air contamination is exposure by the
operator. The selection of the height of the sensor is 1.7 meter respectively because there are the standard
measurements of the breathing zone for the worker that standing at work.

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Numerous toxic geseous were involved during routine activities of the various work station. Comprehensive data
collected during working day was measured using the Indoor Air Quality Meter, Toxic gas meter and Air velocity
meter. Table 2and 3shown the physical and chemical parameter data measured for company A and B respectively.
The detail data for daily was tabulated and it shows the average level on the particular types of toxic gases produce
by the welding process. The result obtained show that at certain measurement point recorded above the limit (CO 2
and O3) as mentioned in the standard. Mechanical ventilation must be designed properly and the LEV system must
be put in certain area especially welding area.[16] From the result, the management and the planning unit will have

22
IJRRAS 5 (1) October 2010 Leman & al. Monitoring of Welding Work Environment

some idea how to schedule the working process and the workers arrangement for the safety and health purposes.
Also the personal protective equipment (PPE) should be provided. [13]
Table 2. Measurement result (manufacturing area) for company A
Date Temperature Relative Carbon Carbon Nitrogen Sulphur Ozone
Humidity Monoxide Dioxide Dioxide Dioxide
Mac Temp. RH CO CO2 NO2 SO2 O3
2009 (oC) (%) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
(Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average)
2 30.7 70.7 1.67 4045 0.02 - -
3 29.2 70.2 1.3 7561 0.1 0.01 0.01
4 28.6 81.5 0.2 8690 0.01 2 0.13
5 30.7 69.3 1.5 7418 0 0.3 0.01
6 27.9 78.6 0.4 7500 0 0 0
8 31.3 57.8 0.7 7520 0 0 0.01
9 30.2 73.6 1.8 7555 0.01 0.2 0.1
10 30.7 73.9 1.4 7945 0.02 0 0.01
11 32.8 57.4 0.9 7550 0.01 0 0.02
12 30.4 58.9 0.6 7425 0.01 0 0.01
13 29.5 70.6 1.6 7600 0.01 0.01 0.01
14 32.5 60.3 0.7 7547 0.01 0 0.01
15 32.8 58.7 0.9 7558 0.01 0 0.04
16 32.9 55 0.9 7569 0.01 0 0.02
17 32.8 53.4 0.8 7449 0.01 0 0.03
18 26.2 41.7 0.3 7315 0.01 0 0.001
19 33.1 51.3 0.2 7528 0.03 0 0.03
22 29.7 57.9 0.1 7567 0.1 0 0.1
23 29.3 56.4 0.1 7680 0.03 0 0.001
24 31.9 62 1.1 7605 0.01 0 0.02
25 33.3 63.2 1.2 7584 0.01 0 0.1
26 31 64.1 1.1 7270 0.03 0.01 0.11
- : Not detected
Table 3. Measurement result (manufacturing area) for company B
Date Temperature Relative Carbon Carbon Nitrogen Sulphur Ozone
Humidity Monoxide Dioxide Dioxide Dioxide
Sept Temp. RH CO CO2 NO2 SO2 O3
o
2008 C (%) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
(Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average) (Average)
3 29.2 70.3 1.26 7559 0.014 0.106
4 27.3 83.3 0.23 7799 0.15 0.549 0.0032
5 30.7 69.2 0.15 7419 - - 0.006
6 27.8 78.6 0.43 7499 - - -
8 30.1 57.2 0.73 643 - - 0.015
9 28.1 73.6 1.81 7554 0.13 - -
10 29.1 73.9 1.42 7944 0.001 - 0.05
11 31.1 56.7 0.49 570 - 0.129 0.025
12 30.1 63.9 0.33 396 0.008 - 0.45
13 29.5 70.6 1.59 7599 - - 0.004
14 31.2 60.1 0.53 570 - - -
15 32.8 72.5 1.52 7557 - - 0.042
16 31.2 55.2 0.49 613 - - 0.017
17 32.5 53.4 0.85 648 - - 0.031
22 31.0 57.9 0.95 386 0.03 - 0.11
23 29.3 59.6 0.63 4680 0.002 - 0.015
24 31.8 62.3 1.18 7606 0.025 - 0.021
25 32.7 54.6 0.15 5216 0.007 - -
26 33.3 56.1 0.01 4180 0.038 - 0.105
- : Not detected
Table 4 below is the summary of comparison data. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994,
(schedule 1), a few toxic gases were above the allowable limit. Hence from the study, it was found that the

