c

Set # 2:

c
c
 the federal grants that allow states considerable leeway or discretion in how the funds
should be spent. Specifies an area, similarly to categorical grant, but within that area, the state and local
government is free to use the money however they wish. A form of Grant-In-Aid (p. 80-81 Ginzberg)


  The name for the Anti-Federalist Papers. The name refers to Brutus, the friend of Caesar͛s who
played a major part in the betrayal and murder of Caesar, who represented strong central government.
The Anti-Federalists were also against strong central government.

Set #3:

 cc- French aristocrat who was here May 1831 to March 1832 to observe America͛s
early penitentiary system, traveled in 24 states of the union to gather information for his book,
v
 

. His work had the most significance in defining American democracy in its early
years. Not just about what America produced, but what it͛d continue to produce




 cc 
 a system of government based on popular sovereignty in
which the structures, powers, and limits of government are set forth in a constitution


c  a form of federalism popular during the Johnson administration, more or less
around 1960-1968. It emphasized that the federal government determined the needs of the states.
During the time that Creative Federalism was popular, the federal government worked extensively with
the states to provide social services.


c a system that permits citizens to vote directly on laws and policies (p. 9 Ginzberg)

c 
 a condition in American government wherein the presidency is controlled by one
party while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress (p.207 Ginzberg)

Set #4:

c : the system of government that prevailed in the U.S from 1789to the 1930s, in which
the powers of the national government and the states were considered entirely separate and distinct
from each other; during this time, the states possessed a vast amount of governing power.


c   c c: a phase in Article 1, section 8, of the constitution (also know as
the nessecary and proper clause), which provides congress with the aurthority to make all laws
͞necessary and proper͟ to carry out the other powers given to congress.


c c!c
  a theory of the state which seeks to describe and explain the power
relationships in modern society. It argues that a small minority, consisting of members of the economic
elite and policy-planning networks, holds the most power independent of a state's democratic elections
process

 
c" cthe powers specifically named and delegated to the federal government or prohibited to be
exercised by the states under the U.S. Constitutionc
c


c!cthe discretionary right claimed by certain U.S. presidents to withhold information from
Congress or the judiciary.c

c
c#ca rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of
legislation
Significance: The president can quickly pass things without having to wait for Congress.

cc
c
c$" laws that declare an action to be illegal after it has been committed.
Significance:

c
  grouping of individuals especially within a political organization like a political party, or other
group with a political purpose.
Significance:

  misleading ease as the division of powers and functions between the central(national)
government and regional (state) government
Significance:

%
 Members of the Senate can prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously
holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down.
Significance:

  : The drawing of electoral district lines to the advantage of a party or group.
Definition from the book: The drawing of electoral district lines to the advantage of a party or group.
Gerrymandering takes place in senatorial elections.
1812 Eldbridge, Gerry. Salamander.
-creating majority for the party in power
-or minimizing the minor party
3 techniques/ways in gerrymander: Goal. Creating majority for the part in power or minimizing majority
for the power out of the state.

! - attempts to concentrate the voting power of the opposition party into just a few districts in
order to minimize the voting power of them. Creates an overwhelming majority in the spots where the
opposition party is concentrated


 Diluting the voting power of the opposition party across many districts, preventing the
opposition having a majority vote in as many districts as possible
Stacking- Drawing bizarre district boundaries to create a district, concentrating the power of the
majority party, linking distant areas

 c%: a strategy that attempts to mobilize the widest the most favorable climate of public.
Usually a positive image to promote the organization, called ͞institutional advertising͟


  programs through which the Congress provides money to state and local governments on
the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government.

&c" powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the
Constitution. Such powers are not specifically expressed, but are implied through the expansive
interpretation of delegated powers.

Set #7:

31.c&   : the strong opinion of one͛s self; Protestant work ethic; own individual
effortsndetermine your success; proposed a threat to democracy if it was unbridled individualism;
Robert Putnam known for ͞Bowling Alone͟ stating that Americans have become detached from their
friends/family and connections have plummeted (referenced class notes)

32. $%%
c: someone who employs lobbying tactics; lobbying is a strategy by which organized
interests seek to influence passage of legislation or other public policy by exerting direct pressure on
members on the legislature or others in government; they badger and accost legislators, administrators,
and committee staff members, bring to their attention facts about pertinent issues and facts or claims
about public support of certain issues or facts (pg. 251-252)

33. $cc cca theory on federalism wherein the responsibilities of the national government
and state governments are completely separated; seen during 1789-1901 at the time of dual federalism
(pg. 77-78)

34. ' c(c' c a Supreme Court Case caused by Maryland imposing a tax on all notes of
banks not licensed in Maryland; famous for being an example of having a state law conflict with a
federal law and deeming the state law invalid (pg. 72 and referenced class notes)

Set #9:
 
c the way in which a certain person feels about the government as a whole; it is
understood that the population is paranoid by the shifty and secretive ways of gov't; they also have a
tendancy to judge someone directly by a dark hint
EXAMPLE: muslim:terrorist or odd loking:immigration

*position issue

!%  the name that was used as the author of 85 essays written to support the ratification of th
Constitution, now known as the Federalist Papers; a Roman word meaning "public" in Latin; this word
was used to signify that the Federalist Papers were not written by such high people in society (James
Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay) someone as regular as the people of the public (PAGE 47)


 of powers: the division of governmental power among several institutions that must
cooperate in decision making; it is provided to ensure that no branch of government holds too much
power; the branches are executive, judicial, and legislative (PAGE 39, 44-45)

) * c+%  in 1787, Daniel Shay's led a mob of farmer's in rebellion against the gov't of
Massachsetts to prevent foreclosures on their debt-ridden land; this showed the gov't was weak under
the Articles of Confederation (PAGE 33-34)

*NOTE: I'm not exactly sure what was meant by "position issue"...an e-mail has been sent to him
regarding that phrase...if any1 knows what was meant, please feel free to state so! until then, il give an
update when word comes back

Set #10:

)

cc%
c a public agency employee who actually performs the actions that implement
laws. Street-level bureaucrats include police officers, firefighters, and others who walk the streets with
regular citizens, and provide services to protect, as well as uphold the laws.

,
c-c  Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution states that the President "shall take
Care that the Laws be faithfully executed."

  
c  when the northern and southern colonies agreed that in terms of
representation for the House of Representatives, each slave would count as 3/5 of a person. Therefore,
every 5 slaves were 3 people.

Other:
In ð
¢

c. . 10 and 51, James Madison argued for constitutional limits on power in
government in order to protect the liberty and security of individuals.

Questions for Dabney:

What is the position issue?