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Field tests show that end user download rates in excess of 150Mbps
are achievable where conditions allow.
While this seems like great news for the end users, there are concerns
in the operator community on how to backhaul what initially appears
to be vast volumes of data: If just one user can download at 150Mbps,
what is the total backhaul traffic from a multi-cell base station
supporting tens of users?
The major aspects taken into consideration when planning a LTE ready MW
backhaul network are the following:
Higher capacities: Backhaul to a single tail site should easily scale to 100Mbps and even
beyond. Statistical multiplexing and QoS should be largely used to prevent the linear
increase of capacity of the backhaul.
Lower Latencies: The requirement for 10milisecond end-to-end leads to select solutions
that support extremely low latency.
Enhanced services: The backhaul must allow point to point connection (S1 interfaces) as
well as multipoint connections (X2) efficiently.
Requirements Details
High Capacities for Data Applications 50-200 Mbps per site
4
Backhaul Capacity Requirements at HSPA & LTE Cell Sites
90Mb/s
45Mb/s
BW
Source: Heavy Reading, Ethernet Backhaul Quarterly Market Tracker March 2011
Migration / Evolution
Network
Data Packet Shared Bandwidth
Oriented network
Ethernet / IP
Migration Strategies
Choose the path that better
optimizes spectrum and
doesnt add risks to current
and future services Native2
9
Share of "Hybrid" vs. "Pure" Ethernet Microwave
Native2 - Is a technology
for carrying both TDM
and Ethernet traffic
Natively over the same
microwave links with
dynamic bandwidth
allocation.
13
The Operator Chasm
Minimizing risks in Network Migration to All Packet
Challenge 1
Upgrading (swap) the
network with minimal
disruption to service
Challenge 2
Upgrades of base
stations and backhaul
are not coordinated in time
Advantages:
Reduced Cost Carriers can reduce operational expenses by converging
multiple services over a single network, applying a unified management
scheme.
Drawbacks :
High Per-Link CAPEX The cost of pseudowire service is high on a
per-link basis. Savings are realized mainly at the network level.
E1
PW
E1
RNC/
Native2 BSC
1+0
Native2
1+0
n x T1/E1 interface
Chain site FE/GE interface
Tail site #3 MW Radio link
MW IDU integrated
Pseudowire are most efficient when connected to high- switching/XC/nodal capabilities
capacity links, with a short path to a clock source. Channelized STM1/OC3 interface
0 1 2 30 31
Packet MW
PW
0 1 2 30 31 E1
Network
FibeAir IP-10
BTS
1 2 30
2 31 0 1 2 30 31
0 1 2 30 31
PW 30 31
0 1 2
E1 FibeAir IP-10
BTS
0 1 2 30 31
PW
0 1 2
FibeAir IP-10 N x E1 or
Ch-STM1 BSC
PW
E1
FibeAir IP-10
BTS
Circuit Emulation
Services (CESoPSN)
2
5
Guidelines For Risk Free Migration
Course of Action:
7-step road map
Microwave
SDH/SONET With integrated
Multiplexer TDM Cross-connect
SDH/SONET Microwave
Multiplexer
$ With integrated
$
TDM Cross-connect
SDH/SONET SDH/SONET
Multiplexer Multiplexer
SDH/SONET Super PDH
$
$
155Mbps or FIBER
75x E1/84T1
FIBER
Site Site
63x E1/84T1
SDH/SONET Microwave
Multiplexer $ With integrated $
TDM Cross-connect
SDH/SONET Microwave
Multiplexer With integrated
TDM Cross-connect
Routing
TCO Routing
TCO
$ Integrated Carrier Ethernet Switch
Microwave Microwave Radio
$
Microwave
3. Make sure that legacy TDM trails revenue generating services are
operating before adding Ethernet services. During the early phase of
migration it is more likely to add capacity and services using a few
more E1/T1s
Access Aggregation
4. Plan services in a way that maximizes the utilization of the radio, i.e.,
multiple services with different availability and priority profiles
illustrates QoS mapping and remarking guidelines as an example of transport equipment preserving QoS consistency end-to-end.