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IJRRAS 5 (1) October 2010 Leman & al. Monitoring of Welding Work Environment

concentration some of the gases such as CO2 and O3 was above the limit. It shows that the work environment was
not sufficiently ventilated.
Table 4.Schedule 1 (Use and standards of exposure of chemicals hazardous to health regulation 2000)
Part VII- Monitoring of exposure at the place of work
Chemical Eight-hour weighted Data from analysis
average
airborne concentration
ppm ppm comment remark
Carbon Dioxide 5000 A: 7592 Above limit Totally above the limit.
(CO2) B: 4549 (except office) *Immediate action should be taken
Carbon monoxide 25 A:0.85 acceptable -
(CO) B:0.78
Nitrogen 3 A:0.02 acceptable -
Dioxide(NO2) B:0.04
Sulphur dioxide 2 A:0.12 acceptable -
(SO2) B: 0.26
Ozone ( O3) Heavy work 0.05 A:0.037 Some of the reading Based on the work process and
Moderate work 0.08 B: 0.064 above the allowable workloads
Light work 0.10 limit.
Heavy moderate, or light *Schedule and maintenance
workloads
0.2 ( 2 hours)

From the study, the data collected are analyze and it will compare with the standard. For the company A and B the
comparison of particular toxic gas were explained above. The result show that the major effective factor of
removing toxic gases in the workplace area must be design correctly for adequate ventilation. It also identified that
the level of toxic gases of some areas of measurement are above the allowable limit. The gases are more higher than
what is expected. For the gases such as CO2 and O3, it is much high then stipulated in the standard and USECHH
regulation establish by DOSH. The outdoor air mesurement also was measured before and after the data coleected. It
show that the temperate (31.2-32.1oC), RH(81.6-83.4%), CO (0.01-0.03ppm), CO2 (327-279ppm), NO2 (0-
0.01ppm), SO2(0.01-0.03ppm) and O3 (0-0.01ppm) respectively.
The Fume minimisation guidelines from standard guidelines (ACGIH and ASHRAE) should be used to ensure the
controlling the fumes ang gases from welding process keep under the allowable concentration depance on the types
of welding process.[5][19-20][58-63] If the input and output product and process can be quentified, the optimum parameter
can be found through design of experiment (DOE) to ensure that the process are stable and safe.

6. CONCLUSION AND PRACTICE IMPLICATION

From the study, it shows that the toxic gas manonitoring have significant impact and must take into consideration
while developing the OSH program in SMIs The toxic gas level must be reduce by using engineering control or
administrative control. The employer and employee responsibilites are needed and some of the guidence from
federal and local goverment to ensure the safety, health and sustainability development in the country.
Today, attractive measured of toxic sases attributes can convert to must be attribute and eventually became one-
dimensioned safety and health attribute. As a consequences, the study modes seems to be an intensity and necessary
extention of the furthur development. The authours need to explore the extention and create a team to study on
development of toxic gases monitoring system is our target proposed.

7. REFERENCES

[1]. A.M Leman, A.R Omar and M.Z.M Yusof : Air Pattern in Welding Activities in Small and Medium
Industries due to Ventilation Requirements. International Conference on Ventilation in Room, 25-27 May
2009, Busan.
[2]. A.M Leman, A.R Omar and M.Z.M Yusof : Monitoring of Toxic Gases Exposure in welding process of
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Engineering(ICAME 2009) June 2009.Concorde hotel, Shah Alam.Malaysia.
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IJRRAS 5 (1) October 2010 Leman & al. Monitoring of Welding Work Environment

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