CHAPTER 1

(week 1-3)
Strain Analysis
 What is plane strain?
Perpendicular force applied on a
surface
With a very large z-axis dimension
plane strain
 What is plane stress?
Thin plate loaded parallel to the plane
Uniform over the thickness
No stress along z-axis
 GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION

Transform normal & shear

strain
x, y component to x, y
SIGN CONVENTION!!
strain ex and ey are positive
if cause elongation along x
and y axis
Shear strain gxy is positive
if the interior angle AOB
become smaller than 900.
q0 will be positive
counterclockwise
 Normal Strains, ex , ey

In Fig a :
dx dx' cosq
dy dx' sin q

ex = dx/dx
Positive ex occur line dx
elongated ex dx
which cause line dx to
elongated
ex dx cos q.
 Normal Strains, ex , ey
Similiar for ey
ey = dy/dy
cause line dy to
elongated
ey dy sin q
 Shear strain, g xy
Shear strain, is angle in radian
For small angle tan g g
Shear strain g xy ,since tan g g
tan g xy g xy = exy /dy
dy displaced g xy dy to the right.
Solve along x dx elongate
g xy dy cos q
 Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

Adding all the elongations

d x e x dx cosq e y dy sin q g xy dy cosq
'

dx dx' cosq
dx '

ex' '
dy dx '
sin q
dx
e x (dx ' cos q) cos q e y (dx ' sin q) sin q g xy (dx ' sin q) cos q
ex'
dx '
e x ' e x cos2 q e y sin 2 q g xy sin q cos q
 Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

e x ' e x cos2 q e y sin 2 q g xy sin q cosq

cos2 q sin 2 q 1
cos2 q (1 cos 2q ) / 2
sin 2q 2 sin q cosq
hence
ex ey ex ey g xy
ex
' cos 2q sin 2q
2 2 2
ex ey ex ey g xy
ey
' cos 2q sin 2q
2 2 2
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

Using trigonometric identities:

ex ey ex ey g xy
e x' cos 2q sin 2q
2 2 2

ex ey ex ey g xy
e y' cos 2q sin 2q
2 2 2

g x ' y' ex ey g
sin 2q xy cos 2q
2 2 2
 2
ex ey e x e y g xy
2
Principal Strains
Only normal strains
e1, 2
No shear strain
2 2 2

g xy
Direction axis of principle tan 2q p
strain: (e x e y )

g max, in plane e x e y g xy
2 2

Max in Plane shear strain

2 2 2

ex ey
Ave shear strain e ave
2
Direction axis of shear ex ey
strain tan 2qs
g
xy
Construction of the Mohrs Circle
(horizontal) represents the
normal strain e, with positive to
the right
(vertical) represents half the
value of the shear strain, g/2,
with positive downward.
center of the circle C, is on
the e axis, e avg= (e x + e y)/2 from
the origin.
Plot point A = (e x, g xy/2).
Represents q = 0.
R = distance between A to C
Once R has been determined,
sketch the circle centred C
 2
ex ey e x e y g xy
2
Principal Strains
Only normal strains
e1, 2
No shear strain
2 2 2

g xy
Direction axis of principle tan 2q p
strain: (e x e y )

g max, in plane e x e y g xy
2 2

Max in Plane shear strain

2 2 2

ex ey
Ave shear strain e ave
2
Direction axis of shear ex ey
strain tan 2qs
g
xy
 Principal Strain

Principal strain = no shear

strain
B, D = e1 , e2
Angle on Mohrs circle = 2q
critical angle = (angle
between CA to horizantal
)/2
Direction of plane same as
circle
+ve value = elongate at plane
 Maximum In Plane Shear Strain
At points E and F. i.e
= 2R
Angle is halves the
same direction as on
circle
E.g line CA to CE
 Strains on Arbitrary Plane

Similar as value at arbitrary

plane (other plane angle)
Correspond normal and
shear strain at P & Q
 Strain Rosettes

The axes of the three

gauges are arranged at the
angles of qa, qb, qc.
If the reading of ea, eb, ec
taken, ex, ey, gxy can be
defined.
Value of ex, ey, gxy are
determined by solving
these equations.
e a e x cos2 qa e y sin 2 qa g xy sin qa cos qa
Not e b e x cos2 q b e y sin 2 q b g xy sin q b cos q b
given
e c e x cos2 qc e y sin 2 qc g xy sin qc cos qc
 45o or Rectangular Rosette

q a 00
q b 45 0
q c 90 0

The equation become:

ex ea
e y ec
g xy 2e b e a e c

Example of 45o strain rosette

 600 Strain Rosette

qa 00
qb 60 0
qc 120 0

The equation become:

e x ea

ey
1
2e b 2e c e a
3
g xy
2
e b e c
3
Example
 Stress Strain Relationship
If a material subject to triaxial
stress (sx, sy, sz), associated
normal stress(ex, ey, ez)
developed in the material.
When sx is applied in x-
direction, the element elongated
with ex in x direction.
Application on sy cause the
element to contract with a sx
given e '
x
strain e x in the x direction.
Application Of sz cause the sy
element to contract with a e ''
x
strain e x in the x direction. Not

sz
given
e '' '
x

 Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

The same result can be given

developed for the normal ex
1
s x s y sz

strain in the y and z
e y s y s x s z
1
direction.

Final results can be
e z s z s x s y
Not 1
written as.. given

 Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

Applying only shear stress,ty to the element.

If to apply shear stress,ty to the element.
txy will only cause deformation to gxy.
txy will not cause deformation to gyz.and gxz
tyz and t xz will only cause deformation to
gyz and gxz respectively.
Hooke Law for shear stress and shear
strain written as:
1
given
g xy t xy
G
1
g yz t yz
G
Not 1
given
g xz t xz
G
Element subjected to normal Shear stress applied to the
stresses only elements
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

Modulus of elasticity, E is E
G
related to shear modulus, G. given
21

Dilatation (the change in

1 2
volume per unit volume or e s x s y sz
volumetric strain, e. E
Not
given
Bulk Modulus (volume E
k
modulus of elasticity), k. 31 2
pressure=stress