Radio link
Latency Optimized
Radio link
Propagation Delay
Compressed Compressed
CH CH
Payload Payload
Compressed Compressed
CH CH
Payload Payload
CH = Compressed Header
230Mbps
High
Modulation
194Mbps
256QAM @ 28MHz*
L1 header (PHY)
Inter-Frame Gap (IFG)
L1 Suppression only 12B
L2 header (MAC)
6B MAC SA
2B 0x8A88 (opt)
Suppressed header
4B 2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
6B MAC DA 2B C-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x0800/0x86DD
6B MAC SA
2B 0x8A88 (opt)
2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
C-Vlan (opt)
L3/L4 headers
2B
2B 0x0800/0x86DD
(optional)
L3/L4 headers 0 to 1500B
&
(optional) Payload
0 to 1468B
&
Payload
4B CRC
MAC
4B
CRC
L1 header (PHY)
Inter-Frame Gap (IFG)
Legacy mode 12B
8B Preabmle
L2 header (MAC)
MAC SA/DA fields (12 bytes) are compressed 6B MAC SA
2B 0x8A88 (opt)
2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
4B Suppressed header
2B C-Vlan (opt)
1B Flow ID 2B 0x0800/0x86DD
2B 0x8A88 (opt)
2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
2B C-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x0800/0x86DD
4B CRC
MAC
4B
CRC
L1 header (PHY)
Inter-Frame Gap (IFG)
L2 - L4 12B
8B
Preabmle
L1 header (IFG & Preamble fields) are
suppressed (20 bytes)
MAC DA
Using advanced traffic acceleration techniques 6B
L2 header (MAC)
up to 68 bytes from the L2-4 header of any IP 6B MAC SA
frame are compressed 2B 0x8A88 (opt)
2B S-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x8100 (opt)
2B C-Vlan (opt)
2B 0x0800/0x86DD
L3 header
4B Suppressed header 24/40B IPv4/6
Compressed header
& Flow ID
L4 header
8/28B UDP/TCP
0 to 1468B Payload
0 to 1468B Payload
4B CRC
MAC
4B
CRC
44 Proprietary and Confidential
Risk Free Migration Step 5: More Capacity
Enhanced Ethernet header compression mechanism
BW [Mhz] Modulation Profile Radio Throughput Eth Capacity L2 Header Comp. Eth Capacity Mutilayer Header
(Mbps) Comp. + Payload Comp
BW [Mhz] Modulation Profile Radio Throughput Eth Capacity L2 Header Comp. Eth Capacity Mutilayer Header
(Mbps) Comp. + Payload Comp
5B class: 6A class:
Green indicates channels that may be used by another system or for expansion of existing system
While 5B class block the opposite pole (yellow) of the same channel
for expansion (XPIC) use only, 6A class block out THREE other usable
adjacent channels (red)
Downstream
Upstream
More bandwidth
for broadband
Standard Double for free!
capacity capacity
GE/FE
GE
E1
E1/DS1
STM1/OC3
STM1/OC3
GE/FE
E1
STM1/OC3
Any interface as Native sync distribution over radio Any interface as sync Input
sync output links E1/DS1
E1/DS1 Any link configuration STM1/OC3
STM1/OC3 Any network topology GE (SyncE) R3 hardware only
GE/FE (SyncE)
SyncE
SyncE input and output (G.8262)
End-to-End Synchronization distribution for nodal configurations
PRC grade (G.811) performance for pipe (regenerator)
applications
IEEE-1588/NTP
Ultra-low delay variation
control frames (<20sec)
PTP optimized transport
Statistical Multiplexing:
Unlike TDM based transport technologies, moving to Ethernet gives
operators the benefit of using statistical multiplexing. This feature is
especially important in Aggregation backhaul applications and will help
to further optimize traffic management over the network, reduce
congestion and help operators get more out of their networking
investment
Time
Aggregation factor for 3G traffic in the last mile will differ depending
on how many sites are collected. The rule for the 3G traffic and 2G+3G
traffic in case of SDR/ IP Node B is the following one:
Aggregation level 1 2 3 4
Example: For third range sites, the aggregation factor is 35%, if there
is 6 E1 (IMA on 6 E1) to collect on site D, 6 E1 to collect on site C and
6 E1 to collect on site B, the quantity of traffic to be transported from
B to A is about (6+6+6)*2 Mbit/s*(1-0.35) = 23.4 Mbps.