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Chapter-
Characterization of crude
and various petroleum
products
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Alkanes (paraffins)
Straight chain (e.g. butane) & branched chain (e.g. isobutene)
Cycloalkanes (cycloparaffins)
saturated cyclic alkanes, also called napthenes,
General formula = CnH2n+2-2N, n-no. of C atoms, N-no. of rings
mainly found in crude oils: cyclopentane, cyclohaxane and
alkyl derivative of <C10 (e.g. 1, 1, 3 trimethylcyclohaxane)
Heavier fractions of crude have poly cyclic nepthenes
(e.g. Kerosene - decalin, bicyclic, C10H18)
Aromatics (Arenes)
Unsaturated cyclic compounds, very reactive
Single cycle (e.g. benzene, toluene) and multicycle (e.g. Biphenyl)
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Alkenes
Double bond unsaturated open chain hydrocarbons (e.g. Butene, Pentene)
Alkynes
Triple bond unsaturated open chain hydrocarbons (e.g. Ethylacetylene)
Cycloalkanoarenes (Nepthenoaromatics)
Having fusion of aromatic with alicyclic rings and may carry aliphatic side
chains also.
Indane
Tetralin
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Sulphur compounds
Most abundant constituents of crude oil
(S is natural content of tissues of plant and animal. Biogenic
reduction of sulphate is other origin.)
Thiols
Mercaptans, sulphur analogues of alcohol, low boiling point
sulphur compounds
Ethanethiol
Cyclohaxanethiol
Monosulphides
Derived by replacement of both H of HSH by hydrocarbons,
highly maladourous
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Disulphides
Methyl disulphide
Thiophenes
Thiophene
Benzo (b)thiophene
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Nitrogen compounds
Occurs less than half of S in crude
Basic N compunds
Titratable with perchloric acid, found in lower boiling point crude
Pyridine Quinoline
Non-basic N compunds
Most abundant in crude, found in higher boiling point fraction
Pyrrole Pyrrole
Additional N compounds as anilines, phenazines and nitriles are
found in petroleum fraction after catalytic cracking.
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Oxygen compounds
Occurs in large amount only in heavier fraction (residue) ( 8%)
Dicarboxylic acids
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Volatility characteristics:
sufficient volatile fuel, easy starting, rapid warm-up and adequate
vaporization for proper distribution between cylinders
Not highly volatile to prevent excessive vapour loss from fuel tank
and vapour lock in fuel line
Can be met by using more volatile gasoline in winter than summer
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Anti-knocking compounds:
required to enhance the octane number
Examples: TEL, MEL, Iron carbonyl, etc.
Anti-oxidants:
Examples: alkyl phenols, phenylene diamine
Reacts peroxides to inhibit chain reactions
Metal deactivators:
To have pronounced damage on the storage quality (Certain
metals such as copper can catalyse the oxidation reactions.)
Example: ethylene diamine and propylene diamine derivatives
of disalicydene, etc.
Anti-icing compounds:
At high humidity and low ambient temperature, moisture in air
freeze in carburettor
Icing upset air/fuel ratio, increases fuel consumption
Cryoscopic additives lower freezing point (e.g. dipropylene
glycol, ethylene glycol mono methyl ether)
Surface active additives form protective layer at carburettor
(e.g. amides, fatty amines, etc.)
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Diesel Oil
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Cetane improvers:
Compounds which readily decompose to give free radicals and
promotes fast oxidation of fuel
e.g. Alkyl nitrates (iso-octyl nitrate), used as about 1 lbs/10
barrels
Detergents:
Used as cleaners to remove carbonaceous and gummy
material from fuel injector and its further formation
Composed mainly of ashless amines and amides
Minimum dose = 40-50 lbs/10 barrels
Stabilizers:
Retard natural degradation of diesel in long term storage
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Lubricity additives:
Low S diesel fuels has less lubricity
additive required in range of 3-8 lbs/10 barrels
Lubricating oil
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Petroleum waxes
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Paraffin waxes
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Microcrystalline wax
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