English Language

Class : T05.2

Order by :

1. Abyan Setya Priambudi (Leader)

2. Alifa Ghivari

3. Dian Tri Wahyudi

4. Nadiah Chalisya

5. Yeti Nurmala

Bogor Agricultural University

Article 1
 Waterbirds' Hunt Aided By Specialized Tail:
Swimming Birds Evolved Rudder-Like Tail To Dive For Food

Birds use their wings and specialized tail to maneuver through the air while flying. It
turns out that the purpose of a bird's tail may have also aided in their diversification by allowing
them to use a greater variety of foraging strategies. To better understand the relationship between
bird tail shape and foraging strategy, researchers examined the tail skeletal structure of over 50
species of waterbirds, like storks, pelicans, and penguins, and shorebirds, like gulls and puffins.
They first categorized each species by foraging strategy, such as aerial, terrestrial, and pursuit
diving, and then compared the shape and structure of different tails.
Scientists found that foraging style groups differed significantly in tail skeletal shape, and
that shape could accurately "predict" foraging style with only a small amount of mismatch. In
particular, underwater foraging birds, such as cormorants, penguins, puffins, gannets, and
tropicbirds, have separately evolved a similarly specialized elongated tail structure, whereas
aerial and terrestrial birds have a short, dorsally deflected tail structure. Moreover, each
underwater foraging group, such as foot propelled, wing propelled, or plunge diving, had a
distinctive tail-supporting vertebrae shape. According to the authors, the probable separate
evolution of the specialized tail in underwater-diving birds may suggest that body structure
adapted to the demand, or the need to move the tail as a rudder during underwater foraging. In
contrast, the authors found no conclusive results when looking at the relationship between tail
shape and flight style.
Mr. Felice adds, "Previous research has shown that diving birds evolve specializations in
wing and leg morphology to facilitate underwater locomotion. This study puts a necessary focus
on the tail, finding that this region of the body also evolves in response to the demands of
underwater movement."

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140226174546.html

Question 1
 1. What is the main idea of paragraph one?
2. What is topic sentence of second paragraph?
3. What is the controlling idea from the second paragraph?
4. The word their in line 1 refers to
5. The word they in line 6 refers to
6. The word this in line 20 refers to
7. The sentence this sduty in line 22 probably means
8. What is gulls and puffins in line 6?
9. The words pursuit divingin line7 mean
10. Mention three noun phrases from the first paragraph
11. How many noun clauses in the second paragraph? Mention it!
12. What kind part of speech the word facilitate?

Article 2

How Drugs Affect Neurotransmitter

How do drugs make us feel so euphoric? And at the same time, how can mere molecules
cause behaviours so alienating as those that accompany dependency?
 Human behaviours and emotions are modulated by neurotransmitters that act as keys
between neurons. The amount of any given neurotransmitter in the brains circuits is precisely
controlled by numerous feedback mechanisms, somewhat the same way that a thermostat keeps a
room around a certain temperature.

Drugs are substances that disturb this delicate balance, because they have passkeys that
let them open certain locks located between the neurons. The brain automatically adjusts to
these substances from outside the body by producing fewer of its own natural keys. It thereby
achieves a new state of equilibrium that is maintained until the body starts to miss the external
substance. At that point, the person experiences a craving that will persist until the neurons that
went on vacation get back to work.

Among the brain circuits most affected by drugs is the one associated with pleasure.
This reward circuit that is overstimulated by drugs uses a particular
neurotransmitter called dopamine. So researchers have not been surprised to discover that
practically all of the drugs that cause dependencies increase the amount of dopamine in the
reward circuit.They do so in different ways. Drugs act by imitating, stimulating, or blocking the
effects of certain neurotransmitters.

Source : http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_03/d_03_m/d_03_m_par/d_03_m_par.html

Question 2

13. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?

14. What is the topic sentence of the second paragraph?
15. The text above mainly tell us about
16. The word It (line 10) means
17. How many noun clauses in the third paragraph?
18. Mention three noun phrases in last paragraph!
19. The word Initially in line 3 shows...
20. The word until in the 11 is used as a marker for
21. What is the text organization of paragraph 3?
22. How many passive voice in paragraph 2?
23. What is the active form of Human behaviours and emotions are modulated by
neurotransmitters in line 3?
24. Mention one sentence that indicating it is kind of process!
25. What marker that indicate end of process?

Answer 1

1. Birds use their wings and specialized tail to maneuver through the air while flying
2. Scientists found that foraging style groups differed significantly in tail skeletal shape
3. Differed significantly
4. Birds
5. Tail skeletal shape
6. Previous sentence
7. Research has shown that diving birds evolve specializations in wing and leg morphology to
facilitate underwater locomotion
8. Shorebirds
9. Foraging strategy
10. A bird's tail, The shape and structure of different tails, the tail skeletal structure
11. One
12. Verb

Answer 2

13. Among the brain circuits most affected by drugs is the one associated with pleasure
14. Drugs are substances that disturb this delicate balance
15. How do drugs make us feel so euphoric
16. Previous Sentence
17. No one
18. The brain circuits, This reward circuit, Certain neurotransmitters
19. Beginning of the process
20. It thereby achieves a new state of equilibrium that is maintained
21. Process
22. Two passive voice
23. Neurotransmitters modulate is human behaviours and emotions
24. It thereby achieves a new state of equilibrium that is maintained until the body starts to
miss the external substance
25. At that point